Energy nexus最新文献_第7页

Framework for evaluating the successful implementation of solar home systems in public housing projects in the United Arab Emirates 评估在阿拉伯联合酋长国公共住房项目中成功实施太阳能家庭系统的框架

IF 8 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy nexus

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2024.100347

Abdalla Mahmoud Salim , Saleh Abu Dabous

Successful planning and implementation of solar home systems (SHS) remains a significant challenge for government agencies, particularly from economic and sustainability perspectives. This study aims to develop a stakeholder-based framework for evaluating SHS programs in the public housing sector of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). A mixed-method approach was employed, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative data collection. A comprehensive review of SHS was conducted to identify the main global success factors for implementing the system in public housing projects. Subsequently, a structured questionnaire was distributed to 56 specialized participants comprising institutional stakeholders involved in SHS implementation in the UAE, leading to the identification of the critical success factors (CSF). Furthermore, 24 domain experts validated the data through focused group interviews. The findings indicate that the success of SHS programs is significantly influenced by regional factors, with stakeholders playing a pivotal role in defining the success factors. The research identified 44 potential CSFs, categorized into six fundamental groups: political, economic, technical, social, environmental, and marketing. Among these, economic factors were the most significant in the UAE, followed by technical, political, environmental, marketing, and social aspects. Government support was identified as the most CSF, followed by annual savings, maintenance and monitoring, installation quality, and payback period. The proposed framework emphasizes the government's role as the primary stakeholder, guiding the evaluation of success based on specific goals and performance metrics. Each stakeholder's unique success factors are weighted to reflect their importance, and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method is employed to derive key performance indicators (KPI) for consistent success measurement. This study provides a robust tool for stakeholders to assess and compare the success of different SHS programs by considering region-specific factors. It is intended to help UAE policymakers and government authorities make decisions, ensuring more effective SHS implementation, with the potential to be applied in the other Gulf Cooperation Council Countries that share similar environmental, economic, and political conditions.

太阳能家庭系统（SHS）的成功规划和实施仍然是政府机构面临的重大挑战，特别是从经济和可持续性的角度来看。本研究旨在开发一个基于利益相关者的框架，以评估阿拉伯联合酋长国（UAE）公共住房部门的SHS计划。采用混合方法，结合定性和定量数据收集。我们对公营房屋计划进行了全面检讨，以找出在公共房屋项目实施该制度的主要全球成功因素。随后，一份结构化问卷分发给56名专业参与者，其中包括参与阿联酋SHS实施的机构利益相关者，从而确定关键成功因素（CSF）。此外，24位领域专家通过焦点小组访谈验证了数据。研究结果表明，区域因素显著影响公共卫生服务项目的成功，而利益相关者在确定公共卫生服务项目成功因素方面起着关键作用。该研究确定了44个潜在的CSFs，并将其分为六个基本类别：政治、经济、技术、社会、环境和营销。在这些因素中，经济因素对阿联酋最为重要，其次是技术、政治、环境、营销和社会方面。政府支持被认为是最重要的CSF，其次是年度节省、维护和监控、安装质量和投资回收期。拟议的框架强调政府作为主要利益相关者的角色，指导基于特定目标和绩效指标的成功评估。对各利益相关者独特的成功因素进行加权，以反映其重要性，并采用层次分析法（AHP）方法推导出关键绩效指标（KPI），实现一致性成功度量。本研究为利益相关者提供了一个强大的工具，通过考虑区域特定因素来评估和比较不同SHS计划的成功。它旨在帮助阿联酋的政策制定者和政府当局做出决策，确保更有效地实施SHS，并有可能在其他具有类似环境、经济和政治条件的海湾合作委员会国家中应用。

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引用次数: 0

Investigating the role of natural resources in BRICS nations: A Path towards sustainable development

IF 8 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy nexus

Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2024.100345

Anshita Sachan, Ashis Kumar Pradhan, Vinita Mohindra

Natural resource management is crucial in the current scenario from the viewpoint of achieving sustainable development. Emerging economies such as BRICS are rich in natural resources and hence, resource allocation and extraction can impact environmental sustainability. Against this backdrop, we examine the relationship between natural resources rent, renewable energy consumption, agriculture production, human capital index, and carbon emissions for BRICS nations from 1992 to 2019 under the framework of the environmental Kuznets curve and Pollution haven/halo hypothesis. The relationship between the variables is investigated using Driscoll-Kraay standard errors, Feasible Generalised Least Square, and Panel quantile regression approaches. Our results indicate a favourable relationship between natural resources rent, renewable energy consumption, human capital index, and carbon emissions. Whereas, agriculture production has an unfavourable impact on carbon emissions in BRICS nations. It is recommended to use the resources sustainably, invest in clean technologies in industrial practices, expand investment in renewable energy, and introduce sustainable farming practices and awareness programmes for the individuals' skill development.

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引用次数: 0

Microalgal biofuels: Challenges and prospective in the framework of circular bioeconomy

IF 8 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy nexus

Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2024.100338

Sajani Piyatilleke , Bavatharny Thevarajah , P.H.V. Nimarshana , Thilini U. Ariyadasa

Microalgae are a promising bioresource, facilitating carbon dioxide sequestration and wastewater bioremediation whilst synthesizing lipids and carbohydrates that could be processed into biofuels such as biodiesel, biochar, biogas, and biohydrogen. Microalgae has the potential to play a major role within a sustainable bioeconomy, through zero-waste, carbon-neutral production of multiple biofuels by valorizing the entire biomass. Despite the multitude of advantages in deriving biofuels from microalgae, techno-economic challenges, such as chemical requirements for cultivation, energy requirements of harvesting, and tradeoffs between efficiency-energy-cost of downstream processing methods act as a barrier to scale-up and economically viable operation under the framework of a circular bioeconomy. Thus, this review aims to discuss the potential of microalgae-derived biofuels in achieving a circular bioeconomy through perspectives of possible integration with wastewater bioremediation as well as multiproduct biorefining operations. Furthermore, the review will detail the encompassing techno-economic and sustainability challenges toward large-scale implementation of microalgal biofuels within the framework of a circular bioeconomy, while assessing the potential solutions and perspectives.

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引用次数: 0

Development of a new plant factory concept with sustainable water and energy supply

IF 8 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy nexus

Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2024.100341

Hana Hebishima , Shin-ichi Inage

As the global population exceeds 8 billion and is projected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, the demand for sustainable food production has become increasingly pressing. This study investigates the integration of aquaponics into solar-assisted plant factories as an innovative solution to enhance agricultural productivity and minimize environmental impacts. The aquaponics establishes a closed-loop nutrient cycle, utilizing fish waste to nourish plants and optimize water recycling.

Employing a two-tiered design, optimized through the Design of Experiments (DOE), the system enables effective resource management and operational efficiency. Operational data reveal the system's ability to maintain favorable temperature and humidity conditions, promoting uniform plant growth. The analysis identifies the mist irrigation method and LED lighting as critical factors that positively influence both root and leaf growth, establishing an optimal combination for sustainable cultivation.

These findings underscore the potential of renewable energy-powered plant factories as a viable model for sustainable food production, contributing to local food self-sufficiency and regional economic revitalization. This research highlights the importance of advancing innovative agricultural practices to address the dual challenges of population growth and climate change, advocating for the development and implementation of sustainable technologies to secure future food production.

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引用次数: 0

Business Models and Advanced Additive Manufacturing strategies for better sustainability 商业模式和先进增材制造战略，实现更好的可持续发展

IF 8 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy nexus

Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2024.100337

Fabrizia Devito , Giacomo Copani , Angelo Natalicchio , Abdul Hai Alami , Fulvio Lavecchia , Abdul-Ghani Olabi , Michele Dassisti

This article explores the impact of Additive Manufacturing (AM) on business models in the context of manufacturing sustainability. We define two new standards of sustainable business models enabled by AM and discuss their potential advantages in addressing specific manufacturing challenges. The technological advancements brought about by AM have significantly influenced the manufacturing industry, fostering innovation and reshaping market structures and value-creation processes. Notably, AM contributes to sustainability by reducing material waste and transportation costs, establishing itself as a low-impact manufacturing technology. While AM is not positioned to entirely replace traditional manufacturing processes, organizations can leverage its integration with these processes to catalyze business model innovation. To expand the market for AM technologies, it is crucial to examine AM not only from a process and technology perspective but also in terms of its ability to eliminate the need for tooling and dies, which are typically produced through energy-intensive methods. Advanced manufacturing techniques can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, and time to market, demonstrating AM's potential energy-saving benefits across various sectors.

本文探讨了增材制造（AM）在制造业可持续发展背景下对商业模式的影响。我们定义了两种由增材制造实现的可持续商业模式新标准，并讨论了它们在应对特定制造业挑战方面的潜在优势。增材制造带来的技术进步极大地影响了制造业，促进了创新，重塑了市场结构和价值创造流程。值得注意的是，AM 通过减少材料浪费和降低运输成本，为可持续发展做出了贡献，成为一种低影响制造技术。虽然 AM 无法完全取代传统制造工艺，但企业可以利用其与这些工艺的整合来促进商业模式创新。要想扩大 AM 技术的市场，不仅要从流程和技术的角度来审视 AM，还要从其消除对模具和冲模的需求的能力的角度来审视 AM，因为模具和冲模通常是通过能源密集型方法生产的。先进的制造技术可以大大减少温室气体排放、污染和上市时间，这表明了 AM 在各行各业潜在的节能优势。

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引用次数: 0

Production economics and carbon footprint of an integrated timber harvesting operation in the Northeastern US 美国东北部木材综合采伐作业的生产经济性和碳足迹

IF 8 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy nexus

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2024.100336

Ashish Alex , Anil Raj Kizha , Libin T. Louis , Alex K. George

Woody biomass has tremendous potential to reduce the reliance on non-renewable energy, however, the high cost, uncertain harvesting carbon footprint, and policies may hinder it from becoming a predominant component of the US renewable energy sector, particularly in the Northeast. The objectives of this study were to a) assess productivity (m³ PMH⁻¹) and cost ($ m⁻³) of a stump-to-truck integrated timber harvesting operation; b) identify and evaluate major factors affecting operational productivity and cost; and c) quantify carbon footprint of the harvesting operation. Detailed time and motion studies were conducted in a softwood dominated forest stand in upstate New York, during the summer of 2021. Stump-to-truck life cycle assessment (LCA) of roundwood harvesting and wood chips production was quantified using USLCI and US-EI 2.2 databases and TRACI method in Simapro 9.3.0.3 software. The functional units were 1 m³ of green roundwood (50 % moisture content) and 1 tonne of green wood chips (moisture content 50 %). The results showed that the harvesting cost was $12.98 m⁻³ and $7.40 tonne⁻¹ for roundwood and wood chips, respectively. Grapple skidder had the lowest productivity (m³ PMH⁻¹) and the highest carbon footprint. The carbon footprint of stump-to-truck timber harvesting operation accounted for 0.726 kg CO₂ eq m⁻³ and 0.818 kg CO₂ eq tonne⁻¹ for roundwood and wood chips, respectively. The chipping cost was $7.40 tonne⁻¹. The harvesting cost decreased by 4.5 % when self-loading truck was used instead of a loader. Estimating operating cost and carbon footprint of integrated timber harvesting operations is essential to promote the forest residues as a major contributor of bioenergy in the changing scenarios of climate.

木质生物质能在减少对不可再生能源的依赖方面具有巨大潜力，然而，高昂的成本、不确定的采伐碳足迹以及政策可能会阻碍木质生物质能成为美国可再生能源部门的主要组成部分，尤其是在东北部地区。本研究的目标是：a）评估从树桩到卡车的综合木材采伐作业的生产率（立方米 PMH-1）和成本（立方米美元）；b）确定并评估影响作业生产率和成本的主要因素；c）量化采伐作业的碳足迹。2021 年夏季，在纽约州北部以软木为主的林分中进行了详细的时间和运动研究。使用 USLCI 和 US-EI 2.2 数据库以及 Simapro 9.3.0.3 软件中的 TRACI 方法，对圆木采伐和木片生产进行了从树桩到卡车的生命周期评估（LCA）。功能单位为 1 立方米绿色圆木（含水率 50%）和 1 吨绿色木片（含水率 50%）。结果表明，圆木和木片的采伐成本分别为 12.98 美元/立方米和 7.40 美元/吨-1。抓斗滑车的生产率（立方米 PMH-1）最低，碳足迹最高。圆木和木片从树桩到卡车的木材采伐作业的碳足迹分别为 0.726 千克二氧化碳当量立方米-3 和 0.818 千克二氧化碳当量吨-1。削片成本为 7.40 美元/吨-1。使用自卸车而不是装载机时，采伐成本降低了 4.5%。在气候不断变化的情况下，估算木材综合采伐作业的运营成本和碳足迹对于促进森林剩余物成为生物能源的主要来源至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Cost breakdown indicates that biochar production from microalgae in Central Europe requires innovative cultivation procedures 成本明细显示，在中欧利用微藻生产生物炭需要创新的培养程序

IF 8 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy nexus

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2024.100335

Josef Marousek , Beata Gavurova , Anna Marouskova

In most current academic thinking, the prevailing consensus underscores the potential of algae as a promising biochar feedstock. Nevertheless, a significant gap exists in the literature, as most assertions conducted outside tropical and subtropical regions lack substantiation through comprehensive analyses on a comparison of the economic benefits and the costs associated with the application of algae biochar is mostly missing. This study reports a meticulous breakdown of production costs for algae biochar derived from 6 various cultivation systems via 2 harvesting techniques under the conditions characteristic of central Europe. The findings revealed that the production costs of the algae biochars always greater than 110 €.kg⁻¹that is much higher than the selling prices of the most common biochars on the market including the most expensive biochars made of hard woods. To achieve social acceptability, it is recommended to prefer higher value-added applications for algae and to implement biochar production as the final stage of the refining process.

在当前大多数学术思想中，普遍共识强调藻类作为一种有前途的生物炭原料的潜力。然而，文献中还存在着巨大的空白，因为热带和亚热带地区以外的大多数论断都缺乏对应用藻类生物炭的经济效益和相关成本进行比较的全面分析。本研究报告详细分析了在中欧特有的条件下，通过 2 种收获技术从 6 种不同的栽培系统中提取的海藻生物炭的生产成本。研究结果表明，海藻生物炭的生产成本始终高于 110 欧元/千克-1，远远高于市场上最常见的生物炭（包括最昂贵的硬木生物炭）的销售价格。为实现社会可接受性，建议优先考虑海藻的高附加值应用，并将生物炭生产作为精炼过程的最后阶段。

引用次数: 0

pH shift extraction technique for plant proteins: A promising technique for sustainable development 植物蛋白质的 pH 值偏移萃取技术：一种有希望实现可持续发展的技术

IF 8 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy nexus

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2024.100329

Zainab Sultan , Alweera Ashfaq , Kausar Jahan , Ovais Shafiq Qadri , Kaiser Younis , Owais Yousuf

With the recognition of animal-derived foods as unhealthy and their association with climate change, researchers are increasingly focusing on plant-based protein as a sustainable alternative. Plant proteins offer versatile functional and dietary benefits, making them suitable for various food applications. This study investigates the influence of alkaline and acidic pH conditions on the extraction yield and the functional and nutritional properties of plant-based proteins. The primary sources of plant protein include cereals, legumes, and oilseeds, which can be used to address essential amino acid deficiencies through blending. Several methods have been employed for protein extraction from plant sources, such as salt extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and micellar precipitation. Among these techniques, the pH shift method stands out due to its non-thermal nature, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. In this method, proteins are solubilized at alkaline pH and then precipitated at their isoelectric point, resulting in a collection of protein precipitate. It is crucial to optimize extraction techniques based on qualitative and quantitative analysis to enhance protein yield, characteristics, and nutritional value. Most conventional protein extraction methods require a large quantity of chemicals, which imposes the issue of safe disposal, compromising environmental sustainability. Traditional methods also produce protein with non-proteinaceous constituents, adding another purification step and resulting in increased overall cost. However, the pH shift method utilizes comparatively less harsh chemicals and has a high protein extraction yield, which makes it comparatively more environmentally and economically sustainable. The sustainable extraction of plant-based proteins addresses the health and environmental concerns associated with animal-derived foods and offers a promising solution to promote sustainability in the food industry.

随着人们认识到动物源性食品不健康并与气候变化有关，研究人员越来越关注植物性蛋白质，将其作为一种可持续的替代品。植物蛋白具有多种功能和膳食益处，因此适用于各种食品应用。本研究探讨了碱性和酸性 pH 条件对植物蛋白提取率以及功能和营养特性的影响。植物蛋白的主要来源包括谷物、豆类和油籽，可通过混合来解决必需氨基酸缺乏的问题。从植物来源中提取蛋白质有多种方法，如盐提取法、微波辅助提取法、超声辅助提取法和胶束沉淀法。在这些技术中，pH 值转换法因其非热性质、可持续性和成本效益而脱颖而出。在这种方法中，蛋白质在碱性 pH 值下被溶解，然后在其等电点处沉淀，从而收集蛋白质沉淀。根据定性和定量分析优化提取技术对提高蛋白质产量、特性和营养价值至关重要。大多数传统的蛋白质提取方法都需要大量的化学物质，这就带来了安全处置的问题，影响了环境的可持续发展。传统方法还会产生含有非蛋白成分的蛋白质，增加了另一个纯化步骤，导致总体成本增加。然而，pH 值转换法使用的刺激性化学品相对较少，蛋白质提取率高，因此在环境和经济上更具可持续性。植物蛋白的可持续提取解决了与动物源性食品相关的健康和环境问题，为促进食品工业的可持续发展提供了一个前景广阔的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Optimal rule-based energy management and sizing of a grid-connected renewable energy microgrid with hybrid storage using Levy Flight Algorithm 利用列维飞行算法优化基于规则的能源管理和带混合储能的并网可再生能源微电网规模

IF 8 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy nexus

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2024.100333

Babangida Modu , Md Pauzi Abdullah , Abdulrahman Alkassem , Mukhtar Fatihu Hamza

The study addresses the integration of hybrid hydrogen (

H_{2}

) and battery (BT) energy storage systems into a renewable energy microgrid comprising solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT) systems. The research problem focuses on improving the effectiveness and computational efficiency of energy management systems (EMS) while ensuring high system reliability. Despite the existing optimization methods for hybrid microgrids, challenges remain in optimizing energy storage and capacity planning in grid-connected microgrids. To solve this, we propose the use of the Levy Flight Algorithm (LFA) to optimize the capacities of PV, WT,

H_{2}

tanks, electrolyzers (EL), fuel cells (FC), and BT, which presents a complex nonlinear optimization challenge. The novelty of this study lies in integrating the LFA with a rule-based EMS, enhancing system reliability and efficiency. The proposed approach significantly reduces the annualized system cost (ASC) and the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). The result demonstrate that the LFA outperforms methods like the Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA), yielding cost savings of $3,309, $5,297, $4,484, and $5,129 respectively. The LFA achieves the lowest LCOE at $0.275/kWh, compared to $0.278/kWh with SSA, $0.289/kWh with GA, $0.280/kWh with PSO and $0.283/kWh with GWO. This research contributes to the broader scientific community by providing a more efficient approach to optimizing renewable energy microgrids with hybrid storage systems, thus promoting eco-friendly and cost-effective energy solutions. The proposed system design offers a pathway to future energy systems with high renewable integration, especially as technology advances and costs continue to decrease.

本研究探讨了将氢气（H2）和电池（BT）混合储能系统集成到由太阳能光伏（PV）和风力涡轮机（WT）系统组成的可再生能源微电网中的问题。研究问题的重点是提高能源管理系统（EMS）的有效性和计算效率，同时确保系统的高可靠性。尽管已有针对混合微电网的优化方法，但在优化并网微电网的储能和容量规划方面仍存在挑战。为了解决这个问题，我们建议使用列维飞行算法（LFA）来优化光伏、风电、H2 储能罐、电解槽（EL）、燃料电池（FC）和 BT 的容量，这是一个复杂的非线性优化挑战。本研究的新颖之处在于将 LFA 与基于规则的 EMS 相集成，从而提高了系统的可靠性和效率。所提出的方法大大降低了年化系统成本（ASC）和平准化能源成本（LCOE）。结果表明，LFA 优于 Salp Swarm 算法 (SSA)、粒子群优化 (PSO)、灰狼优化 (GWO) 和遗传算法 (GA)，分别节约成本 3,309 美元、5,297 美元、4,484 美元和 5,129 美元。LFA 的 LCOE 最低，为 0.275 美元/千瓦时，而 SSA 为 0.278 美元/千瓦时，GA 为 0.289 美元/千瓦时，PSO 为 0.280 美元/千瓦时，GWO 为 0.283 美元/千瓦时。这项研究为优化带混合存储系统的可再生能源微电网提供了一种更有效的方法，从而促进了生态友好型和高成本效益型能源解决方案的发展，为更广泛的科学界做出了贡献。拟议的系统设计为未来可再生能源高度集成的能源系统提供了一条途径，特别是随着技术的进步和成本的不断降低。

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引用次数: 0

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted biodiesel production from python fat oil using response surface methodology 利用响应面方法优化蟒蛇脂肪油的超声波辅助生物柴油生产

IF 8 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Energy nexus

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.nexus.2024.100331

Em Canh Pham , Dat Van Nguyen

Diversification of oil feedstocks for biodiesel production is very necessary to reduce dependence on traditional vegetable oils and animal fats. Therefore, a conventional and ultrasound-assisted single-step transesterification process was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) for biodiesel production from a novel feedstock python fat oil (PFO). Second-order polynomial models of the conventional (CM) and ultrasound-assisted (USM) methods were used to predict the biodiesel yield, and the coefficient of determination (R²) was found to be at 0.9946, and 0.9873, respectively. The optimal biodiesel yield of USM calculated from the model is 99.12 % with the following reaction conditions: PFO/methanol ratio of 33.77 wt%, PFO/KOH ratio of 1.05 wt%, and reaction time of 128.53 min. Biodiesel yield results under optimal conditions have demonstrated that the regression models are consistent with experimental data. Besides, the biodiesel yield of USM (98.90 %) was significantly higher than that of CM (92.73 %). In particular, the properties of PFO biodiesel produced under optimal conditions were found to agree with EN 14,214 standard specifications. In summary, single-step biodiesel production from the PFO new feedstock with USM can be commendably used to engender and adopt a more sustainable and environmentally friendly energy approach.

为减少对传统植物油和动物脂肪的依赖，生物柴油生产的油料多样化是非常必要的。因此，采用响应面方法（RSM）对传统和超声波辅助单步酯交换工艺进行了优化，以利用新型原料蟒蛇脂肪油（PFO）生产生物柴油。采用传统方法（CM）和超声辅助方法（USM）的二阶多项式模型预测生物柴油产量，发现决定系数（R2）分别为 0.9946 和 0.9873。在以下反应条件下，根据模型计算得出的 USM 最佳生物柴油产率为 99.12%：PFO/ 甲醇比率为 33.77 wt%，PFO/KOH 比率为 1.05 wt%，反应时间为 128.53 分钟。最佳条件下的生物柴油产量结果表明，回归模型与实验数据一致。此外，USM 的生物柴油收率（98.90%）明显高于 CM 的生物柴油收率（92.73%）。特别是，在最佳条件下生产的 PFO 生物柴油的特性符合 EN 14,214 标准规范。总之，利用 USM 从 PFO 新原料中一步法生产生物柴油，可促进和采用更可持续、更环保的能源方法。

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引用次数: 0