The concept of agent societies or organizations has become an important research area in the field of agent-related systems and vice versa. In order to do field-related simulations or to solve a variety of problems based in this research area, Multi-Agent System MAS frameworks are necessary. Several good proposals have been presented in this field. This paper presents a new MAS-based framework for agent societies based on the principles of a familiar, global connotation youth movement known as Scouting. The main goal of this paper is not to demonstrate whether the proposal presented here, which is presented by name of MAS-Scout, is better or not than the other current proposals. Instead, MAS-Scout is focusing in the following premise: knowing that Scouting has been a very successful social movement in the world; can its principles be used as a basis for designing a MAS-based framework used for implementing agent societies?
代理社会或组织的概念已成为代理相关系统领域的一个重要研究领域，反之亦然。为了进行与现场相关的仿真或解决基于该研究领域的各种问题，需要使用Multi-Agent System MAS框架。在这个领域已经提出了几项很好的建议。本文提出了一个新的基于mas的代理社会框架，该框架基于一个熟悉的全球内涵青年运动的原则，即童军运动。本文的主要目的不是要证明这里提出的以MAS-Scout的名义提出的建议是否比其他当前的建议更好。相反，MAS-Scout专注于以下前提:知道童军运动在世界上是一项非常成功的社会运动;它的原则是否可以作为设计一个基于mas的框架的基础，用于实施代理社会?
{"title":"MAS-based Agent Societies by Means of Scout Movement","authors":"M. Paletta","doi":"10.4018/jats.2012070103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jats.2012070103","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of agent societies or organizations has become an important research area in the field of agent-related systems and vice versa. In order to do field-related simulations or to solve a variety of problems based in this research area, Multi-Agent System MAS frameworks are necessary. Several good proposals have been presented in this field. This paper presents a new MAS-based framework for agent societies based on the principles of a familiar, global connotation youth movement known as Scouting. The main goal of this paper is not to demonstrate whether the proposal presented here, which is presented by name of MAS-Scout, is better or not than the other current proposals. Instead, MAS-Scout is focusing in the following premise: knowing that Scouting has been a very successful social movement in the world; can its principles be used as a basis for designing a MAS-based framework used for implementing agent societies?","PeriodicalId":93648,"journal":{"name":"International journal of agent technologies and systems","volume":"162 1","pages":"29-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75765453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Motivation and problem-domain preferences of scientists can affect aggregate level emergence and growth of problem domains in science. An agent-based model based on information foraging and expectancy theory is introduced to examine the impact of rationality and openness on the growth and evolution of scientific domains. To promote reproducibility of the simulation, a standard documentation protocol is used to specify the conceptual model. In the presented virtual socio-technical model, scientists with different preferences search for problem domains to contribute knowledge, while considering their motivational gains. Problem domains become mature and knowledge spills occur over time to facilitate creation of new problem domains. Experiments are conducted to demonstrate emergence and growth of clusters of domains based on local interactions and preferences of scientists. Based on findings, potential avenues of future research are delineated.
{"title":"An Information Foraging Model of Knowledge Creation and Spillover Dynamics in Open Source Science","authors":"Özgür Özmen, L. Yilmaz","doi":"10.4018/jats.2012070104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jats.2012070104","url":null,"abstract":"Motivation and problem-domain preferences of scientists can affect aggregate level emergence and growth of problem domains in science. An agent-based model based on information foraging and expectancy theory is introduced to examine the impact of rationality and openness on the growth and evolution of scientific domains. To promote reproducibility of the simulation, a standard documentation protocol is used to specify the conceptual model. In the presented virtual socio-technical model, scientists with different preferences search for problem domains to contribute knowledge, while considering their motivational gains. Problem domains become mature and knowledge spills occur over time to facilitate creation of new problem domains. Experiments are conducted to demonstrate emergence and growth of clusters of domains based on local interactions and preferences of scientists. Based on findings, potential avenues of future research are delineated.","PeriodicalId":93648,"journal":{"name":"International journal of agent technologies and systems","volume":"6 1","pages":"50-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78401409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The growth of online auction is due to the flexibility and convenience that it offers to consumers. In the context of online auction, deriving the best reserve price can be associated to the seller's optimization problem. Determining this reserve price is not straightforward due to the dynamic and unpredictable nature of the auction environment. Setting the price too high will lead to the possibility of no sale outcome. Putting the price too low may produce a sale with less profit due to its lower selling price. The authors propose a strategy to derive the best reserve price based on several selling constraints such as the number of competitors sellers, the number of bidders, the auction duration, and the profit the seller desired when offering an item to be auctioned. However, to obtain the best performance, the strategy must be tuned to the prevailing auction environment where the agent is situated. This paper describes the seller agent's performance under varying auction environments. The purpose of the experimental evaluation is to assess the ability of the agent to identify its environments accurately to enable it to come up with the best reserve price.
{"title":"Autonomous Seller Agent for Multiple Simultaneous English Auctions","authors":"P. Anthony, E. Law","doi":"10.4018/jats.2012040101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jats.2012040101","url":null,"abstract":"The growth of online auction is due to the flexibility and convenience that it offers to consumers. In the context of online auction, deriving the best reserve price can be associated to the seller's optimization problem. Determining this reserve price is not straightforward due to the dynamic and unpredictable nature of the auction environment. Setting the price too high will lead to the possibility of no sale outcome. Putting the price too low may produce a sale with less profit due to its lower selling price. The authors propose a strategy to derive the best reserve price based on several selling constraints such as the number of competitors sellers, the number of bidders, the auction duration, and the profit the seller desired when offering an item to be auctioned. However, to obtain the best performance, the strategy must be tuned to the prevailing auction environment where the agent is situated. This paper describes the seller agent's performance under varying auction environments. The purpose of the experimental evaluation is to assess the ability of the agent to identify its environments accurately to enable it to come up with the best reserve price.","PeriodicalId":93648,"journal":{"name":"International journal of agent technologies and systems","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88974691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the most difficult aspects in mathematical modeling and simulation is developing data to drive models and learning. This is particularly difficult when the subject involves intangible variables and concepts such as stress and perceptions that are difficult to ascribe a quantitative value to. This paper provides a description of how qualitative data collected during in depth phenomenological interviews with subject matter experts can be used to drive models. It also provides a case study of insurgency warfare and coalition and Afghan National Government performance during the last ten years. The U.S. government has spent more than $300 billion on the war in Afghanistan. Despite the employment of these resources, the goal of creating stability in the country has not been achieved. Twenty U.S. Army officers with six or more months of experience in Afghanistan were selected by random choice from a specific group. The participants were then interviewed to determine the meaning of their experiences in fighting an insurgency. Data analysis included organizing responses by question to identify the frequency of trends, patterns, and themes; and development of textural and structural descriptions of resource allocation and stability within the context of this study. Data was then transformed to create look-up tables that can be used to model, calibrate, and ascribe quantitative values to various variables in a dynamic insurgency model. A proof of concept model was then created to demonstrate the potential utility and power behind a model that combines the qualities of quantitative mathematical science and qualitative research methodology.
{"title":"Using Phenomenological Research to Drive Dynamic Modeling","authors":"Nathan A. Minami","doi":"10.4018/jats.2012040104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jats.2012040104","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most difficult aspects in mathematical modeling and simulation is developing data to drive models and learning. This is particularly difficult when the subject involves intangible variables and concepts such as stress and perceptions that are difficult to ascribe a quantitative value to. This paper provides a description of how qualitative data collected during in depth phenomenological interviews with subject matter experts can be used to drive models. It also provides a case study of insurgency warfare and coalition and Afghan National Government performance during the last ten years. The U.S. government has spent more than $300 billion on the war in Afghanistan. Despite the employment of these resources, the goal of creating stability in the country has not been achieved. Twenty U.S. Army officers with six or more months of experience in Afghanistan were selected by random choice from a specific group. The participants were then interviewed to determine the meaning of their experiences in fighting an insurgency. Data analysis included organizing responses by question to identify the frequency of trends, patterns, and themes; and development of textural and structural descriptions of resource allocation and stability within the context of this study. Data was then transformed to create look-up tables that can be used to model, calibrate, and ascribe quantitative values to various variables in a dynamic insurgency model. A proof of concept model was then created to demonstrate the potential utility and power behind a model that combines the qualities of quantitative mathematical science and qualitative research methodology.","PeriodicalId":93648,"journal":{"name":"International journal of agent technologies and systems","volume":"59 1","pages":"60-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78873459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Social simulation on artificial social organization, which uses computer simulation to construct artificial society to research social organization, has been becoming popular. Validation of simulation can improve the accuracy, credibility and applicability in the modeling and simulation, and is the key step to apply social organizational model. In this paper, the current research of simulation validation is reviewed, the category of social simulation is defined, and philosophical perspective of simulation validation is analyzed. Implementations of simulation validation in various models, including framework, level, type and technology, are introduced as well. Then, the validation in social simulation, including features, existing problems, framework and techniques, is analyzed in particular. Finally, the further work for the simulation validation is announced.
{"title":"A Review for the Validation of Social Simulation on Artificial Social Organization","authors":"Jiang Wu, Hou Zhu, Menglin Yin, Xin Luo","doi":"10.4018/jats.2012040102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jats.2012040102","url":null,"abstract":"Social simulation on artificial social organization, which uses computer simulation to construct artificial society to research social organization, has been becoming popular. Validation of simulation can improve the accuracy, credibility and applicability in the modeling and simulation, and is the key step to apply social organizational model. In this paper, the current research of simulation validation is reviewed, the category of social simulation is defined, and philosophical perspective of simulation validation is analyzed. Implementations of simulation validation in various models, including framework, level, type and technology, are introduced as well. Then, the validation in social simulation, including features, existing problems, framework and techniques, is analyzed in particular. Finally, the further work for the simulation validation is announced.","PeriodicalId":93648,"journal":{"name":"International journal of agent technologies and systems","volume":"72 2 1","pages":"22-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75982957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since 9/11 and the creation of the U.S. Patriot Act, the intrusion of government surveillance into the lives of ordinary Americans has become a topic of great concern to many citizens. While many Americans view surveillance as a necessity in the name of national security, the government is not the only organization conducting surveillance. As technological capacity increases, an increasing number of employers are implementing technologies that allow them to maintain vigilance over the actions of their employees in the workplace. Despite many attempts to implement surveillance technologies, there is little evidence that companies are any safer now than they were ten years ago. This paper demonstrates how System Dynamics modeling can be utilized to help model the insider threat as a system. It provides analysis of the non-linear affect of decision making, assessing the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th order impacts of decisions, and demonstrates the important impact of delays in the system. A mathematical model is presented and simulations are conducted to determine the likely affect of company decisions and individual agent behavior.
{"title":"Employing Dynamic Models to Enhance Corporate IT Security Policy","authors":"Nathan A. Minami","doi":"10.4018/jats.2012040103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jats.2012040103","url":null,"abstract":"Since 9/11 and the creation of the U.S. Patriot Act, the intrusion of government surveillance into the lives of ordinary Americans has become a topic of great concern to many citizens. While many Americans view surveillance as a necessity in the name of national security, the government is not the only organization conducting surveillance. As technological capacity increases, an increasing number of employers are implementing technologies that allow them to maintain vigilance over the actions of their employees in the workplace. Despite many attempts to implement surveillance technologies, there is little evidence that companies are any safer now than they were ten years ago. This paper demonstrates how System Dynamics modeling can be utilized to help model the insider threat as a system. It provides analysis of the non-linear affect of decision making, assessing the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th order impacts of decisions, and demonstrates the important impact of delays in the system. A mathematical model is presented and simulations are conducted to determine the likely affect of company decisions and individual agent behavior.","PeriodicalId":93648,"journal":{"name":"International journal of agent technologies and systems","volume":"7 1","pages":"42-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90692320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shop-around spatial behaviors of downtown visitors are characterized as MultiPurpose-MultiStop MPMS. However, the authors' investigations have revealed visitors frequently switch planned actions and generate improvised actions. By using an agent-based approach, especially with a medium-size specimen, simulating such spatial behaviors opens a rich vein of research, not only into such practical aspects as downtown revitalization but also several theoretical aspects. Based on data analysis, the authors have newly devised Agent Simulation of Shop-Around ASSA. ASSA is a kind of activity-based model and each agent makes and remakes their schedule to visit shops based on time constraints and shop preferences, chooses alternative venues to visit when they fail in an errand, and makes impulse stops at shops and detour actions when time allows. A series of such activities carried out on one day will affect the next downtown visit schedule and so on. This paper refers to existing researches and briefly explains the features of ASSA, especially focusing on decomposition of the shop-around behaviors and the system components. The latest pilot ASSA ver.3 attempts a dynamic simulation of naturalistic and intelligent shopper behaviors. The authors then discuss the verifications by illustrating simulated performances in an actual shopping mall.
{"title":"Simulating Shop-Around Behavior","authors":"T. Kaneda, Takumi Yoshida","doi":"10.4018/jats.2012070102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jats.2012070102","url":null,"abstract":"Shop-around spatial behaviors of downtown visitors are characterized as MultiPurpose-MultiStop MPMS. However, the authors' investigations have revealed visitors frequently switch planned actions and generate improvised actions. By using an agent-based approach, especially with a medium-size specimen, simulating such spatial behaviors opens a rich vein of research, not only into such practical aspects as downtown revitalization but also several theoretical aspects. Based on data analysis, the authors have newly devised Agent Simulation of Shop-Around ASSA. ASSA is a kind of activity-based model and each agent makes and remakes their schedule to visit shops based on time constraints and shop preferences, chooses alternative venues to visit when they fail in an errand, and makes impulse stops at shops and detour actions when time allows. A series of such activities carried out on one day will affect the next downtown visit schedule and so on. This paper refers to existing researches and briefly explains the features of ASSA, especially focusing on decomposition of the shop-around behaviors and the system components. The latest pilot ASSA ver.3 attempts a dynamic simulation of naturalistic and intelligent shopper behaviors. The authors then discuss the verifications by illustrating simulated performances in an actual shopping mall.","PeriodicalId":93648,"journal":{"name":"International journal of agent technologies and systems","volume":"7 1","pages":"15-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87180819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on the classic behavioural theory the "Theory of Planned Behaviour," the authors have developed an agent-based model to simulate the diffusion of smart metering technology in the electricity market. The authors simulate the emergent adoption of smart metering technology under different management strategies and economic regulations. Their research results show that in terms of boosting the take-off of smart meters in the UK electricity market, choosing the initial users on a random and geographically dispersed basis and encouraging meter competition between energy suppliers can be two effective strategies. The authors also observe an "S-curve" diffusion of smart metering technology and a "lock-in" effect in the model. The research results provide users with insights as to effective policies and strategies for the roll-out of smart meters in the UK electricity market.
{"title":"An Agent-Based Simulation of Smart Metering Technology Adoption","authors":"Zhang Tao, W. Nuttall","doi":"10.4018/jats.2012010102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jats.2012010102","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the classic behavioural theory the \"Theory of Planned Behaviour,\" the authors have developed an agent-based model to simulate the diffusion of smart metering technology in the electricity market. The authors simulate the emergent adoption of smart metering technology under different management strategies and economic regulations. Their research results show that in terms of boosting the take-off of smart meters in the UK electricity market, choosing the initial users on a random and geographically dispersed basis and encouraging meter competition between energy suppliers can be two effective strategies. The authors also observe an \"S-curve\" diffusion of smart metering technology and a \"lock-in\" effect in the model. The research results provide users with insights as to effective policies and strategies for the roll-out of smart meters in the UK electricity market.","PeriodicalId":93648,"journal":{"name":"International journal of agent technologies and systems","volume":"28 1","pages":"17-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90986537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Grouping is a common phenomenon in pedestrian crowds and social groups can have significant impacts on crowd behavior. Despite its importance, how to model social groups in pedestrian crowd simulations is still an open and challenging issue. This paper presents a framework for modeling social groups in agent-based pedestrian crowd simulations. The developed framework integrates agent behavior modeling, group modeling, and social context modeling in a layered architecture, where each layer focuses on modeling a specific aspect of pedestrian crowds. A model of dynamic grouping behavior is developed to demonstrate the utility of the developed framework, and experimental results are presented.
{"title":"A Framework for Modeling Social Groups in Agent-Based Pedestrian Crowd Simulations","authors":"Fasheng Qiu, Xiaolin Hu","doi":"10.4018/jats.2012010103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jats.2012010103","url":null,"abstract":"Grouping is a common phenomenon in pedestrian crowds and social groups can have significant impacts on crowd behavior. Despite its importance, how to model social groups in pedestrian crowd simulations is still an open and challenging issue. This paper presents a framework for modeling social groups in agent-based pedestrian crowd simulations. The developed framework integrates agent behavior modeling, group modeling, and social context modeling in a layered architecture, where each layer focuses on modeling a specific aspect of pedestrian crowds. A model of dynamic grouping behavior is developed to demonstrate the utility of the developed framework, and experimental results are presented.","PeriodicalId":93648,"journal":{"name":"International journal of agent technologies and systems","volume":"204 1","pages":"39-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72771550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adaptive Collaboration (AC) is essential for maintaining optimal team performance on collaborative tasks. However, little research has discussed AC in multi-agent systems. This paper introduces AC within the context of solving real-world team performance problems using computer-based algorithms. Based on the authors’ previous work on the Environment-Class, Agent, Role, Group, and Object (E-CARGO) model, a theoretical foundation for AC using a simplified model of role-based collaboration (RBC) is proposed. Several parameters that affect team performance are defined and integrated into a theorem, which showed that dynamic role assignment yields better performance than static role assignment. The benefits of implementing AC are further proven by simulating a “future battlefield” of remotely-controlled robotic vehicles; in this scenario, team performance clearly benefits from shifting vehicles (or roles) using a single controller. Related research is also discussed for future studies.
{"title":"Adaptive Collaboration Based on the E-CARGO Model","authors":"Haibin Zhu, Ming Hou, Mengchu Zhou","doi":"10.4018/jats.2012010104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/jats.2012010104","url":null,"abstract":"Adaptive Collaboration (AC) is essential for maintaining optimal team performance on collaborative tasks. However, little research has discussed AC in multi-agent systems. This paper introduces AC within the context of solving real-world team performance problems using computer-based algorithms. Based on the authors’ previous work on the Environment-Class, Agent, Role, Group, and Object (E-CARGO) model, a theoretical foundation for AC using a simplified model of role-based collaboration (RBC) is proposed. Several parameters that affect team performance are defined and integrated into a theorem, which showed that dynamic role assignment yields better performance than static role assignment. The benefits of implementing AC are further proven by simulating a “future battlefield” of remotely-controlled robotic vehicles; in this scenario, team performance clearly benefits from shifting vehicles (or roles) using a single controller. Related research is also discussed for future studies.","PeriodicalId":93648,"journal":{"name":"International journal of agent technologies and systems","volume":"3 1","pages":"59-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89206354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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