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Application of near-infrared spectroscopy for basil chemical composition analysis 近红外光谱在罗勒化学成分分析中的应用
Pub Date : 2019-12-31 DOI: 10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-60-12-152
O. Eliseeva, A. F. Eliseev, S. Belopukhov
The near infrared spectroscopy method investigated the chemical composition of fragrance basil plants (Ocimum basilicum) with green leaf colour, the Stella variety, which is a green culture with a short period of vegetation. The lighting was carried out using 400 W arc sodium mirror lamps (DNaZ 400), with a light flux of 46 thousand. Lm, whose spectrum is predominantly orange-red light (650 nm), is most effective for photosynthesis. The level of illumination when growing basil was 10 thousand and 15 thousand lk. The longitude of the day, taking into account the lighting, was 16 hours. In the above-ground portion of the basil plants, the protein, fiber, lipid, ash and starch content was determined by near infrared spectroscopy on an infrared SpectraStar XT analyzer, model 1400ХТ-3, full scanning range 1400-2600 nm. The increase in illumination stimulated photosynthetic activity and the synthesis of assimilates, achieving, at a certain level of illumination, an equilibrium state between the amount of CO2 absorbed and released. Basil plants have been shown to react differently to different levels of illumination. Using BIC spectroscopy, it was found that with increased illumination, the protein content of basil plants decreased from 23.4% at 10,000 lx to 20.1% at 15,000 lx, and the starch content increased from 30.1% at 10,000 lx to 43.7% at 15,000 lx. The content of basil in plants at different levels of illumination of such indicators as fat, ash and fiber remained at the same level and amounted to 3.06, respectively; 8.51 and 26.4% at 10 thousand lx and 2.80; 8.08 and 26.5% at 15 thousand lux.
采用近红外光谱法研究了叶色为绿色的斯特拉(Stella)香罗勒植物(Ocimum basilicum)的化学成分,该植物是一种绿植期短的品种。照明使用400瓦电弧钠反射灯(DNaZ 400),光通量为4.6万。Lm的光谱主要是橘红色光(650纳米),对光合作用最有效。种植罗勒时的光照水平是10000和15000倍。考虑到光照,一天的经度是16小时。在罗勒植株地上部分,采用近红外光谱分析仪SpectraStar XT测定蛋白质、纤维、脂肪、灰分和淀粉含量,型号为1400ХТ-3,全扫描范围为1400-2600 nm。光照的增加刺激了光合活性和同化物的合成,在一定的光照水平下,达到了二氧化碳吸收和释放量之间的平衡状态。罗勒植物对不同程度的光照有不同的反应。利用BIC光谱分析发现,随着光照的增加,罗勒植株的蛋白质含量从1万lx下的23.4%下降到1.5万lx下的20.1%,淀粉含量从1万lx下的30.1%上升到1.5万lx下的43.7%。不同光照水平下罗勒植株中脂肪、灰分、纤维等指标含量基本持平,分别为3.06;1万lx和2.80 lx分别为8.51%和26.4%;8.08和26.5%在一万五千勒克斯。
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引用次数: 1
Analytical description of sodium halogenides melts specific electric conductivity and its calculation for sodium astatide melt 卤化钠熔体比电导率的解析描述及砹钠熔体比电导率的计算
Pub Date : 2019-12-31 DOI: 10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-60-12-125
I. Garkushin, O. Lavrenteva, Karina R. Gilmanova, Y. Andreeva
The paper presents analytical and graphical dependences of the individual haloganides melts specific electrical conductivity æ of the sodium NaHal series (Hal – F, Cl, Br, I) on the halogen order number Z, ionic radius r of haloganide-ion Hal–, halogen ionic potential 1/r, reduced ionic radius r/Z, difference of electronegativity (∆χ = χ(Hal) – χ(Na)): æ = f(Z); æ = f(r); æ = f(1/r); æ = f(r/Z); æ = f(∆χ) for the temperature higher melting temperatures on 5, 10, 50, 75, 100, 150 и 200°. M.Kh. Karapetyans сomparative methods were applied for the description. The minimum standard deviation and maximum correlation coefficient corresponds to the equation æ–1 = a + bexp1/r, according to which the numerical values of æ(NaAt) are calculated for real temperatures. The temperature dependence æ of the NaAt melt is described by the equation æ = 0.0508+0.0023Т. A comparative analysis of the relationship between the specific electrical conductivity of NaHal melts at a temperature of Tm + n (n = 10 ... 200° higher the melting temperature) and æ at (Tm + 5°). A comparative analysis is represented by straightforward dependencies. It was shown that the specific electrical conductivity of the NaAt melt is related to the electrical conductivity of LiAt by the direct equation æ(NaAt) = 0.035+0.607æ(LiAt). The straight line equationalso relates æ of the NaHal melt (Hal – F, Br, I, At) to the specific conductivity of the NaCl melt. Between the numerical values of the specific electrical conductivity of the sodium astatide (NaAt) melt calculated by different methods, consistent data were obtained.
本文给出了NaHal系列钠(Hal - F, Cl, Br, I)各卤化物熔体比电导率æ与卤素序数Z、卤化物-离子Hal -的离子半径r、卤素离子电位1/r、还原离子半径r/Z、电负性差(∆χ = χ(Hal) - χ(Na)): æ = F (Z)的解析关系和图解关系;æ = f(r);æ = f(1/r);æ = f(r/Z);æ = f(∆χ)表示5、10、50、75、100、150、200°的较高熔化温度。M.Kh。应用Karapetyans的比较方法进行描述。最小标准差和最大相关系数对应于公式æ - 1 = a + bexp1/r,以此计算实际温度下æ(NaAt)的数值。NaAt熔体的温度依赖性为:= 0.0508+0.0023Т。在Tm + n (n = 10)温度下NaHal熔体的比电导率关系的比较分析熔点高200°)和温度(Tm + 5°)。比较分析由直接的依赖关系表示。结果表明,NaAt熔体的比电导率与LiAt的电导率直接关系式为æ(NaAt) = 0.035+0.607æ(LiAt)。直线方程还将NaHal熔体(Hal - F, Br, I, At)与NaCl熔体的比电导率联系起来。不同方法计算的星化钠(NaAt)熔体的比电导率数值之间,得到了一致的数据。
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引用次数: 0
The effect of pyridine on the electrochemical parameters of the hydroxonium discharge at the copper cathode 吡啶对铜阴极氢氧根放电电化学参数的影响
Pub Date : 2019-12-31 DOI: 10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-60-12-62
A. Kolesnikov, E. Ageenko
In this work, we studied the electrochemical reduction of hydrogen (hydroxonium ion) from acidic aqueous solutions in the presence of a surface active substance – pyridine. H2SO4 (r.h.) was used as a reagent to study the discharge of hydroxonium cations. The effect of pyridine on the reduction of hydrogen cations was carried out in solutions of sulfuric acid (0.09; 0.18; 0.36 M) with pyridine additives from 1.4·10-3 to 8.4·10-3 M. Potentiostatic studies were performed on a Potentiostat P-30Jcom Elins using a three-electrode cell. The working electrode (cathode) was made of M1 grade copper with an area of 0.09 cm2; auxiliary (anode) – from a platinum plate with an area of 0.20 cm2, the reference electrode is silver chloride (AgCl/Ag). The results are presented according to the average data obtained during 30 s of electrolysis in the potential region (-950-1100 mV for AgCl/Ag), with potentiometric measurements. The results are presented by the average data obtained in the initial 5 s of the process, in studies in the galvanostatic mode at current densities from 0 to 110 mV/cm2. An increase in the constant current of load almost to a small extent influenced the change in overvoltage with time, as shown by galvanostatic studies. Overvoltage, on average, decreased from 3-6 to 1-2 mV in the first 5 seconds of the beginning of the process, during the study with or without pyridine. Overvoltage ceased to depend after 10-15 s on the time of galvanostation. The effect of the addition of pyridine to the electrolyte was studied and it was shown that the negative effect of pyridine on the discharge of the hydroxonium ion increases with increasing acidity of the electrolyte. An increase in the density of exchange currents with a decrease in the content of sulfuric acid in the electrolyte is noted, which is associated with the approach of the electrode system to the equilibrium state. The decrease in the transfer coefficients of the hydrogen discharge reaction with an increase in the acid of content in the electrolyte and pyridine additives was explained by the distant position of the transition state localization from the electrode surface. The calculations of the reaction order for the hydroxonium ion in the presence and absence of pyridine in the electrolyte are presented. The obtained value of the reaction order, taking into account standard errors close to unity, allows us to conclude that at the initial stage, the hydroxonium of molecule is discharged, the products of which are atomic hydrogen, the HSO4 anion and water. In the kinetics of the process of the discharge of hydrogen cations, the stages can further play an important role: surface diffusion of hydrogen ad-atoms, formation of gas bubbles and their desorption, adsorption of hydrogen by metal.
在这项工作中,我们研究了在表面活性物质吡啶存在的情况下,酸性水溶液中氢(氢氧根离子)的电化学还原。以H2SO4 (r.h.)为试剂,研究了氢氧根离子的放电。研究了吡啶在硫酸(0.09;0.18;0.36 M),吡啶添加量为1.4·10-3 ~ 8.4·10-3 M,采用三电极电池在恒电位仪P-30Jcom Elins上进行恒电位研究。工作电极(阴极)由M1级铜制成,面积为0.09 cm2;辅助(阳极)-从一个面积为0.20 cm2的铂板,参考电极是氯化银(AgCl/Ag)。结果是根据30 s电解电位区(AgCl/Ag为-950-1100 mV)的平均数据,并进行电位测量。结果是在电流密度从0到110 mV/cm2的恒流模式下,在过程的最初5 s内获得的平均数据。恒流研究表明,负载恒流的增加几乎在很小程度上影响过电压随时间的变化。在有或没有吡啶的研究过程中,过电压在过程开始的前5秒内平均从3-6 mV降至1-2 mV。过电压在10- 15s后不再依赖于恒流时间。研究了吡啶对电解液中氢氧根离子放电的影响,结果表明,吡啶对氢氧根离子放电的负面影响随着电解液酸度的增加而增大。注意到,随着电解液中硫酸含量的减少,交换电流密度增加,这与电极系统接近平衡状态有关。随着电解液和吡啶添加剂中酸含量的增加,氢放电反应的传递系数减小,这可以解释为过渡态的定位距离电极表面较远。给出了电解液中有吡啶和无吡啶时氢氧根离子反应级数的计算。得到的反应阶值,考虑到接近于单位的标准误差,我们可以得出结论,在初始阶段,分子的氢氧根被排出,其产物是原子氢、HSO4阴离子和水。在氢离子放电的动力学过程中,这些阶段可以进一步发挥重要的作用:氢原子的表面扩散、气泡的形成及其解吸、金属对氢的吸附。
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引用次数: 0
Theoretical study of the isomerization of 1-amino-4-phenylamino-9,10-anthraquinone 1-氨基-4-苯胺-9,10-蒽醌异构化的理论研究
Pub Date : 2019-12-31 DOI: 10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-60-12-37
G. G. Garifzianova
This paper presents the results of computer simulation of tautomeric transformations of the molecule 1-amino-4-phenylamino-9,10-anthraquinone. It is known from the literature that the presence of substituents in the 1,4-position of anthraquinone-9,10 leads to various tautomeric transformations, with a shift in the absorption maximum and the appearance of absorption bands in the red wave region in electronic spectra. Both the 1-amino-4-hydroxyanthraquinone described in the literature and the 1-amino-4-phenylamino-9,10-anthraquinone are characterized by two types of prototropic tautomerism – keto-enol and amino-imine. Quantum-chemical modeling contributes to the calculation of the relative energies of tautomers and isomers, the barriers of their interconversions, as well as finding their structural parameters. The aim of this study was to study the mechanism of the formation of tautomers during hydrogen transfer in the molecule of 1-amino-4-phenylamino-9,10-anthraquinone, as well as the formation of isomers during migration of the OH group. The calculations were performed using the Gaussian09 program. To study of various tautomers of 1-amino-4-phenylamino-9,10-anthraquinone, the B3LYP method with the def2TZV basis was used. A search was conducted for transition states during hydrogen transfer and OH group migration. The descent along the reaction path was calculated to confirm that the transition state is in the path of the desired reaction. The minima corresponding to the starting material and product were localized. The activation enthalpies of the studied reactions were calculated. Migration of the OH group in the 1-amino-4-phenylamino-9,10-anthraquinone molecule leads to the formation of 4-phenylamino-9-amino-1,10-anthraquinone. As the calculation shows, the keto-form of 1-amino-4-phenylamino-9,10-anthraquinone is energetically more profitable than all the isomers studied in this work, including the enol form. The smallest difference in total potential energies is 23.7 kJ/mol between the initial ketone form of 1-amino-4-phenylamino-9,10-anthraquinone and the last transformation structure – the 4-phenylamino-9-amino-1,10-anthraquinone molecule.
本文介绍了1-氨基-4-苯胺-9,10-蒽醌分子互变异构转化的计算机模拟结果。从文献可知,蒽醌-9,10的1,4位取代基的存在导致各种互变异构转化,在电子光谱中吸收最大值发生移位,在红波区出现吸收带。文献中描述的1-氨基-4-羟基蒽醌和1-氨基-4-苯胺-9,10-蒽醌都具有两种类型的原变性-酮烯和氨基亚胺。量子化学建模有助于计算互变异构体和异构体的相对能量,它们相互转换的障碍,以及找到它们的结构参数。本研究的目的是研究1-氨基-4-苯基氨基-9,10-蒽醌分子中氢转移过程中互变异构体的形成机制,以及OH基团迁移过程中异构体的形成。计算是使用Gaussian09程序进行的。为了研究1-氨基-4-苯胺-9,10-蒽醌的各种互变异构体,采用了def2TZV基的B3LYP方法。对氢转移和OH迁移过程中的过渡态进行了研究。计算了沿反应路径的下降,以确定过渡态在期望反应的路径上。对原料和产品对应的最小值进行了局部化。计算了所研究反应的活化焓。羟基在1-氨基-4-苯基氨基-9,10-蒽醌分子中的迁移导致4-苯基氨基-9-氨基-1,10-蒽醌的形成。计算表明,1 -氨基-4-苯胺-9,10-蒽醌的酮型比本研究的所有异构体(包括烯醇型)都更能产生能量。1-氨基-4-苯基氨基-9,10-蒽醌的初始酮型与最后转化结构-4-苯基氨基-9,10-蒽醌分子的总势能差最小为23.7 kJ/mol。
{"title":"Theoretical study of the isomerization of 1-amino-4-phenylamino-9,10-anthraquinone","authors":"G. G. Garifzianova","doi":"10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-60-12-37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-60-12-37","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the results of computer simulation of tautomeric transformations of the molecule 1-amino-4-phenylamino-9,10-anthraquinone. It is known from the literature that the presence of substituents in the 1,4-position of anthraquinone-9,10 leads to various tautomeric transformations, with a shift in the absorption maximum and the appearance of absorption bands in the red wave region in electronic spectra. Both the 1-amino-4-hydroxyanthraquinone described in the literature and the 1-amino-4-phenylamino-9,10-anthraquinone are characterized by two types of prototropic tautomerism – keto-enol and amino-imine. Quantum-chemical modeling contributes to the calculation of the relative energies of tautomers and isomers, the barriers of their interconversions, as well as finding their structural parameters. The aim of this study was to study the mechanism of the formation of tautomers during hydrogen transfer in the molecule of 1-amino-4-phenylamino-9,10-anthraquinone, as well as the formation of isomers during migration of the OH group. The calculations were performed using the Gaussian09 program. To study of various tautomers of 1-amino-4-phenylamino-9,10-anthraquinone, the B3LYP method with the def2TZV basis was used. A search was conducted for transition states during hydrogen transfer and OH group migration. The descent along the reaction path was calculated to confirm that the transition state is in the path of the desired reaction. The minima corresponding to the starting material and product were localized. The activation enthalpies of the studied reactions were calculated. Migration of the OH group in the 1-amino-4-phenylamino-9,10-anthraquinone molecule leads to the formation of 4-phenylamino-9-amino-1,10-anthraquinone. As the calculation shows, the keto-form of 1-amino-4-phenylamino-9,10-anthraquinone is energetically more profitable than all the isomers studied in this work, including the enol form. The smallest difference in total potential energies is 23.7 kJ/mol between the initial ketone form of 1-amino-4-phenylamino-9,10-anthraquinone and the last transformation structure – the 4-phenylamino-9-amino-1,10-anthraquinone molecule.","PeriodicalId":9405,"journal":{"name":"Butlerov Communications","volume":"201 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76983735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Inhibited compound for internal preservation 抑制化合物用于内部保存
Pub Date : 2019-12-31 DOI: 10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-60-12-81
Renata S. Krymskaya
Corrosion of metal products during storage, transportation, or other inter-operational periods keeps researchers concerned, and as a result, encourages study of anti-corrosion protection agents in current unstable economic situation, for example, possibility of their recycling. It is not surprising that nowadays scientists are searching for anti-corrosion protection agents. Accordingly, important requirements for corrosion protection agents are affordability and adaptability. The term “adaptability” means that anti-corrosion protection agents can be used in hard-to-reach structures. Under such conditions, the best anti-corrosion protection agents are preservation compounds, as they are relatively inexpensive, often organic-based, with an effective corrosion inhibitor in. The author tested anti-corrosion effectiveness of FMT corrosion inhibitor solution in diesel fuel. FMT is a nitrogen-containing inhibitor consisting of tallow oil fatty acids and added copper derivatives of chlorophyll (where central magnesium atom of chlorophyll is replaced by copper). Copper derivatives of chlorophyll were obtained from kelp algae extract. We synthesized a new solution of FMT inhibitor in diesel fuel; this solution has a natural coniferous complex instead of copper derivatives of chlorophyll from algae. FMT efficiency was proved experimentally in accelerated corrosion tests. The paper explains necessity of synthesizing a new type of FMT inhibitor after experimental stability assessment of various solutions. The article also gives an example of how this compound can be used for storing petroleum products in the space between the first and second bottom of underground tanks (oil storage tanks with double walls and double bottom).
金属产品在储存、运输或其他相互操作期间的腐蚀引起了研究人员的关注,因此,鼓励在当前不稳定的经济形势下研究防腐蚀保护剂,例如,它们的回收利用的可能性。现在科学家们正在寻找防腐蚀保护剂,这并不奇怪。因此,对防腐蚀剂的重要要求是经济性和适应性。术语“适应性”是指防腐蚀保护剂可用于难以触及的结构。在这样的条件下,最好的防腐蚀保护剂是防腐化合物,因为它们相对便宜,通常是有机的,具有有效的缓蚀剂。对FMT缓蚀剂溶液在柴油中的防腐效果进行了试验。FMT是一种含氮抑制剂,由牛脂脂肪酸和叶绿素的铜衍生物组成(其中叶绿素的中心镁原子被铜取代)。从海带藻提取物中提取叶绿素铜衍生物。合成了一种新的柴油FMT抑制剂溶液;该溶液含有天然针叶复合物,而不是来自藻类的叶绿素铜衍生物。加速腐蚀试验证明了FMT的有效性。通过对各种溶液的实验稳定性评价,阐述了合成新型FMT抑制剂的必要性。文章还举例说明了如何将这种化合物用于地下储罐(双壁双层底储油罐)第一和第二底之间的空间中储存石油产品。
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引用次数: 0
Biological testing of aqueous-based metal preservation technologies 水基金属保存技术的生物学试验
Pub Date : 2019-12-31 DOI: 10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-60-12-70
Renata S. Krymskaya, Ekaterina I. Plaskeeva, Svetlana E. Bogdanova
This paper deals with an essential issue of safe methods for temporary metal products protection against corrosion. Nowadays, there are a lot of corrosion inhibitors available; however, most of them are based on chemically hazardous derivatives of amines, nitrites, and chromates contained therein. The listed substances negatively affect both people and the environment. In Arctic weather conditions it is especially important to have reliable and safe anti-corrosion systems that can be applied in marine equipment preservation technologies. It is extremely undesirable to make any repairs and painting works under Arctic conditions, any restoration paintwork of metal items, as well as number of unpainted metal items to be protected must be minimized. The safest preservation methods are aqueous solutions; with such solutions, metal structures to be protected in Arctic conditions either do not need any preparatory preserving agent washing off, or washing off is ultimately simplified. This paper presents wide-spread inhibitors and inhibitors synthesized from safe natural fatty acids of vegetable oils. The article considers their characteristics and applicability. Also, the paper determines environmental hazard classes of aqueous preservation solutions by using biological testing objects. It allows us to assess a hazard level of the applied preservation method, regardless of how substances or combination thereof cause changes in vital functions of the testing objects. Based on the experiments conducted, the article discusses a possibility of using low-hazard preservation methods.
本文讨论了金属制品临时防腐蚀的安全防护方法。如今,有很多缓蚀剂可用;然而,它们中的大多数是基于其中所含的胺、亚硝酸盐和铬酸盐的化学危险衍生物。列出的物质对人和环境都有负面影响。在北极的天气条件下,拥有可靠和安全的防腐系统对于海洋设备的保存技术尤为重要。在北极条件下进行任何修理和油漆工作都是极不可取的,任何金属物品的修复油漆,以及需要保护的未油漆金属物品的数量必须减少。最安全的保存方法是水溶液;有了这样的解决方案,在北极条件下保护的金属结构要么不需要任何预备保存剂清洗,要么最终简化了清洗。本文介绍了广泛应用的抑制剂和由植物油中安全的天然脂肪酸合成的抑制剂。本文分析了它们的特点和适用性。此外,本文还利用生物试验对象确定了水保存溶液的环境危害等级。它允许我们评估所应用的保存方法的危害等级,而不管物质或其组合如何引起测试对象的重要功能的变化。在实验的基础上,探讨了采用低危害保鲜方法的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
Synthesis of new copolymers based on 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorostyrene, styrene, α-methylstyrene and 4-fluoro-α-methylstyrene 2,3,4,5,6-五氟苯乙烯、苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯和4-氟-α-甲基苯乙烯新型共聚物的合成
Pub Date : 2019-12-31 DOI: 10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-60-12-91
I. S. Dolgin, P. P. Purygin, Y. Zarubin
At the first stages of the research work, a copolymer of styrene and α methyl styrene was synthesized by the method of radical emulsion polymerization in an inert atmosphere of argon. The initiator was ammonium persulfate. The molar ratio of the initial monomers of styrene and α-methylstyrene was 70 : 30, respectively. It was found that copolymers synthesized under special controlled conditions have good values of permittivity and dielectric loss tangent. It should be noted that the choice of emulsifier directly affects the values of these indicators. It was previously shown that the most optimal emulsifier is potassium stearate, using which the best values of the dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent were achieved. At the second stage of the research work, a number of copolymers were synthesized containing 4-methoxystyrene, 4 methyl styrene and α-methyl styrene in their structure. It was experimentally confirmed that the synthesis procedure may be applicable for the preparation of copolymers based on derivatives of styrene and α-methylstyrene. The resulting series of copolymers is highly soluble in methylene chloride; films of each copolymer sample of different thicknesses were obtained by casting from a solution. For this series of copolymer films, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent were determined. It was found that the best values of permittivity and dielectric loss tangent are possessed by a sample of copolymer 4-methoxystyrene and α-methylstyrene. At the latest stage of the study, copolymers of styrene and 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorostyrene, α-methylstyrene and 4-fluoro-α-methylstyrene, 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorostyrene and 4-fluoro-α-methylstyrene were synthesized. These fluorine-containing derivatives of styrene and α-methylstyrene easily enough enter into the reaction of radical emulsion copolymerization. The copolymer yields are 53-76%, calculated on the weight of the starting monomers. The structure of a number of newly synthesized copolymers was confirmed by IR spectroscopy. In the future, it is planned to define the values of dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent for these copolymer samples. It is planned to study the thermomechanical properties of the samples, since fluorine-containing polymers are a promising material for operation at elevated temperatures.
在研究工作的第一阶段,在惰性氩气气氛中,采用自由基乳液聚合的方法合成了苯乙烯与α甲基苯乙烯共聚物。引发剂为过硫酸铵。苯乙烯和α-甲基苯乙烯初始单体的摩尔比分别为70∶30。发现在特殊控制条件下合成的共聚物具有良好的介电常数和介电损耗正切值。需要注意的是,乳化剂的选择直接影响到这些指标的数值。以前的研究表明,硬脂酸钾是最理想的乳化剂,使用它可以获得最佳的介电常数和介电损耗正切值。在第二阶段的研究工作中,合成了一些结构上含有4-甲氧基苯乙烯、4-甲基苯乙烯和α-甲基苯乙烯的共聚物。实验证实,该合成方法可用于制备苯乙烯和α-甲基苯乙烯衍生物共聚物。所得系列共聚物在二氯甲烷中高度可溶;不同厚度的共聚物样品通过溶液浇铸得到薄膜。测定了该系列共聚物薄膜的介电常数和介电损耗正切。结果表明,4-甲氧基苯乙烯和α-甲基苯乙烯共聚物的介电常数和介电损耗正切值最好。在研究的最后阶段,合成了苯乙烯与2,3,4,5,6-五氟苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯与4-氟-α-甲基苯乙烯、2,3,4,5,6-五氟苯乙烯和4-氟-α-甲基苯乙烯的共聚物。这些苯乙烯和α-甲基苯乙烯的含氟衍生物很容易进入自由基乳液共聚反应。共聚物收率为53-76%,以起始单体的重量计算。用红外光谱对新合成的共聚物进行了结构表征。在未来,计划确定这些共聚物样品的介电常数和介电损耗正切值。计划研究样品的热机械性能,因为含氟聚合物是在高温下操作的有前途的材料。
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引用次数: 0
Research of emulsion properties of oil with selection of effective chemical reagents for destruction of arising emulsions 研究油的乳化特性,选择有效的化学试剂来破坏生成的乳剂
Pub Date : 2019-12-31 DOI: 10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-60-12-110
T. Kuryakova, S. G. Bezryadin, Elena Yu. Klyukvina, L. Mezhueva
The presence of aggressive aqueous solutions of mineral salts leads to rapid wear of both oil pumping and refining equipment. Gas separation and preliminary water discharge are difficult. This is one of the reasons that it is necessary to dehydrate the oil emulsion from the moment it was formed, preventing its aging. The second most important reason for oil dehydration in the areas of its production is the high cost of transporting ballast-produced water. To determine the most suitable demulsifier used at the Tsarichansk field, a series of laboratory studies was conducted. According to the results of laboratory tests, it was found that the developed new multifunctional composite demulsifier Denmaster 3010, due to the synergism of the components that make up the composition, shows good dynamics of sediment compared to the base reagents and provides a high degree of emulsion destruction. According to the results of laboratory studies, the most effective in comparison with the basic reagent, both in the dynamics of dehydration and in the residual water content, is the multifunctional composition DenMaster 3010. Reagent DenMaster 3010 is composite demulsifier based on a mixture of organic and aromatic solvents with the addition of nonionic surfactants. Laboratory tests showed that DenMaster 3010 reagent provides a high degree of emulsion destruction at the stages of in-tube demulsification and preliminary discharge. According to the data obtained, when replacing the base reagent with the DenMaster 3010 reagent, at the stages of oil collection, stabilization and a decrease in the average values of water and salt content are observed, i.e. installation work is normalized.
矿物盐的腐蚀性水溶液的存在导致抽油和精炼设备的快速磨损。气体分离和初步出水困难。这就是为什么从油乳液形成的那一刻起就必须脱水,以防止其老化的原因之一。在其生产地区造成石油脱水的第二个最重要的原因是运输压载采出水的高成本。为了确定在察里干斯克油田使用的最合适的破乳剂,进行了一系列的实验室研究。根据实验室试验结果,研制的新型多功能复合破乳剂Denmaster 3010,由于组成成分的协同作用,与基础试剂相比,表现出良好的沉积动力学,并提供了高度的乳液破坏。根据实验室研究结果,与碱性试剂相比,在脱水动力学和残余水分含量方面,最有效的是多功能组合物DenMaster 3010。试剂DenMaster 3010是一种复合破乳剂,基于有机和芳香溶剂的混合物,并添加非离子表面活性剂。实验室测试表明,DenMaster 3010试剂在管内破乳和初步排出阶段提供了高度的乳化液破坏。根据所获得的数据,当用DenMaster 3010试剂替换基础试剂时,在集油阶段,观察到水和盐含量的平均值稳定和下降,即安装工作正常化。
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引用次数: 0
Liquid phase dehydration of methyl phenylcarbinol to styrene 甲基苯基甲醇液相脱水制苯乙烯
Pub Date : 2019-12-31 DOI: 10.37952/roi-jbc-01/20-61-1-52
T. S. Sitmuratov, L. A. Petukhova, A. Petukhov
The industrial styrene production by the method of vapor-phase methylphenylcarbinol (MPhC) dehydration was introduced for the first time in our country within the joint propylene oxide and styrene production consisting OAO «Nizhnekamskneftekhim» facility. This process makes it economically feasible to obtain a combined product – propylene oxide and styrene. However, continuous process exploitation at the OAO «Nizhnekamskneftekhim» facility allowed revealing a number of significant faults caused by economic and environmental factors toughening. First of all it is high energy consumption due to high process temperature and high water steam consumption for steam dilution, which affects the increase in the cost of production. In almost all technological scheme areas of this production, high boiling by-products, so-called high boiling components, are formed. One of these problem solution versions is the transfer of production to a new technology of styrene production by MPhC dehydration, which is carried out in the liquid phase at lower temperatures (up to 190 °C) using new homogeneous highly selective catalysts that exclude the by-products formation, including high-boiling components. The principal advantage of this technology is to reduce the cost of marketable styrene by reducing energy costs (heat, recycled water, water vapor, fuel gas, electricity), reducing the metal consumption of the technological scheme and increasing styrene production by reducing the amount of waste. The comparative tests results with three samples of homogeneous catalysts activity in the MPhC dehydration into styrene process are presented in the work. The tests were carried out under conditions of periodically and continuously operating laboratory installations made of glass, equipped with dosing, condensation, separation and collection systems for reaction products. Quantitative composition of reaction products is identified by chromatography methods. As a result of the conducted tests, in the presence of the used catalysts, the process control modes were selected, and the installations efficiency was checked.
在OAO“Nizhnekamskneftekhim”装置环氧丙烷和苯乙烯联合生产装置上,首次介绍了气相甲基苯基甲醇(MPhC)脱水法工业生产苯乙烯。该工艺使环氧丙烷和苯乙烯的合成产物在经济上可行。然而,在OAO«Nizhnekamskneftekhim”设施的连续工艺开发中,发现了许多由经济和环境因素引起的重大故障。首先是能耗高,因为工艺温度高,蒸汽稀释用水耗高,影响了生产成本的增加。在这种生产的几乎所有技术方案领域中,都会形成高沸副产物,即所谓的高沸组分。这些问题的解决方案之一是将生产转移到MPhC脱水生产苯乙烯的新技术上,该技术在较低温度(高达190°C)的液相中进行,使用新型均质高选择性催化剂,排除了副产物的形成,包括高沸点成分。该技术的主要优点是通过降低能源成本(热、循环水、水蒸气、燃料气体、电力)、减少技术方案的金属消耗和通过减少废物量来增加苯乙烯产量,从而降低了可销售苯乙烯的成本。介绍了三种样品的均相催化剂在MPhC脱水制苯乙烯过程中的活性对比试验结果。试验是在定期和连续运行的玻璃实验室装置的条件下进行的,配备了反应产物的加药、冷凝、分离和收集系统。用色谱法确定了反应产物的定量组成。根据所进行的试验结果,在使用过的催化剂存在的情况下,选择了过程控制模式,并检查了装置的效率。
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引用次数: 0
Using of chemical sensors for rapid diagnostic tests of exhaled air 使用化学传感器对呼出的空气进行快速诊断测试
Pub Date : 2019-12-31 DOI: 10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-60-12-25
E. Maximova, A. E. Bezdetnova, Yu. G. Shashmurin, L. Maskaeva, V. F. Markov, Victor F. Dyakov
The analysis of exhaled air on specific biomarkers content is one of the most promising and at the same time simplest methods of early disease detection. In the present paper the analysis of this issue has been performed on an example of diagnosis of some the most dangerous diseases, based on available literature. The relevance of research on application of new diagnostic methods, namely rapid diagnostic tests using chemical sensors, is shown in this work. The main disadvantages of modern medical diagnostics in comparison with advantages of solid-state chemical detectors application have been shown. General details about traditional methods of exhaled air analysis have been provided. The characteristic of chemical sensors and principle of their work was outlined. The main part of the literature review contains the results of the diseases diagnosis by analyzing expired air of people who suffer with diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis and cancer. Сhemical sensors or devices based on them, such as an electronic nose, served as control instruments. The review presents identifiable and potential biomarkers for these diseases. So as a rule, acetone vapour is selected as a biomarker of diabetes. At the same time, the choice of biomarkers for most of oncological diseases still remains a serious problem. Despite this, high results of analysis on the sensitivity and specificity of the used sensor devices to the diseases under consideration were noted in many cases compared with people in the control groups. Also the materials used for the manufacture of sensor elements and their design characteristics have been considered in the review. Doped metal oxides, quartz resonators covered with special coatings, nanomaterials based on gold particles and carbon nanotubes are most often used for the producing of sensor elements. The obtained research data indicate that the research area under consideration is promising, and widespread introduction of non-invasive express diagnostics in medical practice can be expected in the near future.
分析呼出空气中特定生物标志物的含量是一种最有前途的同时也是最简单的早期疾病检测方法。本文根据现有文献,以一些最危险疾病的诊断为例,对这一问题进行了分析。这项工作显示了应用新诊断方法,即使用化学传感器的快速诊断测试的研究的相关性。与固态化学探测器应用的优点相比,现代医学诊断的主要缺点已经显示出来。提供了有关呼出空气分析的传统方法的一般细节。概述了化学传感器的特点及其工作原理。文献综述的主要部分是通过对糖尿病、肺结核和癌症患者的呼气分析进行疾病诊断的结果。Сhemical传感器或基于它们的设备,如电子鼻,作为控制工具。这篇综述提出了这些疾病可识别的和潜在的生物标志物。因此,丙酮蒸汽通常被选为糖尿病的生物标志物。与此同时,大多数肿瘤疾病的生物标志物选择仍然是一个严重的问题。尽管如此,与对照组相比,在许多情况下,使用的传感器设备对所考虑的疾病的敏感性和特异性分析结果较高。本文还对传感器元件的制造材料及其设计特性进行了讨论。掺杂金属氧化物、覆盖特殊涂层的石英谐振器、基于金颗粒的纳米材料和碳纳米管是制造传感器元件最常用的材料。所获得的研究数据表明,所考虑的研究领域是有前途的,在不久的将来,非侵入性快速诊断可以在医疗实践中广泛引入。
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引用次数: 0
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Butlerov Communications
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