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Re-sequencing of the casein genes in Swedish Red cattle giving milk with diverse protein profiles and extreme rennet coagulation properties 重新测序瑞典红牛的酪蛋白基因,使牛奶具有不同的蛋白质特征和极强的凝乳酶凝固特性
Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2023-0412

Impaired rennet coagulation properties in milk could lead to prolonged processing times and production losses. Heritability for milk coagulation has previously been estimated to be 0.28 to 0.45, indicating that genetic selection can be used to manipulate this trait. The CN proteins are expressed by the genes CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN1S2, and CSN3 and are located on bovine chromosome 6. To better understand the effect of genetic variation in the CN genes on milk coagulation, blood and milk samples from 30 Swedish Red Dairy Cattle (RDC) with divergent coagulation properties were investigated. DNA from the 30 cows was sequenced for the CN genes to determine the theoretical AA sequence and to look for genetic variation in the untranslated regions. The aim is to confirm the protein genetic variants previously reported, while searching for additional genetic variation in the CN genes of 30 RDC. We observed genetic variation in 116 SNPs in the known CN genes where 10% of the SNPs are exon variants and the remaining 90% are intron variants. A total of 2.5% of the SNPs are found in the 5′- or 3′-untranslated region (UTR) regions of the exons; 2% are synonymous variants and 6% are missense variants that concurred with the known protein variants for CSN1S1, CSN2, and CSN3. Furthermore, 6% of the SNPs are splice polypyrimidine tract intron variants. The 2 genetic variants in the 5′- and 3′-UTR in CSN1S1 and CSN3 are found with protein variants CSN1S1C and CSN3B. Because both UTR variants are associated with gain and loss of micro RNA and transcription factors, this could explain differences in expression of the genetic protein variants. Preliminary chi-squared analysis and comparison with previous GWAS studies showed potential connections between the identified SNPs and coagulation properties of milk. By advancing the knowledge of the connection between the DNA sequence and the functional properties of the CN proteins, we hope to learn more about the cheese coagulation properties of milk from RDC.

牛奶凝乳酶凝固特性受损可能导致加工时间延长和生产损失。据估计,牛奶凝固性的遗传率为 0.28 至 0.45,这表明遗传选择可用于控制这一性状。CN 蛋白由 CSN1S1、CSN2、CSN1S2 和 CSN3 基因表达,位于牛的第 6 号染色体上。为了更好地了解 CN 基因的遗传变异对牛奶凝固性的影响,我们对 30 头凝固性不同的瑞典红奶牛(RDC)的血液和牛奶样本进行了调查。对这 30 头奶牛的 CN 基因进行了 DNA 测序,以确定理论 AA 序列,并寻找非翻译区的遗传变异。目的是确认之前报告的蛋白质遗传变异,同时寻找 30 头 RDC 的 CN 基因中的其他遗传变异。我们在已知的 CN 基因中观察到 116 个 SNP 的遗传变异,其中 10% 的 SNP 为外显子变异,其余 90% 为内含子变异。共有 2.5% 的 SNP 位于外显子的 5′- 或 3′- 非翻译区 (UTR) 区域;2% 为同义变异,6% 为错义变异,与 CSN1S1、CSN2 和 CSN3 的已知蛋白质变异一致。此外,6% 的 SNP 是剪接多嘧啶束内含子变异。CSN1S1和CSN3的5′和3′-UTR中的2个基因变异与蛋白质变异CSN1S1C和CSN3B有关。由于这两个 UTR 变体都与微 RNA 和转录因子的增减有关,这可以解释基因蛋白变体表达的差异。初步的卡方分析以及与以往 GWAS 研究的比较显示,已确定的 SNP 与牛奶的凝固特性之间存在潜在联系。通过进一步了解 DNA 序列与 CN 蛋白质功能特性之间的联系,我们希望能更多地了解 RDC 牛奶的奶酪凝固特性。
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引用次数: 0
High oleic soybean oil maintains milk fat and increases apparent total-tract fat digestibility and fat deposition in lactating dairy cows 高油酸大豆油可保持泌乳奶牛的乳脂,提高表观总道脂肪消化率和脂肪沉积率
Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2023-0411

Due to the bioactive properties of oleic acid, the objective of this study was to feed high oleic soybean oil (HOSO) to lactating cows and evaluate milk production, body composition, and apparent total-tract digestibility variables. Thirty Holstein cows (n = 16 primiparous, n = 14 multiparous at 87 ± 26 DIM at the start of the trial) were used in a crossover design with periods lasting 21 d. The treatments were a control (CON) diet with no added soybean oil and a HOSO diet with 1.5% diet DM of high oleic soybean oil. Dry matter and milk production data were collected the last 7 d of each period, and milk composition was collected the last 3 d of each period. Fecal samples were collected 6 times during the last 3 d of each period. Body weights were collected on the last 3 d of each period after the morning milking and ultrasound scans of the longissimus dorsi on the last day of each period. Compared with CON, HOSO did not affect DMI, milk production, and milk component yields. However, a parity effect was observed with multiparous cows having increased DMI (5.9 kg/d), milk production (11.2 kg/d), and component yields, with no treatment by parity interactions. Milk fat concentration tended to be greater for HOSO cows. Body weight data tended to have an interaction between treatment and parity, with multiparous HOSO cows having increased BW compared with CON and no effect on primiparous cows. Similar treatment by parity effects were observed for BCS. Compared with CON, HOSO increased fat depth by 0.44 mm and apparent total-tract fat digestibility by 12 percentage units. The results of this study indicated no detrimental effects of HOSO on milk production parameters with an increase in milk fat concentration, fat digestibility, and deposition compared with a control diet.

由于油酸具有生物活性特性,本研究的目的是给泌乳奶牛喂食高油酸大豆油(HOSO),并评估产奶量、身体成分和表观总消化率变量。30 头荷斯坦奶牛(n = 16 头初产母牛,n = 14 头多产母牛,试验开始时母牛体重为 87 ± 26 DIM)采用交叉设计,试验期为 21 天。处理为不添加大豆油的对照(CON)日粮和添加 1.5% 高油酸大豆油 DM 的 HOSO 日粮。在每个阶段的最后 7 天收集干物质和产奶量数据,在每个阶段的最后 3 天收集牛奶成分。在每个阶段的最后 3 天收集 6 次粪便样本。在每个阶段的最后 3 天,收集早晨挤奶后的体重,并在每个阶段的最后一天对背阔肌进行超声波扫描。与 CON 相比,HOSO 不影响 DMI、产奶量和牛奶成分产量。然而,多胎奶牛的DMI(5.9千克/天)、产奶量(11.2千克/天)和各组分产量均有所提高,且各处理之间没有相互作用。HOSO奶牛的乳脂浓度往往更高。体重数据往往与处理和胎次有交互作用,多胎HOSO奶牛的体重比CON奶牛增加,而对初产奶牛没有影响。在 BCS 方面也观察到了类似的处理与奇数效应。与对照组相比,HOSO 使脂肪深度增加了 0.44 毫米,表观总脂肪消化率增加了 12 个百分点。本研究结果表明,与对照日粮相比,HOSO 对奶牛的产奶量参数没有不利影响,同时还提高了乳脂浓度、脂肪消化率和沉积率。
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引用次数: 0
The use of computed tomography for in vivo estimation of reticulo-rumen and omasum contents in Alpine goats 利用计算机断层扫描估测阿尔卑斯山山羊体内网状结构和乳糜的含量
Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2023-0519

Precise in vivo measurement of reticulo-rumen content (volume and mass) is required for the study of digestive processes. Rumen-cannulated animals have been classically used for this purpose, and less invasive alternatives are currently investigated to meet the replacement, reduction, and refinement (3Rs) ethical considerations in animal science. The objective was to compare in vivo reticulo-rumen and omasum volumes assessed by computed tomography (CT) scan with postmortem measurement of their respective digesta masses in dairy goats. Twenty Alpine dairy goats were scanned by CT, and the volumes of the reticulo-rumen and omasum were measured by CT image postprocessing. Goats were slaughtered immediately after CT scan and the masses of reticulo-rumen and omasum digesta were measured. Simple linear regressions were performed between volumes measured in vivo by CT and the corresponding digesta wet masses measured postmortem. Reticulo-rumen and omasum volumes determined by CT were significantly and linearly regressed against the corresponding digesta masses measured postmortem (R2 = 0.72 and 0.87, residual standard deviation = 1.18 and 0.06 kg, and residual coefficient of variation = 11% and 12%, n = 20 and 19, respectively). The use of CT is a promising noninvasive method to measure volume and estimate digesta masses of reticulo-rumen and omasum in small ruminants.

研究消化过程需要对网状瘤胃内容物(体积和质量)进行精确的体内测量。瘤胃封存动物一直被用于这一目的,目前正在研究侵入性较小的替代方法,以满足动物科学中的替代、减少和完善(3Rs)伦理考虑。这项研究的目的是比较通过计算机断层扫描(CT)评估的奶山羊体内网状瘤胃和乳糜体积,以及它们各自消化液质量的尸检测量结果。对 20 只阿尔卑斯奶山羊进行了 CT 扫描,并通过 CT 图像后处理测量了网状乳腺和乳糜囊的体积。CT 扫描后立即屠宰山羊,测量网状结肠和乳糜消化物的质量。在 CT 测量的体内体积与尸检测量的相应消化液湿质量之间进行简单的线性回归。通过 CT 测定的网状结构和外膜体积与死后测量的相应消化液质量之间存在显著的线性回归关系(R2 = 0.72 和 0.87,残差标准偏差 = 1.18 和 0.06 千克,残差变异系数 = 11% 和 12%,n = 20 和 19)。使用 CT 是一种很有前途的无创方法,可用于测量小反刍动物网胃和大肠的体积并估算消化物质量。
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引用次数: 0
A note from the Editor in Chief of JDS Communications: The challenge of brevity for authors and reviewers JDS Communications 主编的说明:简明扼要对作者和审稿人的挑战
Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2024-0609
Jessica A.A. McArt (Editor in Chief)
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引用次数: 0
Predicting respiration rate in unrestrained dairy cows using image analysis and fast Fourier transform 利用图像分析和快速傅立叶变换预测不受约束奶牛的呼吸速率
Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2023-0442

Respiratory rate (RR) is commonly employed for identifying animals experiencing heat-stress conditions and respiratory diseases. Recent advancements in computer vision algorithms have enabled the estimation of the RR in dairy cows through image-based approaches, with a primary focus on standing positions, thermal imaging, and deep learning techniques. In this study, our objective was to develop a system capable of accurately predicting the RR of lying Holstein cows under unrestrained conditions using red, green, and blue (RGB) and infrared (IR) night vision images. Thirty lactating cows were continuously recorded for 12 h per day over a 3-d period, capturing at least one 30-s video segment of each cow during lying time. A total of 95 videos were manually annotated with rectangular bounding boxes encompassing the flank area (region of interest; ROI) of the lying cows. For future applications, we trained a model for ROI identification using YOLOv8 to avoid manual annotations. The observed RR was determined by visual counting of breaths in each video. To predict the RR, we devised an image processing pipeline involving (1) capturing the ROI for the entire video, (2) reshaping the pixel intensity of each image channel into a 2-dimensional object and calculating its per-frame mean, (3) applying fast Fourier transform (FFT) to the average pixel intensity vector, (4) filtering frequencies specifically associated with respiratory movements, and (5) executing inverse FFT on the denoized data and identifying peaks on the resulting plot, with the count of peaks serving as the predicted RR per minute. The evaluation metrics, root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) and R2, yielded values of 8.3 breaths/min (17.1% of the mean RR) and 0.77, respectively. To further validate the method, an additional dataset comprising preweaning dairy calves was used, consisting of 42 observations from 25 calves. The RMSEP and R2 values for this dataset were 13.0 breaths/min and 0.73, respectively. The model trained to identify the ROI exhibited a precision of 100%, a recall of 71.8%, and an F1 score of 83.6% for bounding box detection. These are promising results for the implementation of this pipeline in future studies. The application of FFT to signals acquired from both RGB and IR images proved to be an effective and accurate method for computing the RR of cows in unrestrained conditions.

呼吸频率(RR)通常用于识别热应激条件下的动物和呼吸道疾病。计算机视觉算法的最新进展使得人们能够通过基于图像的方法估算奶牛的呼吸频率,主要侧重于站立姿势、热成像和深度学习技术。在本研究中,我们的目标是利用红绿蓝(RGB)和红外(IR)夜视图像,开发一种能够准确预测卧地荷斯坦奶牛在不受约束条件下的RR的系统。对 30 头泌乳奶牛进行了 3 天、每天 12 小时的连续记录,每头奶牛在躺卧期间至少有一段 30 秒的视频。我们对总共 95 段视频进行了人工标注,标注的矩形边框涵盖了躺卧奶牛的侧腹区域(感兴趣区域;ROI)。为了将来的应用,我们使用 YOLOv8 训练了一个 ROI 识别模型,以避免人工标注。观察到的 RR 是通过目测计数每个视频中的呼吸来确定的。为了预测RR,我们设计了一个图像处理流水线,其中包括:(1)捕捉整个视频的ROI;(2)将每个图像通道的像素强度重塑为一个二维对象,并计算其每帧平均值;(3)对平均像素强度向量应用快速傅立叶变换(FFT);(4)过滤与呼吸运动特别相关的频率;以及(5)在去噪数据上执行反FFT,并在得到的图上识别峰值,峰值计数作为预测的每分钟RR。预测的均方根误差(RMSEP)和 R2 的评估指标值分别为 8.3 次/分钟(平均 RR 的 17.1%)和 0.77。为了进一步验证该方法,还使用了另外一个数据集,该数据集由 25 头断奶前乳牛的 42 个观测值组成。该数据集的 RMSEP 和 R2 值分别为 13.0 次/分钟和 0.73。为识别 ROI 而训练的模型的精确度为 100%,召回率为 71.8%,边界框检测的 F1 得分为 83.6%。这些结果为在未来研究中实施该管道带来了希望。事实证明,对从 RGB 和红外图像中获取的信号应用 FFT 是计算无约束条件下奶牛 RR 的一种有效而准确的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Observational study evaluating the association of hoof trimming with dairy cattle behavior and milk yield in Canada and the United Kingdom 评估加拿大和英国修蹄与奶牛行为和产奶量关系的观察研究
Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2023-0493

The objective of this observational study was to describe the associations between preventive hoof trimming (HT) of cows with no lesions and several behavior- and productivity-outcome measures including activity, lying behavior, and milk yield. A convenience sample of 4 freestall farms in the United Kingdom (n = 2) and Canada (n = 2) were recruited for the study. Inclusion criteria for herds included having a regular trim schedule and use of a specific pedometer system. Cows were trimmed as per their farm's regular protocol and schedule and all HT events were recorded. Only cows with no lesions present on the first recorded HT event were used in the analysis. Activity (steps/d), resting time (min/d), and resting bouts (bouts/d) were recorded daily by pedometers and total daily milk yield (kg/d) was recorded by the farm's milk recording system. Cow-level data such as DIM, breed, and parity were collected from the farm's herd management software. A generalized linear mixed repeated measures model with an exchangeable correlation structure was built to compare the outcome for 7 d following HT to baseline measures for each outcome of interest. For each outcome the average from the 5 d before HT was used as a baseline. All models included the baseline status, lactation number, season, farm, and DIM as covariates. Days from HT and its interaction with farm were included in all models. A total of 1,573 cows with no lesion recorded in their first HT were included in the analysis. Activity and resting time were inversely related on the day of HT, with activity increasing on 3 out of 4 farms (+59 to +84 steps/d) and resting time decreasing (−28 to −52 min/d). Following the day of HT, activity decreased to levels lower than those reported at baseline and resting time increased compared with baseline on most farms. There was a reduction in milk yield on the day of HT on 3 out of 4 farms and a reduction in average yield across the 7 d following trimming for all farms (range: 0.6 to 1.3 kg/d). Results were found to be farm dependent. The impact of the degree of change from baseline in behaviors and milk yield reported in this study on welfare of the cow is unclear, but the results suggest that alterations in the outcomes evaluated can persist beyond the day of trimming compared with baseline, necessitating further investigation.

本观察性研究的目的是描述对无病变奶牛进行预防性修蹄(HT)与几种行为和生产率结果测量(包括活动、卧地行为和产奶量)之间的关系。这项研究招募了英国(2 个)和加拿大(2 个)的 4 个自由牧场作为样本。牛群的纳入标准包括定期修剪和使用特定的计步器系统。奶牛按照其牧场的常规方案和时间表进行修剪,并记录所有 HT 事件。只有在第一次记录的 HT 事件中没有出现病变的奶牛才会被用于分析。活动量(步/天)、休息时间(分/天)和休息时间(次/天)由计步器记录,日总产奶量(千克/天)由牧场的牛奶记录系统记录。牧场的牛群管理软件收集了奶牛的DIM、品种和胎次等数据。建立了一个具有可交换相关结构的广义线性混合重复测量模型,以比较 HT 后 7 天的结果和每个相关结果的基线测量值。对于每种结果,均以HT前5天的平均值作为基线。所有模型都将基线状态、泌乳数、季节、牧场和 DIM 作为协变量。所有模型中都包括HT天数及其与牧场的交互作用。共有 1,573 头在首次 HT 中未记录病变的奶牛被纳入分析。HT当天,活动量和休息时间成反比,4个牧场中有3个牧场的活动量增加(+59至+84步/天),休息时间减少(-28至-52分钟/天)。高温日之后,大多数牧场的活动量降至低于基线时的水平,休息时间则比基线时增加。在 4 个牧场中,有 3 个牧场在 HT 当天的产奶量有所下降,所有牧场在修剪后 7 天内的平均产奶量都有所下降(范围:0.6 至 1.3 千克/天)。结果与农场有关。本研究中报告的行为和产奶量与基线相比的变化程度对奶牛福利的影响尚不清楚,但结果表明,与基线相比,所评估结果的变化可能会持续到修剪当天之后,因此有必要进行进一步调查。
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引用次数: 0
Determination of insoluble (INSOL) calcium content in Cheddar, Feta, Juustoleipa, and Mozzarella cheeses using acid-base buffering curves 利用酸碱缓冲曲线测定切达、菲塔、朱斯托莱帕和莫扎里拉奶酪中的不溶性(INSOL)钙含量
Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2024-0561
Rachel Lindstrom, Prateek Sharma
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引用次数: 0
Growth and wear characteristics of individual claws in young dairy calves 幼乳牛单个爪子的生长和磨损特征
Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2023-0408

Data are limited on how cow hooves develop early in life and how this will affect susceptibility to lameness and claw disorders later in life. The aim of this study was to characterize individual claw growth and wear in dairy calves. A total of 90 male Holstein calves <1 wk old were enrolled in this completely randomized design experiment and monitored until wk 20 of age. Evaluation of hoof development was conducted by visual inspection, and individual claw measurements were taken with a graduated ruler. Claws were numbered from 1 to 8 to maintain consistent data collection, where front claws were numbered 1 to 4 (left to right) and rear claws were 5 to 8. Lateral claws were numbered 1, 4, 5, and 8, and medial claws were 2, 3, 6, and 7. Measurements included length from the coronary band to the end of the hoof wall and from the coronary band to the groove line, resulting in the variables claw length (CL) and groove length (GL), respectively. Hoof development was evaluated at wk 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20. All evaluations were performed by the same person throughout the study to eliminate variation between observers. Hoof growth and wear were derived from CL and GL measurements and analyzed from wk 0 to 20. Claw length at wk 0 was different across claw positions, and maximal claw length was observed in claws in positions 6 and 7 (i.e., rear medial claws). A similar growth pattern in claw length was observed when evaluated from wk 0 to 20, where a greater claw length was observed in claws 6 and 7 compared with other claws. In contrast to claw length, claw wear at wk 20 was lower in claws 6 and 7 compared with other claws. Compared with rear claws, front claws had greater wear at wk 20, and compared with medial claws, lateral claws had greater wear at wk 20. Factors associated with claw length differences at wk 0 remain to be elucidated, but the fact that this uneven claw length difference was maintained 20 wk after birth is puzzling. The complementary claw length to wear described greater wear in claws 1 and 4 (i.e., front lateral) in young calves, which is translated into lower claw length in the same claws by wk 20 after birth. Future research in postnatal hoof growth should strive to understand the potential biological significance of this effect on lameness resistance and longevity of dairy cows.

关于牛蹄在生命早期是如何发育的,以及这将如何影响日后跛足和蹄病的易感性,相关数据十分有限。本研究旨在描述奶牛犊牛个体蹄爪生长和磨损的特征。共有 90 头 1 周大的雄性荷斯坦犊牛参加了这项完全随机设计实验,并一直监测到 20 周大。犊牛蹄的发育情况通过目测进行评估,并用刻度尺测量单个蹄爪的尺寸。为保持数据收集的一致性,蹄爪的编号为 1 至 8,其中前爪编号为 1 至 4(从左到右),后爪编号为 5 至 8。外侧爪编号为 1、4、5 和 8,内侧爪编号为 2、3、6 和 7。测量包括从冠状带到蹄壁末端的长度和从冠状带到蹄槽线的长度,从而分别得出爪长(CL)和蹄槽长(GL)这两个变量。在第 0、5、10、15 和 20 周对蹄的发育情况进行评估。在整个研究过程中,所有评估均由同一人进行,以消除观察者之间的差异。根据CL和GL的测量结果,对0至20周的蹄生长和磨损情况进行分析。第 0 周时,不同爪位的爪长不同,第 6 和第 7 爪(即后内侧爪)的爪长最大。从第0周到第20周,爪长的增长模式与此类似,与其他爪相比,第6和第7爪的爪长更长。与爪长相反,第 20 周时第 6 爪和第 7 爪的爪磨损程度低于其他爪。与后爪相比,前爪在第20周时的磨损程度更大;与内侧爪相比,外侧爪在第20周时的磨损程度更大。与第0周时爪长差异相关的因素仍有待阐明,但这种不均匀的爪长差异在出生后20周仍保持不变的事实令人费解。爪长与磨损的互补性描述了幼犊第 1 爪和第 4 爪(即前外侧)的磨损程度更大,到出生后第 20 周时,这两个爪的爪长会变短。未来的产后蹄生长研究应努力了解这种影响对奶牛抗跛行能力和寿命的潜在生物学意义。
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引用次数: 0
Pilot testing an ethanol cornual nerve block as a long-term analgesic for calf disbudding 将乙醇粟状神经阻滞作为小牛开膛破肚的长期镇痛剂进行试点测试
Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2023-0422

Disbudding prevents horn growth in calves through thermal or chemical cauterization and causes damage that is painful for weeks following the procedure. Current pain management strategies are only effective from 1 to 2 h (local anesthetic) to 1 to 3 d (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). A potential practical solution for addressing longer-term pain may be to administer ethanol as a cornual nerve block. When administered at a high concentration, ethanol damages the functionality of peripheral nerves, promoting localized long-lasting analgesia. It is also thought to be painful, thus ethanol may be combined with lidocaine, as a mixed solution or administered beforehand. We tested the use of an ethanol cornual nerve block for anesthesia around the horn bud in 2 pilot studies. We used different concentrations and amounts of ethanol (100% and 70%) in combination with different ratios of lidocaine in our attempt to identify an effective block. In pilot 1, 14 nondisbudded calves were administered 2 to 4 mL of 100% ethanol below the bony ridge on each side of the head to block the cornual nerve at 3 to 10 d of age (n = 28 horn buds) and observed for 5 wk. The duration of loss of sensation was evaluated using pinprick tests 10 min, 1, 3, and 7 d after the block, and then weekly thereafter until 35 d or full sensation had returned. Pinprick tests consisted of lightly pressing a needle in 10 evenly spaced locations around the base of the horn bud (0 responses = no sensation, 1–5 responses = partial sensation, 6–10 responses = full sensation). Pilot 2 looked at the 24 h after the injection and consisted of 9 nondisbudded calves (5 mL of 2:1, 70% ethanol and 2% lidocaine per horn bud) and 6 disbudded individuals (5 mL of 100% ethanol, 70% ethanol, or 2% lidocaine per horn bud). All treatments were administered at the calf level. Anesthesia was checked 10 min after the injection and 4 or 16 h later. In pilot 1, on the day of the ethanol injection (0 d), there was no sensation in 85% of horn buds. Sensation began to return as early as 1 d after blocking, with only 50%, 21%, and 3% of horn buds having no sensation at 1, 7, and 35 d, respectively. Partial sensation was present in 25%, 17%, and 10% of horn buds at these time points. In pilot 2, 27.8% of horn buds in the nondisbudded group had no sensation, whereas 33.3% had partial sensation 10 min after the injection. In the disbudded calves 10 min after the injection, 100% of horn buds from the 100% ethanol group had partial sensation and 100% of horn buds administered 70% ethanol had full sensation. Four or sixteen hours later, 100% of horn buds had full sensation. Together, in these pilot studies, ethanol provided inconsistent anesthesia when used for a cornual nerve block.

通过热灼法或化学灼烧法拔除犊牛牛角,可防止犊牛牛角的生长,但会造成损伤,并在术后数周内疼痛难忍。目前的止痛策略只在 1 到 2 小时(局部麻醉)到 1 到 3 天(非甾体抗炎药)内有效。解决长期疼痛的一个潜在实用方案可能是使用乙醇作为粟神经阻滞剂。高浓度乙醇会破坏周围神经的功能,促进局部持久镇痛。人们还认为乙醇会产生疼痛,因此乙醇可以与利多卡因混合溶液或事先给药。我们在两项试验研究中测试了乙醇粟粒神经阻滞对角芽周围的麻醉效果。我们使用了不同浓度和用量的乙醇(100% 和 70%)以及不同比例的利多卡因,试图找出一种有效的阻滞方法。在试验 1 中,我们在 14 头未长出角芽的小牛头部两侧骨脊下方各注射了 2 至 4 mL 100%乙醇,以阻断 3 至 10 d 大的角神经(n = 28 个角芽),并观察了 5 周。在阻断后 10 分钟、1 天、3 天和 7 天使用针刺测试评估感觉丧失的持续时间,此后每周进行一次,直到 35 天或完全恢复感觉为止。针刺测试包括在角芽基部周围均匀分布的 10 个位置轻轻按压针头(0 次反应 = 无感觉,1-5 次反应 = 部分感觉,6-10 次反应 = 完全感觉)。试验 2 观察的是注射后 24 小时的情况,包括 9 头未开苞的小牛(每个角芽 5 毫升 2:1、70% 乙醇和 2% 利多卡因)和 6 头开苞的小牛(每个角芽 5 毫升 100% 乙醇、70% 乙醇或 2% 利多卡因)。所有处理均在小牛水平进行。注射后 10 分钟和 4 或 16 小时后检查麻醉情况。在试验 1 中,注射乙醇当天(0 d),85% 的角芽没有感觉。阻断后 1 d 即开始恢复感觉,1 d、7 d 和 35 d 时分别只有 50% 、21% 和 3% 的角芽没有感觉。在这些时间点,分别有 25%、17% 和 10% 的角芽有部分感觉。在试验 2 中,未开栓组 27.8% 的角芽没有感觉,而 33.3% 的角芽在注射 10 分钟后有部分感觉。注射 10 分钟后,100%乙醇组小牛的角芽 100%有部分感觉,注射 70% 乙醇组小牛的角芽 100%有完全感觉。4 或 16 小时后,100% 的角芽具有完全感觉。总之,在这些试验研究中,乙醇用于角神经阻滞时的麻醉效果并不一致。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of a portable fluorometer for the quantification of vitamin E in blood at key physiological stages of dairy cattle 对便携式荧光计在奶牛关键生理阶段定量检测血液中维生素 E 的评估
Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2023-0520

Vitamin E is essential in mitigating the impact of oxidative stress on periparturient dairy cows and neonatal calves. Therefore, it is essential to measure circulating vitamin E concentrations accurately. Currently, the only reliable method is an expensive and time-consuming procedure using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). However, a cheaper and faster method has been developed, which allows the quantification of circulating vitamin E through the use of a handheld fluorometric analyzer (HFA) called the vitamin E iCheck (BioAnalyt GmbH). Our objective was to compare the accuracy of the HFA to the reference LC-MS method for measuring vitamin E in bovine samples. A total of 177 samples collected for other studies were used: 98 newborn calf serum samples from a vitamin E supplementation study (including treated and control animals) and 79 whole-blood samples from cows 1 to 7 d postcalving. Vitamin E concentrations were measured on thawed calf serum and fresh cow EDTA blood using the HFA, following the manufacturer's instructions. Whole blood from cows was then centrifuged to obtain plasma. Vitamin E was also quantified in calf serum and cow plasma at the Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory using LC-MS. Calf and cow results were analyzed separately because they represent different biological matrices and physiological times. In each dataset, results between the HFA and LC-MS determinations were compared using Passing-Bablok regressions and Bland-Altman plots. The HFA showed a poor linear relationship with LC-MS for calf serum and cow plasma (intercept = 0.33 and 0.67 μg/mL, respectively). The HFA unreliably estimated vitamin E, with a mean bias of −3.2 and 0.6 μg/mL for calves (vitamin E concentration range: 0.28 to 30.75 μg/mL) and cows (0.8 to 5.88 μg/mL), respectively. Moreover, 40.4% of the calf samples read below the linear range of acceptable results for the HFA, making it unsuitable for this age group. Hence, under the conditions of our study, the HFA yielded unreliable results and cannot be recommended for field use.

维生素 E 对于减轻氧化应激对围产期奶牛和新生犊牛的影响至关重要。因此,准确测量循环中维生素 E 的浓度至关重要。目前,唯一可靠的方法是使用液相色谱-质谱法(LC-MS),这种方法既昂贵又耗时。不过,一种更便宜、更快速的方法已经开发出来,即使用一种名为维生素 E iCheck(BioAnalyt GmbH)的手持式荧光分析仪(HFA)来定量检测循环中的维生素 E。我们的目的是比较 HFA 和 LC-MS 方法在测量牛样本中维生素 E 方面的准确性。我们总共使用了 177 份为其他研究收集的样本:其中 98 份新生犊牛血清样本来自一项维生素 E 补充剂研究(包括处理过的动物和对照组动物),79 份全血样本来自产后 1 到 7 天的奶牛。按照制造商的说明,使用 HFA 测量解冻的犊牛血清和新鲜奶牛 EDTA 血液中的维生素 E 浓度。然后离心奶牛全血,获得血浆。密歇根州立大学兽医诊断实验室还使用 LC-MS 对犊牛血清和奶牛血浆中的维生素 E 进行了量化。由于犊牛和奶牛代表不同的生物基质和生理时间,因此分别对它们的结果进行了分析。在每个数据集中,使用 Passing-Bablok 回归和 Bland-Altman 图对 HFA 和 LC-MS 测定结果进行比较。对于小牛血清和奶牛血浆,氢氟烷烃与 LC-MS 的线性关系较差(截距分别为 0.33 和 0.67 μg/mL)。氢氟烷烃对维生素 E 的估计不可靠,犊牛(维生素 E 浓度范围:0.28 至 30.75 μg/mL)和奶牛(0.8 至 5.88 μg/mL)的平均偏差分别为-3.2 和 0.6 μg/mL。此外,40.4% 的犊牛样本读数低于 HFA 可接受结果的线性范围,因此不适合该年龄组的犊牛。因此,在我们的研究条件下,氢氟烷烃的结果并不可靠,不能推荐在现场使用。
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JDS communications
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