Cow milk is often considered one of the most versatile foods on the planet, with an ability to transform into multiple formats, containing thousands of bioactive compounds that serve a plethora of different purposes in the body, some of which are known, and many of which are still to be discovered. In the past 25 years, dairy has continued to be recognized as a highly nutrient-dense commodity. Advancements in the next 25 years will push culture and consumers toward enhanced demands for precision, personalization, and transparency from the products they purchase to the services they use, especially regarding food, health, and wellness. This will begin the shift for dairy and milk from a nutrient-dense commodity to an even higher value food. Dairy foods will need to align with new concepts in the future of retail and commerce that allow consumers to gain tailored solutions based on a set of criteria and personal preferences they set, with and through their personal technology. Dairy science will play a critical role in enabling this shift—encompassing fields from nutrition science and product development to genetics, marketing, and commercialization—by leveraging the versatility of cow milk and demonstrating dairy food's health and wellness benefits from the molecular level to the whole dairy matrix.
{"title":"The future of milk in 2050: Dairy in the age of personalization","authors":"Eve Pollet","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0859","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0859","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cow milk is often considered one of the most versatile foods on the planet, with an ability to transform into multiple formats, containing thousands of bioactive compounds that serve a plethora of different purposes in the body, some of which are known, and many of which are still to be discovered. In the past 25 years, dairy has continued to be recognized as a highly nutrient-dense commodity. Advancements in the next 25 years will push culture and consumers toward enhanced demands for precision, personalization, and transparency from the products they purchase to the services they use, especially regarding food, health, and wellness. This will begin the shift for dairy and milk from a nutrient-dense commodity to an even higher value food. Dairy foods will need to align with new concepts in the future of retail and commerce that allow consumers to gain tailored solutions based on a set of criteria and personal preferences they set, with and through their personal technology. Dairy science will play a critical role in enabling this shift—encompassing fields from nutrition science and product development to genetics, marketing, and commercialization—by leveraging the versatility of cow milk and demonstrating dairy food's health and wellness benefits from the molecular level to the whole dairy matrix.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages S3-S8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145765725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luiz F. Brito, Allan P. Schinckel, Hinayah Rojas de Oliveira
The dairy industry has experienced unprecedented genetic progress, more than doubling milk yield over recent decades, but this has often resulted in reduced fertility, longevity, and robustness. This review addresses the question “Who will be the dairy cows of the future?” by highlighting the integration of genomics, phenomics, and advanced breeding strategies. From our perspective, future cows are expected to be healthier, more resilient, and longer-lived, with improved fertility, feed efficiency, and reduced methane emissions. Precision technologies, wearable sensors, and automated systems are providing novel phenotypes and driving selection for adaptability, welfare, and efficiency. Genomic selection, reproductive and other biological technologies, and beef-on-dairy crossbreeding are reshaping dairy breeding programs, while collaborations are critical for advancing multiple-trait evaluations and safeguarding genetic diversity. Despite Holstein breed dominance, maintaining across- and within-breed variation is essential for long-term sustainability. Ultimately, as a consequence of the wide adoption of precision technologies, more complex breeding goals, and effective breeding strategies, the dairy cow of the future will balance productive efficiency with resilience, welfare, and environmental efficiency, ensuring global sustainability of dairy production.
{"title":"Genomics and phenomics: Who will be the dairy cows of the future?","authors":"Luiz F. Brito, Allan P. Schinckel, Hinayah Rojas de Oliveira","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0872","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0872","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dairy industry has experienced unprecedented genetic progress, more than doubling milk yield over recent decades, but this has often resulted in reduced fertility, longevity, and robustness. This review addresses the question “Who will be the dairy cows of the future?” by highlighting the integration of genomics, phenomics, and advanced breeding strategies. From our perspective, future cows are expected to be healthier, more resilient, and longer-lived, with improved fertility, feed efficiency, and reduced methane emissions. Precision technologies, wearable sensors, and automated systems are providing novel phenotypes and driving selection for adaptability, welfare, and efficiency. Genomic selection, reproductive and other biological technologies, and beef-on-dairy crossbreeding are reshaping dairy breeding programs, while collaborations are critical for advancing multiple-trait evaluations and safeguarding genetic diversity. Despite Holstein breed dominance, maintaining across- and within-breed variation is essential for long-term sustainability. Ultimately, as a consequence of the wide adoption of precision technologies, more complex breeding goals, and effective breeding strategies, the dairy cow of the future will balance productive efficiency with resilience, welfare, and environmental efficiency, ensuring global sustainability of dairy production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages S23-S30"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145765728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The perinatal period, described herein as the time spanning the final 2 mo of gestation through 2 mo postnatal, is a critical window of developmental plasticity for many organs in placental mammals, including the mammary gland (MG). In dairy cattle, early-life MG development involves foundational morphogenic events that are highly sensitive to environmental and nutritional factors. Emerging evidence challenges the long-standing belief that substantial MG development begins after weaning and lasts until puberty, showing instead that preweaning mammary parenchymal (mPAR) growth is allometric and its degree of development can influence future lactational capacity. Overall BW typically doubles from birth to 60 d, whereas both whole udder weight and the mammary fat pad increase by ∼2.2 to 3 times over the same period. In contrast, the mPAR exhibits pronounced allometric growth, expanding 15 to 35 times during this time. Early-life management strategies, such as heat abatement to maintain thermal homeostasis and enhanced nutrition through higher milk intake supporting greater average daily gain, further promote mPAR development and can positively influence future lactation performance of dairy cows. These findings underscore the importance of integrating developmental biology into heifer-rearing strategies and emphasize the need for precise environmental and nutritional management during this critical window to support lifelong mammary function and optimize herd performance.
{"title":"Making future udders: Mammary development and perinatal programming of dairy cattle","authors":"Jimena Laporta, Maverick C. Guenther","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0828","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0828","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The perinatal period, described herein as the time spanning the final 2 mo of gestation through 2 mo postnatal, is a critical window of developmental plasticity for many organs in placental mammals, including the mammary gland (MG). In dairy cattle, early-life MG development involves foundational morphogenic events that are highly sensitive to environmental and nutritional factors. Emerging evidence challenges the long-standing belief that substantial MG development begins after weaning and lasts until puberty, showing instead that preweaning mammary parenchymal (mPAR) growth is allometric and its degree of development can influence future lactational capacity. Overall BW typically doubles from birth to 60 d, whereas both whole udder weight and the mammary fat pad increase by ∼2.2 to 3 times over the same period. In contrast, the mPAR exhibits pronounced allometric growth, expanding 15 to 35 times during this time. Early-life management strategies, such as heat abatement to maintain thermal homeostasis and enhanced nutrition through higher milk intake supporting greater average daily gain, further promote mPAR development and can positively influence future lactation performance of dairy cows. These findings underscore the importance of integrating developmental biology into heifer-rearing strategies and emphasize the need for precise environmental and nutritional management during this critical window to support lifelong mammary function and optimize herd performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"6 ","pages":"Pages S42-S46"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145765731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Careful communication of results is integral to dairy research. However, many published studies contain misinterpretation of the results of statistical analysis, which can lead to conclusions being drawn which are not consistent with the data. Many of these interpretations have arisen because of a focus on P-values rather than on the potential range of effects that are compatible with the study data. This review focuses on 3 misinterpretations: the use of levels of statistical significance to compare results between or within studies, overinterpretation of nonsignificant results, and the use of “trend” to describe results that are “close” to a significance threshold. All of these misinterpretations can be avoided by paying more attention to the range of effects that are compatible with the data. Such a focus will have many benefits—not least, making it clearer when studies have insufficient power to accurately characterize their outcomes. Focusing on compatible effects is not a panacea but will improve statistical inference and provide more thoughtful descriptions of study outcomes.
{"title":"Common misinterpretations of statistical significance and P-values in dairy research","authors":"R. Laven , D.A. Yang","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0835","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0835","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Careful communication of results is integral to dairy research. However, many published studies contain misinterpretation of the results of statistical analysis, which can lead to conclusions being drawn which are not consistent with the data. Many of these interpretations have arisen because of a focus on <em>P-</em>values rather than on the potential range of effects that are compatible with the study data. This review focuses on 3 misinterpretations: the use of levels of statistical significance to compare results between or within studies, overinterpretation of nonsignificant results, and the use of “trend” to describe results that are “close” to a significance threshold. All of these misinterpretations can be avoided by paying more attention to the range of effects that are compatible with the data. Such a focus will have many benefits—not least, making it clearer when studies have insufficient power to accurately characterize their outcomes. Focusing on compatible effects is not a panacea but will improve statistical inference and provide more thoughtful descriptions of study outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"6 6","pages":"Pages 721-726"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145371186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Feed efficiency (FE) is an indicator of overall farm nutritional efficiency, helping farmers to identify any critical points in nutritional management. Particularly, FE is a measure of the ability of animals to convert feed into milk and it can be influenced by genetic, health, management, and nutritional factors. Higher FE allows results in reduced feed and maintenance costs and contributes to improved economic and environmental efficiency of dairy farms. This study aimed to develop and compare 2 predictive models for estimating FE in dairy cattle using data derived from the TMR: one based on its chemical composition and the other on near-infrared (NIR) spectral data. A total of 144 TMR samples were collected from farms in Po Valley from 2021 to 2024 and analyzed with an Fourier-transform NIR spectrometer. The spectral data were processed with chemometric techniques, including least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression, in order to build a predictive model of FE. The model based on chemical composition showed strong calibration performance (R2 = 0.80, SE of cross-validation [SECV] = 0.13) but decreased in external validation (R2 = 0.64, SE of prediction [SEP] = 0.11), indicating the presence of systematic bias. Conversely, the NIR-based model maintained more stable performance between calibration (R2 = 0.73, SECV = 0.16) and external validation (R2 = 0.70, SEP = 0.09), with lower slope distortion and offset. The results suggest that although chemical data offer high accuracy in controlled conditions, the NIR model may be more robust and generalizable for practical, on-farm prediction of FE, offering potential decision support. However, further improvements in calibration are needed to reduce systematic errors and increase the accuracy of the model.
{"title":"Application of multivariate techniques for estimating herd feed efficiency using chemical and near-infrared calibration models in dairy cattle","authors":"Valentina Novara , Mattia Masseroni , Maddalena Canossa , Antonio Gallo","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0829","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0829","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Feed efficiency (FE) is an indicator of overall farm nutritional efficiency, helping farmers to identify any critical points in nutritional management. Particularly, FE is a measure of the ability of animals to convert feed into milk and it can be influenced by genetic, health, management, and nutritional factors. Higher FE allows results in reduced feed and maintenance costs and contributes to improved economic and environmental efficiency of dairy farms. This study aimed to develop and compare 2 predictive models for estimating FE in dairy cattle using data derived from the TMR: one based on its chemical composition and the other on near-infrared (NIR) spectral data. A total of 144 TMR samples were collected from farms in Po Valley from 2021 to 2024 and analyzed with an Fourier-transform NIR spectrometer. The spectral data were processed with chemometric techniques, including least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression, in order to build a predictive model of FE. The model based on chemical composition showed strong calibration performance (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.80, SE of cross-validation [SECV] = 0.13) but decreased in external validation (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.64, SE of prediction [SEP] = 0.11), indicating the presence of systematic bias. Conversely, the NIR-based model maintained more stable performance between calibration (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.73, SECV = 0.16) and external validation (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.70, SEP = 0.09), with lower slope distortion and offset. The results suggest that although chemical data offer high accuracy in controlled conditions, the NIR model may be more robust and generalizable for practical, on-farm prediction of FE, offering potential decision support. However, further improvements in calibration are needed to reduce systematic errors and increase the accuracy of the model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"6 6","pages":"Pages 781-785"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145371244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alicia Rihn , Nama Raj Bhusal , Caitlin Zaring Weir , Elizabeth Eckelkamp
The highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 (HPAI) has recently been identified in the dairy industry in the United States. Research has addressed consumer behavior in the context of HPAI among poultry products and birds, but fewer studies have addressed consumer awareness in the dairy context. Given recent HPAI infections in dairy herds and viral loads in fluid milk, a better understanding of consumer awareness and concern could aid in future efforts to inform the public. An online survey of 9 states in the southeastern US was conducted to elicit consumer awareness of HPAI and concern in the context of dairy products. Whether HPAI influenced purchasing behavior of dairy products was also assessed. A total of 5,290 respondents were surveyed with 14.7% (n = 775) having heard of HPAI in the dairy industry. Binary and ordered probit models were used to analyze the data. People who had young children (<12 yr old), farm backgrounds, higher incomes, or lived in metropolitan areas, suburbs, or small towns were more likely to be aware of HPAI than individuals without these attributes. Females were less likely to be aware relative to other genders. Concern over HPAI in dairy products was heightened for participants with young children, with farm backgrounds, or those who live in metropolitan areas (relative to rural areas). Among aware participants, females exhibited a decreased dairy product purchase likelihood in the context of HPAI.
{"title":"Sociodemographic characteristics that impact southeastern US consumers' awareness and concern about highly pathogenic avian influenza in dairy products","authors":"Alicia Rihn , Nama Raj Bhusal , Caitlin Zaring Weir , Elizabeth Eckelkamp","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0849","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0849","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 (HPAI) has recently been identified in the dairy industry in the United States. Research has addressed consumer behavior in the context of HPAI among poultry products and birds, but fewer studies have addressed consumer awareness in the dairy context. Given recent HPAI infections in dairy herds and viral loads in fluid milk, a better understanding of consumer awareness and concern could aid in future efforts to inform the public. An online survey of 9 states in the southeastern US was conducted to elicit consumer awareness of HPAI and concern in the context of dairy products. Whether HPAI influenced purchasing behavior of dairy products was also assessed. A total of 5,290 respondents were surveyed with 14.7% (n = 775) having heard of HPAI in the dairy industry. Binary and ordered probit models were used to analyze the data. People who had young children (<12 yr old), farm backgrounds, higher incomes, or lived in metropolitan areas, suburbs, or small towns were more likely to be aware of HPAI than individuals without these attributes. Females were less likely to be aware relative to other genders. Concern over HPAI in dairy products was heightened for participants with young children, with farm backgrounds, or those who live in metropolitan areas (relative to rural areas). Among aware participants, females exhibited a decreased dairy product purchase likelihood in the context of HPAI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"6 6","pages":"Pages 738-743"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145371188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aljoša Trmčić, Rachel L. Evanowski, Sriya Sunil, Martin Wiedmann, Nicole H. Martin
Udder health in dairy cows is routinely monitored (for example, through determination of SCC) to help identify and control mastitis and other infectious diseases. Another parameter used to both assess udder health and milking machine performance is the teat-end condition, typically assessed at the herd level using a 4-point scoring system. Recently, the teat-end score has been suggested as a factor associated with the levels of bacterial spores in raw milk. Spores of cold-tolerant sporeforming bacteria present in raw milk can survive pasteurization and contribute to the spoilage of fluid milk. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether the condition of individual teat-ends (specifically, optimal versus suboptimal teat-end scores) affects the spore levels in raw milk obtained from these teats. A total of 102 raw milk samples were collected from 102 individual teats from cows on a single dairy farm, and tested for mesophilic spores, with 51 samples each from teats scored as either 1 (optimal) or 4 (suboptimal). A significantly lower mesophilic spore count was found in the raw milk samples collected from teats with a teat-end score of 1 compared with samples collected from teats with score of 4. The observed difference in mesophilic spore counts suggests that maintaining optimal teat-end condition through good udder health and milking machine management may help reduce spore levels in raw milk. Although the observed difference in mesophilic spore counts is expected to result in minimal improvement of fluid milk shelf-life and other quality parameters, interventions targeting teat-end status or farm management practices that aim to improve the same can still be an important incremental contributor to the overall improvement of these parameters as part of a comprehensive, multipronged approach to raw milk quality management.
{"title":"Raw milk from individual teats with an optimal teat-end score has lower spore levels compared with teats with a suboptimal teat-end score","authors":"Aljoša Trmčić, Rachel L. Evanowski, Sriya Sunil, Martin Wiedmann, Nicole H. Martin","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0802","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0802","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Udder health in dairy cows is routinely monitored (for example, through determination of SCC) to help identify and control mastitis and other infectious diseases. Another parameter used to both assess udder health and milking machine performance is the teat-end condition, typically assessed at the herd level using a 4-point scoring system. Recently, the teat-end score has been suggested as a factor associated with the levels of bacterial spores in raw milk. Spores of cold-tolerant sporeforming bacteria present in raw milk can survive pasteurization and contribute to the spoilage of fluid milk. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether the condition of individual teat-ends (specifically, optimal versus suboptimal teat-end scores) affects the spore levels in raw milk obtained from these teats. A total of 102 raw milk samples were collected from 102 individual teats from cows on a single dairy farm, and tested for mesophilic spores, with 51 samples each from teats scored as either 1 (optimal) or 4 (suboptimal). A significantly lower mesophilic spore count was found in the raw milk samples collected from teats with a teat-end score of 1 compared with samples collected from teats with score of 4. The observed difference in mesophilic spore counts suggests that maintaining optimal teat-end condition through good udder health and milking machine management may help reduce spore levels in raw milk. Although the observed difference in mesophilic spore counts is expected to result in minimal improvement of fluid milk shelf-life and other quality parameters, interventions targeting teat-end status or farm management practices that aim to improve the same can still be an important incremental contributor to the overall improvement of these parameters as part of a comprehensive, multipronged approach to raw milk quality management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"6 6","pages":"Pages 733-737"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145371237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Arif , B.A. Harsch , C. Matamoros , I.J. Salfer , R. Shepardson , K.J. Harvatine
Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA) are a novel class of bioactive lipids with demonstrated antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties in rodent models and humans but have not been investigated in cows. The major FAHFA are synthesized from palmitic (PA), stearic (SA), and oleic acid. The PA can be esterified to hydroxy fatty acids, such as hydroxy PA or hydroxy SA, or SA can be esterified to hydroxy SA, forming PAHPA, PAHSA, or SAHSA, respectively. The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of increasing intake of PA, SA, or both PA and SA on nonesterified FAHFA in the plasma and milk of dairy cows. We hypothesized that increasing PA and SA in the diet would increase PA and SA containing FAHFA in plasma and milk. Samples were analyzed from a previous experiment that used 12 multiparous Holstein cows in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were a no-fat supplement control (CON) and fat supplements that were high in PA (91% C16:0), high in SA (92.6% C18:0), or contained a blend of PA and SA (PA/SA; 45.3% C16:0 and 49.1% C18:0) at 1.95% of diet DM. The concentrations of nonesterified FAHFA in plasma and milk fat were quantified using liquid chromatography tandem MS, and data were analyzed using a mixed model that included treatment as a fixed effect and cow and period as random effects. The relationship between plasma FAHFA and milk production variables were analyzed using regression analysis. Five nonesterified FAHFA (9-PAHPA, 5-PAHSA, 9-PAHSA, 10-PAHSA, and 9-SAHSA) were quantified in plasma and all were affected by treatment. Plasma concentration of 9-PAHPA was increased 2.9-fold by PA compared with CON, whereas 9-SAHSA was increased 2.7-fold by SA compared with CON. The concentrations of 5-PAHSA, 9-PAHSA, and 10-PAHSA were highest with PA/SA. In milk, 8 nonesterified FAHFA were quantified, and only 12-PAHSA was increased by SA and 12-PAHPA tended to be increased by PA. Plasma 9-PAHPA was positively associated with milk fat yield and mixed FA and negatively associated with milk preformed FA, de novo FA, and odd- and branched-chain fatty acids, whereas plasma 9-SAHSA was positively associated with milk preformed FA. Overall, FA supplements affected nonesterified FAHFA concentration in plasma, demonstrating a direct effect of dietary FA on this emerging regulator of metabolism. There were limited effects of FA supplements on nonesterified FAHFA in milk fat. Functional roles for these lipids require further exploration.
{"title":"The effects of saturated fatty acid supplements on plasma and milk concentration of fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids in dairy cows","authors":"M. Arif , B.A. Harsch , C. Matamoros , I.J. Salfer , R. Shepardson , K.J. Harvatine","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0813","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0813","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA) are a novel class of bioactive lipids with demonstrated antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties in rodent models and humans but have not been investigated in cows. The major FAHFA are synthesized from palmitic (PA), stearic (SA), and oleic acid. The PA can be esterified to hydroxy fatty acids, such as hydroxy PA or hydroxy SA, or SA can be esterified to hydroxy SA, forming PAHPA, PAHSA, or SAHSA, respectively. The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of increasing intake of PA, SA, or both PA and SA on nonesterified FAHFA in the plasma and milk of dairy cows. We hypothesized that increasing PA and SA in the diet would increase PA and SA containing FAHFA in plasma and milk. Samples were analyzed from a previous experiment that used 12 multiparous Holstein cows in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were a no-fat supplement control (CON) and fat supplements that were high in PA (91% C16:0), high in SA (92.6% C18:0), or contained a blend of PA and SA (PA/SA; 45.3% C16:0 and 49.1% C18:0) at 1.95% of diet DM. The concentrations of nonesterified FAHFA in plasma and milk fat were quantified using liquid chromatography tandem MS, and data were analyzed using a mixed model that included treatment as a fixed effect and cow and period as random effects. The relationship between plasma FAHFA and milk production variables were analyzed using regression analysis. Five nonesterified FAHFA (9-PAHPA, 5-PAHSA, 9-PAHSA, 10-PAHSA, and 9-SAHSA) were quantified in plasma and all were affected by treatment. Plasma concentration of 9-PAHPA was increased 2.9-fold by PA compared with CON, whereas 9-SAHSA was increased 2.7-fold by SA compared with CON. The concentrations of 5-PAHSA, 9-PAHSA, and 10-PAHSA were highest with PA/SA. In milk, 8 nonesterified FAHFA were quantified, and only 12-PAHSA was increased by SA and 12-PAHPA tended to be increased by PA. Plasma 9-PAHPA was positively associated with milk fat yield and mixed FA and negatively associated with milk preformed FA, de novo FA, and odd- and branched-chain fatty acids, whereas plasma 9-SAHSA was positively associated with milk preformed FA. Overall, FA supplements affected nonesterified FAHFA concentration in plasma, demonstrating a direct effect of dietary FA on this emerging regulator of metabolism. There were limited effects of FA supplements on nonesterified FAHFA in milk fat. Functional roles for these lipids require further exploration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"6 6","pages":"Pages 766-772"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145371319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y.A. Adeniji, C. Matamoros , R.E. Walker , K.J. Harvatine
Altered rumen biohydrogenation of UFA is central to the current understanding of diet-induced milk fat depression (MFD) in dairy cows, and associations with numerous trans fatty acids (FA) have been characterized. Although some specific CLA isomers have been demonstrated to be antilipogenic, they fail to account for the full decrease in milk fat synthesis during diet-induced MFD, indicating that other undiscovered bioactive causative actors likely exist. Microbial FA metabolism also results in synthesis of oxy and hydroxy FA and the objective of the current study was to quantify changes in these during diet-induced MFD. We hypothesized that 10-oxo-stearic and 10-hydroxy-stearic acid (10-O-18:0 and 10-OH-18:0) would be increased in milk fat during diet-induced MFD. Milk fat samples from 2 experiments that fed diets resulting in MFD were analyzed. In the first experiment (n = 24), diet-induced MFD increased milk fat concentration of 10-O-18:0 from 0.04% to 0.14% of FA and 10-OH-18:0 from 0.07% to 0.21% of FA, whereas milk fat concentration was decreased 43% and milk fat trans-10 18:1 increased from 0.04% to 12.0% of FA. A second experiment that resulted in varying degrees of MFD between the cows was combined to create a dataset for regression analysis (n = 96; trans-10 18:1 ranged from 0.27% to 6.69% of FA). In this dataset, 10-O-18:0 and 10-OH-18:0 were quadratically related to trans-10 18:1 and ratio of trans-10 18:1 to trans-11 18:1 in milk fat but not trans-11 18:1. These results indicate an association of the oxygenated FA 10-O-18:0 and 10-OH-18:0 with diet-induced MFD. Their causative roles in the physiology of MFD warrant further investigation.
{"title":"Relationship between oxygenated fatty acid and milk fat concentration during diet-induced milk fat depression in dairy cows","authors":"Y.A. Adeniji, C. Matamoros , R.E. Walker , K.J. Harvatine","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0812","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0812","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Altered rumen biohydrogenation of UFA is central to the current understanding of diet-induced milk fat depression (MFD) in dairy cows, and associations with numerous <em>trans</em> fatty acids (FA) have been characterized. Although some specific CLA isomers have been demonstrated to be antilipogenic, they fail to account for the full decrease in milk fat synthesis during diet-induced MFD, indicating that other undiscovered bioactive causative actors likely exist. Microbial FA metabolism also results in synthesis of oxy and hydroxy FA and the objective of the current study was to quantify changes in these during diet-induced MFD. We hypothesized that 10-oxo-stearic and 10-hydroxy-stearic acid (10-O-18:0 and 10-OH-18:0) would be increased in milk fat during diet-induced MFD. Milk fat samples from 2 experiments that fed diets resulting in MFD were analyzed. In the first experiment (n = 24), diet-induced MFD increased milk fat concentration of 10-O-18:0 from 0.04% to 0.14% of FA and 10-OH-18:0 from 0.07% to 0.21% of FA, whereas milk fat concentration was decreased 43% and milk fat <em>trans-</em>10 18:1 increased from 0.04% to 12.0% of FA. A second experiment that resulted in varying degrees of MFD between the cows was combined to create a dataset for regression analysis (n = 96; <em>trans-</em>10 18:1 ranged from 0.27% to 6.69% of FA). In this dataset, 10-O-18:0 and 10-OH-18:0 were quadratically related to <em>trans-</em>10 18:1 and ratio of <em>trans</em>-10 18:1 to <em>trans-</em>11 18:1 in milk fat but not <em>trans-</em>11 18:1. These results indicate an association of the oxygenated FA 10-O-18:0 and 10-OH-18:0 with diet-induced MFD. Their causative roles in the physiology of MFD warrant further investigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"6 6","pages":"Pages 761-765"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145371241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objectives of this study were to (1) characterize the nonenzymatic antioxidant activity of individual bovine milk samples using 2 assays: ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and (2) investigate the effects of animal (DIM, parity, and daily milk yield [DMY; kg/d]) and environmental factors (temperature-humidity index [THI], season, ventilation, feeding, and altitude) on these traits. Milk samples were collected once during evening milking from 1,060 Brown Swiss cows across 53 herds in Northern Italy. Antioxidant activity was expressed as micromolar ascorbic acid equivalents per milliliter of milk for the FRAP and as a percentage of DPPH inhibition. Both traits in milk were influenced by a range of animal-related and environmental factors, with varying degrees of impact. The FRAP values were highest in primiparous cows and decreased with increasing parity. In contrast, DPPH inhibition was greatest in tertiparous cows, followed by primiparous and secondiparous cows. Days in milk had a significant effect on DPPH, which declined as lactation progressed. A positive association was observed between DMY and FRAP values, with FRAP increasing up to approximately 25 kg/d, beyond which it plateaued. Among the environmental factors, the lowest FRAP values were observed in summer and in herds fed a dry TMR. Furthermore, milk from herds equipped with ventilation systems showed slightly higher DPPH inhibition compared with those without such systems. These findings offer valuable insights into factors affecting antioxidant properties in bovine milk and underscore the need for further research into other nonenzymatic antioxidants and their concentrations. Future studies should investigate the genetic basis of milk antioxidant properties, examine their relationship with milk composition, and evaluate the consequences for animal health and product quality.
{"title":"Impact of animal and herd factors on the nonenzymatic antioxidant potential in milk from individual Brown Swiss cows","authors":"Irene Tedeschi , Giorgia Stocco , Michela Ablondi , Andrea Summer , Georgios Anagnostou , Alexandros Mavrommatis , Eleni Tsiplakou , Massimo Malacarne , Claudio Cipolat-Gotet","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0863","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0863","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objectives of this study were to (1) characterize the nonenzymatic antioxidant activity of individual bovine milk samples using 2 assays: ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and (2) investigate the effects of animal (DIM, parity, and daily milk yield [DMY; kg/d]) and environmental factors (temperature-humidity index [THI], season, ventilation, feeding, and altitude) on these traits. Milk samples were collected once during evening milking from 1,060 Brown Swiss cows across 53 herds in Northern Italy. Antioxidant activity was expressed as micromolar ascorbic acid equivalents per milliliter of milk for the FRAP and as a percentage of DPPH inhibition. Both traits in milk were influenced by a range of animal-related and environmental factors, with varying degrees of impact. The FRAP values were highest in primiparous cows and decreased with increasing parity. In contrast, DPPH inhibition was greatest in tertiparous cows, followed by primiparous and secondiparous cows. Days in milk had a significant effect on DPPH, which declined as lactation progressed. A positive association was observed between DMY and FRAP values, with FRAP increasing up to approximately 25 kg/d, beyond which it plateaued. Among the environmental factors, the lowest FRAP values were observed in summer and in herds fed a dry TMR. Furthermore, milk from herds equipped with ventilation systems showed slightly higher DPPH inhibition compared with those without such systems. These findings offer valuable insights into factors affecting antioxidant properties in bovine milk and underscore the need for further research into other nonenzymatic antioxidants and their concentrations. Future studies should investigate the genetic basis of milk antioxidant properties, examine their relationship with milk composition, and evaluate the consequences for animal health and product quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"6 6","pages":"Pages 744-749"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145371238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号