Miguel Chirivi, Daniela Cortes-Beltran, Jeff Gandy, G. Andres Contreras
<div><div>Dairy cows with clinical ketosis (CK) exhibit metabolic changes, including intense adipose tissue (AT) lipolysis and systemic insulin resistance, that increase plasma BHB and free fatty acids (FFA). Cows with CK also have systemic inflammation, predisposing them to inflammatory and infectious diseases. This inflammatory process is modulated in part by oxidized fatty acids (oxylipins) that regulate all aspects of inflammation. Oxylipin profiles have been characterized in healthy periparturient cows, but their dynamics during CK are unknown. Clinical ketosis is an acute metabolic disease requiring clinical therapy, commonly including propylene glycol (PG) as a gluconeogenic agent. Recently, we showed that including lipolysis inhibitors such as niacin (NIA) and flunixin meglumine (FM) improved CK recovery. These drugs may modulate oxylipin biosynthesis by regulating the release of PUFA (oxylipin substrates) and cyclooxygenase activity. However, their impact on oxylipin profiles in cows with CK is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the dynamics of specific linoleic and arachidonic acid-derived oxylipins during CK and following therapy with PG, NIA, and FM. Multiparous Jersey cows (n = 72; 7.1 DIM) with CK from a commercial dairy were sampled. Inclusion criteria were CK symptoms (lethargy, depressed appetite, and reduced rumen fill) and blood BHB ≥ 1.2 mmol/L. The CK cows (n = 24/treatment) were randomly assigned to one of the 3 treatments: (1) PG: 310 g orally once daily for 5 d, (2) PG + NIA (PGNIA): 24 g orally once daily for 3 d, (3) PG + NIA + FM (PGNIAFM): 1.1 mg/kg i.v. once daily for 3 d. Healthy control cows (HC; n = 24) matched by lactation and DIM (±2 d) were also included. Plasma oxylipins were quantified at enrollment and 7 d later using HPLC-MS/MS. At enrollment, CK had higher concentrations of arachidonic acid (ARA)-derived 5- and 20-HETE, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14–15-DHET, and lower concentrations of linoleic acid (LA)-derived 12,13-EpOME, 13-oxoODE, 9,10- and 12,13-DiHOME. Integrated analysis of biological pathways and oxylipin profiles using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed ARA metabolism as the top pathway activated during CK. By d 7, treatment with PGNIAFM restored plasma PUFA and oxylipins to profiles similar to HC. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis showed that PGNIAFM activated the zinc transporter SLC30A7, associated with reduced activation of the ARA pathway. Results indicate that higher FA availability during CK, driven in part by dysregulated lipolysis, increases the pool of substrates for oxylipin biosynthesis. These oxylipins may play a role in both metabolic dysregulation and restoring homeostasis during CK. Inhibiting lipolysis and cyclooxygenase activity with NIA and FM can alter ARA- and LA-derived oxylipin biosynthesis. These findings underscore the potential use of lipolysis inhibitors NIA and FM in CK therapeutics and highlight the importance of understanding oxylipin pathways in the pathogenesis
{"title":"Oxylipin dynamics in dairy cows during clinical ketosis and after treatment with niacin and flunixin meglumine","authors":"Miguel Chirivi, Daniela Cortes-Beltran, Jeff Gandy, G. Andres Contreras","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0623","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0623","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dairy cows with clinical ketosis (CK) exhibit metabolic changes, including intense adipose tissue (AT) lipolysis and systemic insulin resistance, that increase plasma BHB and free fatty acids (FFA). Cows with CK also have systemic inflammation, predisposing them to inflammatory and infectious diseases. This inflammatory process is modulated in part by oxidized fatty acids (oxylipins) that regulate all aspects of inflammation. Oxylipin profiles have been characterized in healthy periparturient cows, but their dynamics during CK are unknown. Clinical ketosis is an acute metabolic disease requiring clinical therapy, commonly including propylene glycol (PG) as a gluconeogenic agent. Recently, we showed that including lipolysis inhibitors such as niacin (NIA) and flunixin meglumine (FM) improved CK recovery. These drugs may modulate oxylipin biosynthesis by regulating the release of PUFA (oxylipin substrates) and cyclooxygenase activity. However, their impact on oxylipin profiles in cows with CK is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the dynamics of specific linoleic and arachidonic acid-derived oxylipins during CK and following therapy with PG, NIA, and FM. Multiparous Jersey cows (n = 72; 7.1 DIM) with CK from a commercial dairy were sampled. Inclusion criteria were CK symptoms (lethargy, depressed appetite, and reduced rumen fill) and blood BHB ≥ 1.2 mmol/L. The CK cows (n = 24/treatment) were randomly assigned to one of the 3 treatments: (1) PG: 310 g orally once daily for 5 d, (2) PG + NIA (PGNIA): 24 g orally once daily for 3 d, (3) PG + NIA + FM (PGNIAFM): 1.1 mg/kg i.v. once daily for 3 d. Healthy control cows (HC; n = 24) matched by lactation and DIM (±2 d) were also included. Plasma oxylipins were quantified at enrollment and 7 d later using HPLC-MS/MS. At enrollment, CK had higher concentrations of arachidonic acid (ARA)-derived 5- and 20-HETE, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14–15-DHET, and lower concentrations of linoleic acid (LA)-derived 12,13-EpOME, 13-oxoODE, 9,10- and 12,13-DiHOME. Integrated analysis of biological pathways and oxylipin profiles using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed ARA metabolism as the top pathway activated during CK. By d 7, treatment with PGNIAFM restored plasma PUFA and oxylipins to profiles similar to HC. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis showed that PGNIAFM activated the zinc transporter SLC30A7, associated with reduced activation of the ARA pathway. Results indicate that higher FA availability during CK, driven in part by dysregulated lipolysis, increases the pool of substrates for oxylipin biosynthesis. These oxylipins may play a role in both metabolic dysregulation and restoring homeostasis during CK. Inhibiting lipolysis and cyclooxygenase activity with NIA and FM can alter ARA- and LA-derived oxylipin biosynthesis. These findings underscore the potential use of lipolysis inhibitors NIA and FM in CK therapeutics and highlight the importance of understanding oxylipin pathways in the pathogenesis ","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 117-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11770302/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143061626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hock scoring in dairy cattle is a crucial welfare assessment tool used to evaluate the condition of a cow's hocks, particularly for signs of injury, swelling, or lesions. These scores provide insight into the overall well-being of the animals and are essential for ensuring proper management and housing conditions. Accurate hock scoring is vital because it can indicate issues such as poor bedding quality or inadequate space, which directly affect the health and productivity of the herd. Traditionally, hock scoring is performed manually by trained observers. However, consistency in scoring can be a challenge. Two studies were conducted to quantify inconsistency in hock scoring. In one study, manual scoring reproducibility was measured. In the second study, manual and video scoring repeatability was measured. Repeatability was quantified with a weighted Cohen's kappa metric. Manual scoring was found to be inconsistent but more consistent than video scoring. This variability highlights the need for a more reliable, objective method of scoring. To address this, we explored the automation of hock score detection using artificial intelligence. Specifically, we employed a simple U-net semantic segmentation algorithm to detect wounds on the hocks without classifying them into specific categories. Automating the detection process can reduce observer bias, improve consistency, and allow for continuous monitoring of large herds. This approach holds promise for enhancing animal welfare by providing a more efficient and accurate method of assessing hock health in dairy cattle.
{"title":"Automating hock wound detection in dairy cattle","authors":"W. Flanders , P.S. Basran , M. Wieland","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0671","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0671","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hock scoring in dairy cattle is a crucial welfare assessment tool used to evaluate the condition of a cow's hocks, particularly for signs of injury, swelling, or lesions. These scores provide insight into the overall well-being of the animals and are essential for ensuring proper management and housing conditions. Accurate hock scoring is vital because it can indicate issues such as poor bedding quality or inadequate space, which directly affect the health and productivity of the herd. Traditionally, hock scoring is performed manually by trained observers. However, consistency in scoring can be a challenge. Two studies were conducted to quantify inconsistency in hock scoring. In one study, manual scoring reproducibility was measured. In the second study, manual and video scoring repeatability was measured. Repeatability was quantified with a weighted Cohen's kappa metric. Manual scoring was found to be inconsistent but more consistent than video scoring. This variability highlights the need for a more reliable, objective method of scoring. To address this, we explored the automation of hock score detection using artificial intelligence. Specifically, we employed a simple U-net semantic segmentation algorithm to detect wounds on the hocks without classifying them into specific categories. Automating the detection process can reduce observer bias, improve consistency, and allow for continuous monitoring of large herds. This approach holds promise for enhancing animal welfare by providing a more efficient and accurate method of assessing hock health in dairy cattle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 122-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11770321/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143061820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Pathak, H. Guan, P. Fan, H. Sultana, K. Arriola, A. Oyebade, C. Nino de Guzman, M. Malekkhahi, K.C. Jeong, D. Vyas
The objective of this study was to compare fermentation profile and microbial diversity from rumen samples collected using a rumen cannula (RC) or stomach tube (ST) in lactating dairy cows. Three ruminally cannulated lactating dairy cows were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. The experimental period was 28 d and rumen fluid was collected 4 h after feeding on d 22 and 26 of each experimental period. Treatments were rumen fluid collected from the ST or RC. The pH of rumen contents was measured immediately after fluid collection and samples were analyzed for VFA, ammonia-N (NH3-N) concentration, and microbiome composition. Rumen pH was greater for ST compared with RC (6.88 vs. 6.25). However, NH3-N (15.2 vs. 10.6 mg/dL) and total VFA (121.8 vs. 95.5 mM) were greater for RC compared with ST. The rumen fluid collection methods had no effects on the molar proportion of acetate and propionate; however, the acetate-to-propionate ratio tended to increase with ST compared with RC. The majority of sequences obtained with microbiome analysis belonged to Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Cyanobacteria, regardless of the rumen fluid collection method. However, the abundance of Bacteroidetes was greater and the abundance of Firmicutes was lower for ST compared with RC. No effects were observed on the abundance of phylum Cyanobacteria. The rumen fluid collection methods had no effects on Chao1 and Shannon index. In conclusion, the molar proportion of individual VFA, Chao1, and Shannon index were similar, whereas rumen pH, NH3-N, and total VFA were affected by the rumen fluid collection method.
{"title":"Comparing rumen fluid collection methods on fermentation profile and microbial population in lactating dairy cows","authors":"N. Pathak, H. Guan, P. Fan, H. Sultana, K. Arriola, A. Oyebade, C. Nino de Guzman, M. Malekkhahi, K.C. Jeong, D. Vyas","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0566","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of this study was to compare fermentation profile and microbial diversity from rumen samples collected using a rumen cannula (RC) or stomach tube (ST) in lactating dairy cows. Three ruminally cannulated lactating dairy cows were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. The experimental period was 28 d and rumen fluid was collected 4 h after feeding on d 22 and 26 of each experimental period. Treatments were rumen fluid collected from the ST or RC. The pH of rumen contents was measured immediately after fluid collection and samples were analyzed for VFA, ammonia-N (NH<sub>3</sub>-N) concentration, and microbiome composition. Rumen pH was greater for ST compared with RC (6.88 vs. 6.25). However, NH<sub>3</sub>-N (15.2 vs. 10.6 mg/dL) and total VFA (121.8 vs. 95.5 m<em>M</em>) were greater for RC compared with ST. The rumen fluid collection methods had no effects on the molar proportion of acetate and propionate; however, the acetate-to-propionate ratio tended to increase with ST compared with RC. The majority of sequences obtained with microbiome analysis belonged to <em>Bacteroidetes</em>, <em>Firmicutes</em>, and <em>Cyanobacteria</em>, regardless of the rumen fluid collection method. However, the abundance of <em>Bacteroidetes</em> was greater and the abundance of <em>Firmicutes</em> was lower for ST compared with RC. No effects were observed on the abundance of phylum <em>Cyanobacteria</em>. The rumen fluid collection methods had no effects on Chao1 and Shannon index. In conclusion, the molar proportion of individual VFA, Chao1, and Shannon index were similar, whereas rumen pH, NH<sub>3</sub>-N, and total VFA were affected by the rumen fluid collection method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 34-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141694113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the face of diminishing economic margins, dairy farmers globally are compelled to maintain economic competitiveness. Benchmarking emerges as a strategic tool to establish new, achievable improvement objectives that balance ambition with practicality. This typically requires integrating diverse data sources, such as feed, milk production, diet, and market prices. However, many farms lack essential cow-level data like daily milk output and milk income over feed cost (IOFC), which hampers economic performance visibility and informed decision making. To address this challenge, we introduce Dairy Victory Platform (DVP), a novel cloud-based benchmarking platform designed to simplify complex analyses. The DVP uniquely calculates zootechnical and economic key performance indicators (KPI) at the cow and herd levels and benchmarks these against a dynamically selected cohort of farms, facilitating comparisons across various farm sizes, and milk production levels. The primary objective of this paper is to demonstrate the utility of DVP as a decision-making tool in supporting farmers and consultants with both operational and strategic decisions. It emphasizes leveraging benchmarking information to enhance decision-making processes, thereby highlighting the significant value that DVP brings to farmers, consultants, and dairy farm stakeholders. Our study analyzed data from 712 farms from December 2023, focusing on several KPI, such as milk production, milk quality, feed efficiency, and IOFC using DHI records. This approach showcases DVP's ability to use minimal data inputs for detailed analysis, leveraging peer performance to set desirable and achievable goals. We present a case study demonstrating how the DVP platform can guide dairy farms using anonymized peer data. This approach enables users to potentially improve their IOFC by up to 35%. Our findings highlight the potential of DVP as a powerful tool for generating insightful analyses, simulations, and recommendations, primarily from test-day data, but also integrated with market and estimated data. This supports more strategic decision-making in dairy management, including automatic goal-setting based on peer performance.
{"title":"Dairy Victory Platform: A novel benchmarking platform to empower economic decisions on dairy farms","authors":"E.N.A. Freitas , V.E. Cabrera","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0617","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0617","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the face of diminishing economic margins, dairy farmers globally are compelled to maintain economic competitiveness. Benchmarking emerges as a strategic tool to establish new, achievable improvement objectives that balance ambition with practicality. This typically requires integrating diverse data sources, such as feed, milk production, diet, and market prices. However, many farms lack essential cow-level data like daily milk output and milk income over feed cost (IOFC), which hampers economic performance visibility and informed decision making. To address this challenge, we introduce Dairy Victory Platform (DVP), a novel cloud-based benchmarking platform designed to simplify complex analyses. The DVP uniquely calculates zootechnical and economic key performance indicators (KPI) at the cow and herd levels and benchmarks these against a dynamically selected cohort of farms, facilitating comparisons across various farm sizes, and milk production levels. The primary objective of this paper is to demonstrate the utility of DVP as a decision-making tool in supporting farmers and consultants with both operational and strategic decisions. It emphasizes leveraging benchmarking information to enhance decision-making processes, thereby highlighting the significant value that DVP brings to farmers, consultants, and dairy farm stakeholders. Our study analyzed data from 712 farms from December 2023, focusing on several KPI, such as milk production, milk quality, feed efficiency, and IOFC using DHI records. This approach showcases DVP's ability to use minimal data inputs for detailed analysis, leveraging peer performance to set desirable and achievable goals. We present a case study demonstrating how the DVP platform can guide dairy farms using anonymized peer data. This approach enables users to potentially improve their IOFC by up to 35%. Our findings highlight the potential of DVP as a powerful tool for generating insightful analyses, simulations, and recommendations, primarily from test-day data, but also integrated with market and estimated data. This supports more strategic decision-making in dairy management, including automatic goal-setting based on peer performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 69-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11770288/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143061830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Periparturient dairy cows experience metabolic adaptations to prepare for increased nutrient requirements of the fetus and the onset of lactation. Adaptations include increased peripheral tissue insulin resistance, which can be evaluated experimentally using intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT). The objective of this study was to determine if prepartum skeletal muscle reserves and supplementation of branched-chain volatile fatty acids (BCVFA) in the prepartum period affected blood glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and insulin concentrations 2 wk prepartum and 1 wk postpartum utilizing an IVGTT. At 42 d before expected calving (BEC), the longissimus dorsi muscle depth was measured from an ultrasound image, and based on muscle depth, cows were assigned to either the high muscle (HM; >4.6 cm, n = 17) or low muscle (LM; ≤4.6 cm, n = 17) group. Cows were randomly assigned to either the branched-chain volatile fatty acid (BCVFA) treatment (fed as 39.1 g/d isobutyrate product; 19.4 g/d isovalerate product; 19.6 g/d 2-methylbutyrate product, all on a DM basis) or control (73.0 g/d soyhull pellets on a DM basis) treatment, which were top-dressed daily. Assignment to muscle group and treatment resulted in a 2 × 2 factorial design and the following 4 combinations: HM-CON (n = 7), HM-BCVFA (n = 10), LM-CON (n = 9), and LM-BCVFA (n = 8). On 14 d BEC and 7 DIM an IVGTT was performed following a 1 h fasting period. Baseline blood samples were taken −15 and −5 min before dextrose administration (250 mg/kg BW); blood was then collected at 12 time points over a 3-h time period. Skeletal muscle reserves had no impact on glucose or insulin response across the IVGTT period, whereas BCVFA supplementation increased glucose area under the curve (AUC) in the prepartum period but had no effect in the postpartum period. Prepartum glucose and insulin AUC were higher than the postpartum glucose and insulin AUC. Findings indicate that muscle reserves in the prepartum period do not affect insulin and glucose clearance in periparturient dairy cows, reflecting no differences in insulin sensitivity in response to IVGTT. Changes observed in glucose and insulin AUC between pre- and postpartum IVGTT reflect normal metabolic adaptations to increased energetic requirements of dairy cows between late gestation and early lactation.
{"title":"Prepartum skeletal muscle reserves and branched-chain volatile fatty acid supplementation have minimal effects in response to intravenous glucose tolerance tests in periparturient dairy cattle","authors":"K.M. Gouveia, L.M. Beckett, M.N. Flinders, T.M. Casey, J.P. Boerman","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0603","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0603","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Periparturient dairy cows experience metabolic adaptations to prepare for increased nutrient requirements of the fetus and the onset of lactation. Adaptations include increased peripheral tissue insulin resistance, which can be evaluated experimentally using intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT). The objective of this study was to determine if prepartum skeletal muscle reserves and supplementation of branched-chain volatile fatty acids (BCVFA) in the prepartum period affected blood glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and insulin concentrations 2 wk prepartum and 1 wk postpartum utilizing an IVGTT. At 42 d before expected calving (BEC), the longissimus dorsi muscle depth was measured from an ultrasound image, and based on muscle depth, cows were assigned to either the high muscle (HM; >4.6 cm, n = 17) or low muscle (LM; ≤4.6 cm, n = 17) group. Cows were randomly assigned to either the branched-chain volatile fatty acid (BCVFA) treatment (fed as 39.1 g/d isobutyrate product; 19.4 g/d isovalerate product; 19.6 g/d 2-methylbutyrate product, all on a DM basis) or control (73.0 g/d soyhull pellets on a DM basis) treatment, which were top-dressed daily. Assignment to muscle group and treatment resulted in a 2 × 2 factorial design and the following 4 combinations: HM-CON (n = 7), HM-BCVFA (n = 10), LM-CON (n = 9), and LM-BCVFA (n = 8). On 14 d BEC and 7 DIM an IVGTT was performed following a 1 h fasting period. Baseline blood samples were taken −15 and −5 min before dextrose administration (250 mg/kg BW); blood was then collected at 12 time points over a 3-h time period. Skeletal muscle reserves had no impact on glucose or insulin response across the IVGTT period, whereas BCVFA supplementation increased glucose area under the curve (AUC) in the prepartum period but had no effect in the postpartum period. Prepartum glucose and insulin AUC were higher than the postpartum glucose and insulin AUC. Findings indicate that muscle reserves in the prepartum period do not affect insulin and glucose clearance in periparturient dairy cows, reflecting no differences in insulin sensitivity in response to IVGTT. Changes observed in glucose and insulin AUC between pre- and postpartum IVGTT reflect normal metabolic adaptations to increased energetic requirements of dairy cows between late gestation and early lactation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 131-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141707040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O.K. Spaans , J.R. Roche , C.R. Burke , C.V.C. Phyn , S. McDougall , C.B. Reed , B. Kuhn-Sherlock , A. Hickey , A. Heiser , M.A. Crookenden
A delayed recovery of the reproductive tract from natural inflammatory processes associated with postpartum involution will compromise further reproductive function. Following a literature review, we selected serum amyloid A (SAA) and α1-acid glycoprotein (α1-AGP) to assess as potential circulating markers of acute uterine inflammation, as concentrations of these 2 acute phase proteins were reported to be elevated early postpartum in dairy cows with active uterine infection. Convenience serum samples from an induced model of uterine infection were used to measure concentrations of these markers. Infection was induced by infusing either 107 or 109 cfu of Trueperella pyogenes (n = 9 cows each; bacteria group n = 18) or saline as a control (n = 18) into the uterus at 48 d postpartum. Although infection stimulated an increase in uterine polymorphonuclear neutrophils, SAA and α1-AGP concentrations in serum were not different between infusion groups. Cows were subsequently classified into uterine health groups based on the presence of endometritis, with or without the presence of T. pyogenes in uterine culture in response to uterine infusion. Mean SAA concentrations were greater in cows that were either endometritis negative–infection positive (n = 9), endometritis positive–infection negative (n = 5), or endometritis positive–infection positive, compared with the endometritis negative–infection negative (n = 11) cows. There was no difference between uterine health groups for α1-AGP concentrations.
生殖道从与产后内陷相关的自然炎症过程中恢复的延迟将损害进一步的生殖功能。根据文献综述，我们选择了血清淀粉样蛋白 A（SAA）和α1-酸性糖蛋白（α1-AGP）作为急性子宫炎症的潜在循环标记物进行评估，因为有报道称这两种急性期蛋白的浓度在患有活动性子宫感染的奶牛产后早期会升高。我们从子宫感染诱导模型中采集了血清样本，用于测量这些标记物的浓度。在产后 48 天，通过向子宫注入 107 或 109 cfu 的化脓性真菌（每头奶牛 n = 9；细菌组 n = 18）或生理盐水作为对照（n = 18）来诱导感染。虽然感染刺激了子宫多形核中性粒细胞的增加，但不同输注组血清中的 SAA 和 α1-AGP 浓度并无差异。随后，根据子宫内膜炎的存在情况，将奶牛分为子宫健康组和子宫输液组。与子宫内膜炎阴性-感染阳性（9 头）、子宫内膜炎阳性-感染阴性（5 头）或子宫内膜炎阳性-感染阳性的奶牛相比，子宫内膜炎阴性-感染阴性（11 头）的奶牛的平均 SAA 浓度更高。α1-AGP浓度在子宫健康组之间没有差异。
{"title":"Specificity of 2 peripartum blood markers for early-lactation acute uterine inflammation in pasture-fed, seasonal-calving dairy cows","authors":"O.K. Spaans , J.R. Roche , C.R. Burke , C.V.C. Phyn , S. McDougall , C.B. Reed , B. Kuhn-Sherlock , A. Hickey , A. Heiser , M.A. Crookenden","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0509","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A delayed recovery of the reproductive tract from natural inflammatory processes associated with postpartum involution will compromise further reproductive function. Following a literature review, we selected serum amyloid A (SAA) and α1-acid glycoprotein (α1-AGP) to assess as potential circulating markers of acute uterine inflammation, as concentrations of these 2 acute phase proteins were reported to be elevated early postpartum in dairy cows with active uterine infection. Convenience serum samples from an induced model of uterine infection were used to measure concentrations of these markers. Infection was induced by infusing either 10<sup>7</sup> or 10<sup>9</sup> cfu of <em>Trueperella pyogenes</em> (n = 9 cows each; bacteria group n = 18) or saline as a control (n = 18) into the uterus at 48 d postpartum. Although infection stimulated an increase in uterine polymorphonuclear neutrophils, SAA and α1-AGP concentrations in serum were not different between infusion groups. Cows were subsequently classified into uterine health groups based on the presence of endometritis, with or without the presence of <em>T. pyogenes</em> in uterine culture in response to uterine infusion. Mean SAA concentrations were greater in cows that were either endometritis negative–infection positive (n = 9), endometritis positive–infection negative (n = 5), or endometritis positive–infection positive, compared with the endometritis negative–infection negative (n = 11) cows. There was no difference between uterine health groups for α1-AGP concentrations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 613-617"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140765025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mélissa Duplessis , Christiane L. Girard , Doris Pellerin , Liliana Fadul-Pacheco , Roger I. Cue
Daily vitamin B12 (VB12) requirements of humans can naturally be fulfilled by animal product consumption, especially products from ruminants because of bacteria dwelling in their rumen. Indeed, only bacteria can synthesize this vitamin. Milk is hence an excellent source of VB12. This cross-sectional study was undertaken to unravel factors, such as genetic variation, diet and cow characteristics, and milk production, explaining the large variation in milk VB12 concentration among cows by using an integrative approach. Milk samples from 2 consecutive milkings were collected from 3,533 Canadian Holstein cows (1,239 first, 932 second, and 1,362 third and more lactations) located in 99 herds with various feeding management. For the purpose of genetic variation analysis, pedigrees were traced back for 3 complete generations for each sire and dam. A total of 10,021 identities were used in the subsequent genetic analyses. Milk VB12 averaged 4.2 ng/mL with a range between 0.7 and 9.0 ng/mL. Dietary fiber (NDF from forage, dietary NDF, ADF, and lignin) increased and dietary components related to energy (NFC, starch, NEL, and percentage of concentrate) decreased VB12 in milk. Milk VB12 varied with DIM, with a similar pattern as milk fat and protein concentration lactation curves. Milk VB12 increased as age at calving increased. When disregarding the herd variance, the heritability value was 0.37, meaning that milk VB12 can be modified by genetic selection. The final model including factors related to the diet, animal characteristics and milk productivity, and genetic variation explained 79% (pseudo-R2) of the milk VB12 variation. When excluding the random effect of the cow (i.e., excluding the animal and genetic relationships), the pseudo-R2 dropped to 43%, reinforcing the importance of genetic variation in explaining milk VB12 variation. To our knowledge, the present study is the most comprehensive evaluation of factors affecting milk VB12 variation including the greatest number of cows from various lactation stages.
:人类每天所需的维生素 B 12 (VB 12) 自然可以通过食用动物产品，特别是反刍动物的产品来满足，因为反刍动物的瘤胃中含有细菌。事实上，只有细菌才能合成这种维生素。因此，牛奶是 VB 12 的最佳来源。这项横断面研究采用综合方法，旨在揭示造成奶牛之间牛奶 B 12 浓度差异巨大的各种因素，如遗传变异、饮食和奶牛特征以及牛奶产量。研究人员从 3,533 头加拿大荷斯坦奶牛（1,239 头头等奶牛、932 头中等奶牛、2,533 头中等奶牛）中收集了连续两次挤奶的牛奶样本。
{"title":"A comprehensive integration of factors affecting vitamin B12 concentration in milk of Holstein cows: Genetic variability, milk productivity, animal characteristics, and feeding management","authors":"Mélissa Duplessis , Christiane L. Girard , Doris Pellerin , Liliana Fadul-Pacheco , Roger I. Cue","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0535","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Daily vitamin B<sub>12</sub> (VB<sub>12</sub>) requirements of humans can naturally be fulfilled by animal product consumption, especially products from ruminants because of bacteria dwelling in their rumen. Indeed, only bacteria can synthesize this vitamin. Milk is hence an excellent source of VB<sub>12</sub>. This cross-sectional study was undertaken to unravel factors, such as genetic variation, diet and cow characteristics, and milk production, explaining the large variation in milk VB<sub>12</sub> concentration among cows by using an integrative approach. Milk samples from 2 consecutive milkings were collected from 3,533 Canadian Holstein cows (1,239 first, 932 second, and 1,362 third and more lactations) located in 99 herds with various feeding management. For the purpose of genetic variation analysis, pedigrees were traced back for 3 complete generations for each sire and dam. A total of 10,021 identities were used in the subsequent genetic analyses. Milk VB<sub>12</sub> averaged 4.2 ng/mL with a range between 0.7 and 9.0 ng/mL. Dietary fiber (NDF from forage, dietary NDF, ADF, and lignin) increased and dietary components related to energy (NFC, starch, NE<sub>L</sub>, and percentage of concentrate) decreased VB<sub>12</sub> in milk. Milk VB<sub>12</sub> varied with DIM, with a similar pattern as milk fat and protein concentration lactation curves. Milk VB<sub>12</sub> increased as age at calving increased. When disregarding the herd variance, the heritability value was 0.37, meaning that milk VB<sub>12</sub> can be modified by genetic selection. The final model including factors related to the diet, animal characteristics and milk productivity, and genetic variation explained 79% (pseudo-R<sup>2</sup>) of the milk VB<sub>12</sub> variation. When excluding the random effect of the cow (i.e., excluding the animal and genetic relationships), the pseudo-R<sup>2</sup> dropped to 43%, reinforcing the importance of genetic variation in explaining milk VB<sub>12</sub> variation. To our knowledge, the present study is the most comprehensive evaluation of factors affecting milk VB<sub>12</sub> variation including the greatest number of cows from various lactation stages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 577-581"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141045321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A.S. Vermeersch , F. Van Nieuwerburgh , Y. Gansemans , M. Ali , R. Ducatelle , P. Geldhof , D. Deforce , J. Callens , G. Opsomer
Udder cleft dermatitis is a skin disease in dairy cattle that is characterized by painful, large open wounds between the udder halves or at the front udder attachment. Its impact on animal welfare and production warrants an in-depth investigation of its pathogenesis. The present study delves into the pathophysiology of severe udder cleft dermatitis, employing a multi-omics approach by integrating transcriptomic and metagenomic data obtained from samples of severe udder cleft dermatitis lesions and healthy udder skin of dairy cattle. All dominant features selected from the virulence factor, taxonomic, and transcriptomic datasets, except for the facultative pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes, form a network that could be associated with the healthy udder skin. The severe udder cleft dermatitis–associated Streptococcus pyogenes exhibited a negative correlation with these virulence factors and genes, but was not correlated with the other commensal bacteria in the analysis. Examining the different components interacting with each other could advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of severe udder cleft dermatitis.
{"title":"Multi-omics analysis elucidates the host-microbiome interplay in severe udder cleft dermatitis lesions in dairy cows","authors":"A.S. Vermeersch , F. Van Nieuwerburgh , Y. Gansemans , M. Ali , R. Ducatelle , P. Geldhof , D. Deforce , J. Callens , G. Opsomer","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0537","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0537","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Udder cleft dermatitis is a skin disease in dairy cattle that is characterized by painful, large open wounds between the udder halves or at the front udder attachment. Its impact on animal welfare and production warrants an in-depth investigation of its pathogenesis. The present study delves into the pathophysiology of severe udder cleft dermatitis, employing a multi-omics approach by integrating transcriptomic and metagenomic data obtained from samples of severe udder cleft dermatitis lesions and healthy udder skin of dairy cattle. All dominant features selected from the virulence factor, taxonomic, and transcriptomic datasets, except for the facultative pathogen <em>Streptococcus pyogenes</em>, form a network that could be associated with the healthy udder skin. The severe udder cleft dermatitis–associated <em>Streptococcus pyogenes</em> exhibited a negative correlation with these virulence factors and genes, but was not correlated with the other commensal bacteria in the analysis. Examining the different components interacting with each other could advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of severe udder cleft dermatitis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 598-601"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140402166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carolina Chaves , Melissa Montenegro , Hyrina Piedra , Marta Pérez-Villanueva , César Rodríguez
This study reports the finding of 3 ST8-t008-SCCmec IVa (2B) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains in fresh cheese purchased within a single market in Costa Rica. In line with the finding of the resistance genes mecA, blaZ, mph(C), and msr(A) in their genomes, these bacteria showed phenotypic resistance to multiple β-lactams and erythromycin. In addition, they carry genes for acquired resistance to aminoglycosides (aph(3′)-III) and fosfomycin (fosD), and genes for a myriad of virulence factors, including adhesins, hemolysins, and exotoxins. Our strains share multiple genomic features with MRSA from the USA300 lineage, which is a widely distributed and highly virulent strain implicated in community infections. As a result, consuming these or similar products could lead to multidrug infections in susceptible individuals. These results highlight safety deficiencies in cheese production practices and emphasize the risk of foodborne transmission of hard-to-treat ST8 MRSA strains.
{"title":"ST8-t008-SCCmec IV methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in retail fresh cheese","authors":"Carolina Chaves , Melissa Montenegro , Hyrina Piedra , Marta Pérez-Villanueva , César Rodríguez","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0521","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study reports the finding of 3 ST8-t008-SCC<em><sub>mec</sub></em> IVa (2B) methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (MRSA) strains in fresh cheese purchased within a single market in Costa Rica. In line with the finding of the resistance genes <em>mecA</em>, <em>blaZ</em>, <em>mph</em>(C), and <em>msr</em>(A) in their genomes, these bacteria showed phenotypic resistance to multiple β-lactams and erythromycin. In addition, they carry genes for acquired resistance to aminoglycosides (<em>aph(3′)-III</em>) and fosfomycin (<em>fosD</em>), and genes for a myriad of virulence factors, including adhesins, hemolysins, and exotoxins. Our strains share multiple genomic features with MRSA from the USA300 lineage, which is a widely distributed and highly virulent strain implicated in community infections. As a result, consuming these or similar products could lead to multidrug infections in susceptible individuals. These results highlight safety deficiencies in cheese production practices and emphasize the risk of foodborne transmission of hard-to-treat ST8 MRSA strains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 531-534"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140762646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Murayama , N. Kobayashi , N. Nishizawa , M. Oba , T. Sugino
The aim of this study was to evaluate precision of estimating serum IgG concentration from total protein (TP) or gamma-globulin (γGLB) concentration as an alternative approach, and to compare morbidity of preweaning dairy calves differing in serum γGLB concentration. In trial 1, blood was sampled from 129 Holstein calves in the first week after birth, and serum concentrations of TP, γGLB, and IgG were measured. Spearman's correlation coefficient (rs) between serum IgG and TP concentrations was 0.89, and rs between serum IgG and γGLB concentrations was 0.96. Absolute residual (observed − predicted) serum IgG concentrations were smaller when estimated by serum γGLB concentration than by serum TP concentration, and differences in the absolute residuals were smaller for calves fed colostrum replacer (1.68 vs. 4.29 g/L) than those fed whole colostrum (2.41 vs. 3.48 g/L). In trial 2, blood was sampled from 740 Holstein heifer calves during the first week of age, and serum γGLB concentration was measured. The calves were divided into 4 categories based on their serum γGLB concentration; ≥1.0 g/dL (excellent), 0.7 ≤ γGLB <1.0 g/dL (good), 0.4 ≤ γGLB <0.7 g/dL (fair), and <0.4 g/dL (poor). Morbidity for diarrhea and respiratory disease in preweaning dairy calves was determined for the first 28 and 56 d of age, and compared among the 4 categories based on serum γGLB concentration. Calves with serum γGLB concentration higher than 0.7 g/dL (good and excellent) had less diarrhea during the first 28 d of age than those with lower serum γGLB concentration (fair and poor). Calves with serum γGLB concentration higher than 1.0 g/dL (excellent) had less respiratory diseases for the first 56 d of age than those with lower serum γGLB concentration (good, fair, and poor). These results suggest that serum IgG concentration can be estimated more precisely from concentration of γGLB than TP particularly for calves fed colostrum replacer, and that γGLB concentrations in the first week of age are associated with morbidity of calves. Transfer of passive immunity in dairy calves can be assessed effectively by serum γGLB concentration.
{"title":"Evaluation of serum concentrations of total protein and gamma-globulin as an indicator of serum immunoglobulin G concentration in dairy calves","authors":"K. Murayama , N. Kobayashi , N. Nishizawa , M. Oba , T. Sugino","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0469","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0469","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this study was to evaluate precision of estimating serum IgG concentration from total protein (TP) or gamma-globulin (γGLB) concentration as an alternative approach, and to compare morbidity of preweaning dairy calves differing in serum γGLB concentration. In trial 1, blood was sampled from 129 Holstein calves in the first week after birth, and serum concentrations of TP, γGLB, and IgG were measured. Spearman's correlation coefficient (r<sub>s</sub>) between serum IgG and TP concentrations was 0.89, and r<sub>s</sub> between serum IgG and γGLB concentrations was 0.96. Absolute residual (observed − predicted) serum IgG concentrations were smaller when estimated by serum γGLB concentration than by serum TP concentration, and differences in the absolute residuals were smaller for calves fed colostrum replacer (1.68 vs. 4.29 g/L) than those fed whole colostrum (2.41 vs. 3.48 g/L). In trial 2, blood was sampled from 740 Holstein heifer calves during the first week of age, and serum γGLB concentration was measured. The calves were divided into 4 categories based on their serum γGLB concentration; ≥1.0 g/dL (excellent), 0.7 ≤ γGLB <1.0 g/dL (good), 0.4 ≤ γGLB <0.7 g/dL (fair), and <0.4 g/dL (poor). Morbidity for diarrhea and respiratory disease in preweaning dairy calves was determined for the first 28 and 56 d of age, and compared among the 4 categories based on serum γGLB concentration. Calves with serum γGLB concentration higher than 0.7 g/dL (good and excellent) had less diarrhea during the first 28 d of age than those with lower serum γGLB concentration (fair and poor). Calves with serum γGLB concentration higher than 1.0 g/dL (excellent) had less respiratory diseases for the first 56 d of age than those with lower serum γGLB concentration (good, fair, and poor). These results suggest that serum IgG concentration can be estimated more precisely from concentration of γGLB than TP particularly for calves fed colostrum replacer, and that γGLB concentrations in the first week of age are associated with morbidity of calves. Transfer of passive immunity in dairy calves can be assessed effectively by serum γGLB concentration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 618-621"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140793112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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