JDS communications最新文献_第7页

The intersection of biology and advanced technologies defines the future of dairy reproductive management 生物学和先进技术的交叉定义了奶牛繁殖管理的未来

IF 2.2

JDS communications

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2025-0840

M.C. Lucy

Advances in reproductive management in dairy cattle have typically been made through the application of new technology. The past 25 yr have been a period of rapid improvement in dairy reproduction through the implementation of new technology that was unknown a short time ago. The next 25 yr will likely be similar with the refinement of existing technology and development of new technology to address the current challenges to dairy reproduction. Many of these new developments will address the need for greater on-farm automation necessitated by the consolidation of farms (more cows per farm) in the face of shortages in large animal veterinary and agricultural labor. Genomics will continue to play an important role in improving fertility on farm. There is the possibility that postpartum uterine health could benefit from advanced technologies that are emerging as effective treatments for tissue damage caused by disease. The reprogramming of somatic cells into gametes (in vitro gametogenesis) or embryos (blastoids) may entirely change the methods used to propagate elite genetics from female animals. Despite important advances in new technology, there are also important questions and researchable topics that need to be addressed so that the field of dairy reproduction can advance. These include automating or simplifying the current method of artificial insemination, addressing the short lifespan of sperm in the reproductive tract, and solving fertilization failure and embryonic loss following insemination. Embryo technologies await new discoveries to improve embryo yield from donor animals, increase the development of embryos in culture, reduce the damage caused by freezing embryos, and effectively evaluate embryo quality before transfer. The collective result of new knowledge and new technology will drive further improvements in genetics, fertility, and the efficiency of reproduction in high-producing dairy cattle.

奶牛繁殖管理的进展通常是通过新技术的应用取得的。在过去的25年里，由于实施了不久前还不为人知的新技术，奶牛的繁殖得到了迅速改善。未来25年很可能与现有技术的改进和新技术的开发相似，以应对当前奶牛繁殖面临的挑战。在面临大型动物兽医和农业劳动力短缺的情况下，由于农场合并（每个农场更多的奶牛），许多新的发展将解决对农场更大自动化的需求。基因组学将继续在提高农业肥力方面发挥重要作用。产后子宫健康有可能受益于先进技术，这些技术正在成为疾病引起的组织损伤的有效治疗方法。体细胞重编程为配子（体外配子发生）或胚胎（囊胚）可能完全改变用于从雌性动物繁殖精英遗传的方法。尽管新技术取得了重大进展，但仍有重要的问题和可研究的主题需要解决，以便奶牛繁殖领域能够向前发展。这些包括自动化或简化目前的人工授精方法，解决精子在生殖道中寿命短的问题，以及解决授精后受精失败和胚胎丢失的问题。胚胎技术正在等待新的发现，以提高供体动物的胚胎产量，增加胚胎在培养中的发育，减少胚胎冷冻造成的损害，并在移植前有效地评估胚胎质量。新知识和新技术的共同成果将推动高产奶牛的遗传、生育力和繁殖效率的进一步提高。

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引用次数: 0

The future of milk in 2050: Dairy in the age of personalization 2050年牛奶的未来：个性化时代的乳制品

IF 2.2

JDS communications

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-18 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2025-0859

Eve Pollet

Cow milk is often considered one of the most versatile foods on the planet, with an ability to transform into multiple formats, containing thousands of bioactive compounds that serve a plethora of different purposes in the body, some of which are known, and many of which are still to be discovered. In the past 25 years, dairy has continued to be recognized as a highly nutrient-dense commodity. Advancements in the next 25 years will push culture and consumers toward enhanced demands for precision, personalization, and transparency from the products they purchase to the services they use, especially regarding food, health, and wellness. This will begin the shift for dairy and milk from a nutrient-dense commodity to an even higher value food. Dairy foods will need to align with new concepts in the future of retail and commerce that allow consumers to gain tailored solutions based on a set of criteria and personal preferences they set, with and through their personal technology. Dairy science will play a critical role in enabling this shift—encompassing fields from nutrition science and product development to genetics, marketing, and commercialization—by leveraging the versatility of cow milk and demonstrating dairy food's health and wellness benefits from the molecular level to the whole dairy matrix.

牛奶通常被认为是地球上最通用的食物之一，它能够转化成多种形式，含有数千种生物活性化合物，对人体有多种不同的用途，其中一些是已知的，还有许多有待发现。在过去的25年里，乳制品一直被认为是一种营养丰富的商品。未来25年的进步将推动文化和消费者对从他们购买的产品到他们使用的服务的精确度、个性化和透明度的更高要求，特别是在食品、健康和保健方面。这将开始使乳制品和牛奶从一种营养丰富的商品转变为一种价值更高的食品。乳制品需要与未来零售和商业的新概念保持一致，使消费者能够根据他们设定的一套标准和个人偏好，通过他们的个人技术获得量身定制的解决方案。通过利用牛奶的多功能性，从分子水平到整个乳制品基质，展示乳制品对健康和保健的益处，乳制品科学将在实现这一转变（从营养科学和产品开发到遗传学、营销和商业化）的过程中发挥关键作用。

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引用次数: 0

Genomics and phenomics: Who will be the dairy cows of the future? 基因组学和表型学：谁将是未来的奶牛？

IF 2.2

JDS communications

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-30 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2025-0872

Luiz F. Brito, Allan P. Schinckel, Hinayah Rojas de Oliveira

The dairy industry has experienced unprecedented genetic progress, more than doubling milk yield over recent decades, but this has often resulted in reduced fertility, longevity, and robustness. This review addresses the question “Who will be the dairy cows of the future?” by highlighting the integration of genomics, phenomics, and advanced breeding strategies. From our perspective, future cows are expected to be healthier, more resilient, and longer-lived, with improved fertility, feed efficiency, and reduced methane emissions. Precision technologies, wearable sensors, and automated systems are providing novel phenotypes and driving selection for adaptability, welfare, and efficiency. Genomic selection, reproductive and other biological technologies, and beef-on-dairy crossbreeding are reshaping dairy breeding programs, while collaborations are critical for advancing multiple-trait evaluations and safeguarding genetic diversity. Despite Holstein breed dominance, maintaining across- and within-breed variation is essential for long-term sustainability. Ultimately, as a consequence of the wide adoption of precision technologies, more complex breeding goals, and effective breeding strategies, the dairy cow of the future will balance productive efficiency with resilience, welfare, and environmental efficiency, ensuring global sustainability of dairy production.

乳制品行业经历了前所未有的遗传进步，近几十年来牛奶产量增加了一倍多，但这往往导致生育力、寿命和健壮性下降。这篇综述通过强调基因组学、表型组学和先进育种策略的整合，解决了“谁将是未来的奶牛”这个问题。从我们的角度来看，未来的奶牛将更健康，更有弹性，更长寿，生育能力提高，饲料效率提高，甲烷排放量减少。精密技术、可穿戴传感器和自动化系统为适应性、福利和效率提供了新的表型和驱动选择。基因组选择、生殖和其他生物技术以及牛奶杂交正在重塑奶牛育种计划，而合作对于推进多性状评估和保护遗传多样性至关重要。尽管荷斯坦犬的品种优势，保持品种间和品种内的变异对长期的可持续性至关重要。最终，由于精密技术的广泛采用、更复杂的育种目标和有效的育种策略，未来的奶牛将在生产效率与适应力、福利和环境效率之间取得平衡，确保全球乳制品生产的可持续性。

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引用次数: 0

Making future udders: Mammary development and perinatal programming of dairy cattle 制造未来的乳房：奶牛的乳房发育和围产期规划

IF 2.2

JDS communications

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-28 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2025-0828

Jimena Laporta, Maverick C. Guenther

The perinatal period, described herein as the time spanning the final 2 mo of gestation through 2 mo postnatal, is a critical window of developmental plasticity for many organs in placental mammals, including the mammary gland (MG). In dairy cattle, early-life MG development involves foundational morphogenic events that are highly sensitive to environmental and nutritional factors. Emerging evidence challenges the long-standing belief that substantial MG development begins after weaning and lasts until puberty, showing instead that preweaning mammary parenchymal (mPAR) growth is allometric and its degree of development can influence future lactational capacity. Overall BW typically doubles from birth to 60 d, whereas both whole udder weight and the mammary fat pad increase by ∼2.2 to 3 times over the same period. In contrast, the mPAR exhibits pronounced allometric growth, expanding 15 to 35 times during this time. Early-life management strategies, such as heat abatement to maintain thermal homeostasis and enhanced nutrition through higher milk intake supporting greater average daily gain, further promote mPAR development and can positively influence future lactation performance of dairy cows. These findings underscore the importance of integrating developmental biology into heifer-rearing strategies and emphasize the need for precise environmental and nutritional management during this critical window to support lifelong mammary function and optimize herd performance.

围产期是指从妊娠最后2个月到产后2个月的时间，是胎盘哺乳动物许多器官发育可塑性的关键时期，包括乳腺（MG）。在奶牛中，生命早期MG的发育涉及对环境和营养因素高度敏感的基础形态发生事件。新出现的证据挑战了长期以来的观点，即大量MG的发育始于断奶后并持续到青春期，相反，断奶前乳腺实质（mPAR）的生长是异速生长的，其发育程度会影响未来的泌乳能力。从出生到60天，总体体重通常增加一倍，而同期全乳重和乳腺脂肪垫均增加约2.2至3倍。相比之下，mPAR表现出明显的异速生长，在此期间扩张15至35倍。早期生命管理策略，如通过减热维持热稳态和通过增加牛奶摄入量支持更高的平均日增重来增强营养，可以进一步促进mPAR的发育，并对奶牛未来的泌乳性能产生积极影响。这些发现强调了将发育生物学纳入小母牛饲养策略的重要性，并强调了在这一关键窗口期进行精确的环境和营养管理的必要性，以支持终身乳腺功能和优化群体表现。

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引用次数: 0

The microdrip method rapidly and efficiently enumerates bacterial colony-forming units in bovine milk 微滴法快速有效地计数牛乳中的细菌菌落形成单位

IF 2.2

JDS communications

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-30 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2025-0788

Kristi L. Jones , Nicole Adams , Anna M. Lundgren , Alexis Irvin , Ricardo C. Chebel , Aria Eshraghi

In vivo microbial challenge models are an important tool to study the mechanistic details of bovine mastitis. A critical element of these studies is the enumeration of the bacterial load in milk to determine if interventions induce physiological changes that affect bacterial clearance. Herein, we use Escherichia coli P4 enumeration from milk in the context of mastitis microbial challenge models to show that use of a microdrip method reduces cost and time without negatively affecting rigor and reproducibility. We used E. coli P4–spiked milk samples as a model to test an alternative to Escherichia and costly standard plating methods. Importantly, linear regression analysis comparing the microdrip and standard plate count shows no difference between the methods or technicians, and Bland–Altman analysis shows enumeration via microdrip method has a slight positive bias, proportional across the tested concentrations compared with the standard method. Additionally, the microdrip method has a sensitivity of 10³ cfu/mL compared with 10⁴ cfu/mL for quantitative PCR. Economic analysis of consumable cost shows the microdrip method is nearly half as expensive compared with the standard plate method. Furthermore, these data also show milk samples can be stored at 4°C or −80°C without affecting colony-forming unit count, enabling batched sample processing. Taken together, the data presented here indicate that the microdilution and microdrip method can be used to decrease time and cost of E. coli P4 enumeration from milk without negatively affecting the rigor and reproducibility of the data. Future studies can develop this method for use in broader applications, such as validation of additional challenge pathogens for research purposes, clinical monitoring of mastitis cases, or bulk tank monitoring of pathogens.

体内微生物攻击模型是研究牛乳腺炎发病机理的重要工具。这些研究的一个关键因素是枚举牛奶中的细菌负荷，以确定干预是否会引起影响细菌清除的生理变化。在此，我们在乳腺炎微生物挑战模型的背景下使用牛奶中的大肠杆菌P4枚举，以表明使用微滴法可以降低成本和时间，而不会对严谨性和可重复性产生负面影响。我们使用含有大肠杆菌p4的牛奶样品作为模型来测试替代埃希氏菌和昂贵的标准电镀方法。重要的是，比较微滴法和标准板计数的线性回归分析显示，方法或技术人员之间没有差异，Bland-Altman分析显示，微滴法计数与标准法相比，在测试浓度上有轻微的正偏倚。此外，微滴法的灵敏度为103 cfu/mL，而定量PCR的灵敏度为104 cfu/mL。耗材成本的经济分析表明，微滴法与标准板法相比，其成本几乎是标准板法的一半。此外，这些数据还表明，牛奶样品可以在4°C或- 80°C下保存，而不会影响菌落形成单位的数量，从而可以批量处理样品。综上所述，本文的数据表明，微稀释和微滴法可以减少从牛奶中枚举大肠杆菌P4的时间和成本，而不会对数据的严谨性和可重复性产生负面影响。未来的研究可以发展这种方法以用于更广泛的应用，例如为研究目的验证额外的挑战病原体，乳腺炎病例的临床监测，或病原体的散装罐监测。

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引用次数: 0

Using saturation rational function models to calculate yield adjustment factors across varied milking frequencies 利用饱和有理函数模型计算不同挤奶频率下的产量调整因子

IF 2.2

JDS communications

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-20 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2024-0720

Xiao-Lin Wu , John Cole , Asha M. Miles , Paul M. VanRaden

Milking frequency significantly affects milk yield in dairy cows, with higher frequency generally leading to greater lactation yields. The increase follows a nonlinear pattern, showing diminishing returns and eventually reaching saturation as milking frequency rises. This study introduces a polynomial rational function model to derive yield adjustment factors across different milking frequencies. Formulated as a ratio of 2 polynomials, this model has 3 parameters to capture the initial increase in yield and the saturation rate, offering enhanced flexibility across various milking frequencies. We compared its performance to a recently proposed exponential rational function model. Both models demonstrated a good fit to varying milking frequency data up to 10× and satisfactorily predicted yield adjustment factors for milking frequencies where data were absent. The polynomial rational function model exhibited a higher accuracy (root mean square error [RMSE] = 0.004; R² = 0.999), achieving greater accuracy across a broader range of varied milking frequencies, compared with the exponential rational function model (RMSE = 0.011; R² = 0.994). Nevertheless, the latter model proved more robust to limited data coverage of milking frequencies. This study also evaluated the strategy of leveraging 2× milking data to derive yield adjustment factors across different frequencies. However, caution is advised when extrapolating far beyond the data-supported frequency range.

挤奶频率对奶牛产奶量有显著影响，频率越高，泌乳量越大。牛奶的增长遵循非线性模式，随着挤奶频率的增加，收益递减，最终达到饱和。本文引入多项式有理函数模型，推导出不同挤奶频率下的产量调节因子。该模型为2个多项式的比率，有3个参数来捕捉产量和饱和率的初始增加，在不同的挤奶频率上提供增强的灵活性。我们将其性能与最近提出的指数有理函数模型进行了比较。两种模型均能很好地拟合10倍的不同挤奶频率数据，并能在没有数据的情况下令人满意地预测出挤奶频率的产量调整因子。与指数有理函数模型（RMSE = 0.011, R2 = 0.994）相比，多项式有理函数模型具有更高的准确度（均方根误差[RMSE] = 0.004, R2 = 0.999），在更宽的挤奶频率范围内具有更高的准确性。然而，后一种模型被证明对有限的挤奶频率数据覆盖更为稳健。本研究还评估了利用2倍挤奶数据得出不同频率下产量调整因子的策略。但是，当推断远远超出数据支持的频率范围时，建议谨慎。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of brachytic2 mutation in corn silage on performance and total-tract digestibility by lactating Holstein dairy cows 玉米青贮短纤维2突变对泌乳荷斯坦奶牛生产性能和全道消化率的影响

IF 2.2

JDS communications

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-13 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2025-0800

E. Sarmikasoglou , D. Hammer , T. Dietz , M.J. VandeHaar

Short-stature corn hybrids carrying the brachytic2 (br2) mutation have greater standability and have grain yields similar to conventional tall hybrids; thus, they are promising for grain production. Our objective was to determine if short hybrids would also be valuable as sources of silage for lactating cows. We compared corn silages (CS) from 3 novel short hybrids (SH-1,2,3) to CS from tall (Tall) and bm3 (BMR) hybrids for their effects on DMI, milk production, and total-tract nutrient digestibility. Twenty primiparous and 20 multiparous Holstein cows (150 ± 42 DIM, 35 ± 6.4 kg of milk/d, 674 ± 103 kg of BW; mean ± SD) were enrolled in an incomplete Latin square design with three 21-d experimental periods, balanced for carryover effects. Cows were fed diets with a blend of all CS for a 14-d preliminary period, and then experimental diets for 63 d. Experimental diets contained CS from Tall, BMR, SH1, SH2, or SH3, along with alfalfa silage, soybean meal, soybean hulls, ground corn, and a premix of protein, minerals, and vitamins. All diets were formulated for 18% CP and 24% forage NDF (forNDF) and fed as TMR. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS 9.4. Preplanned contrasts were Tall versus Short (Tall vs. SH-1,2,3) and BMR versus Short (BMR vs. SH-1,2,3). Compared with cows fed the diet with Tall, cows fed Short CS produced more milk, protein, and lactose, but their milk had a lower fat percentage, and ECM yield was not different. Compared with cows fed BMR CS, cows fed Short CS had greater DMI and yields of ECM, milk, protein, and lactose, but lower fat percentage, ECM/DMI, and BCS gain. Apparent total-tract digestibilities of OM, starch, and CP, but not NDF, were lower in cows fed BMR CS than those fed short hybrids. We conclude that short corn hybrids could be valuable sources of silage on dairy farms. Further studies in other growing environmental conditions seem warranted.

携带brachytic2 （br2）突变的矮株玉米杂交种具有更强的耐受性，其产量与传统的高株玉米杂交种相似；因此，它们有望用于粮食生产。我们的目的是确定是否短杂交也将有价值的来源青贮乳牛。本研究比较了3个新型矮杂交玉米（sh -1,2,3）青贮与高（tall）和bm3 （BMR）杂交玉米青贮对DMI、产奶量和全道营养物质消化率的影响。选取初产荷斯坦奶牛20头和多产荷斯坦奶牛20头（体重150±42公斤，产奶量35±6.4公斤/天，体重674±103公斤，平均±SD），采用不完全拉丁方设计，分为3个21 d试验期，以平衡结转效应。预试期饲喂14 d，试验期饲喂63 d。试验饲粮中分别含有来自Tall、BMR、SH1、SH2、SH3的CS，以及苜蓿青贮料、豆粕、大豆皮、玉米粉和蛋白质、矿物质和维生素的预混料。饲粮中CP含量为18%，NDF含量为24%，作为TMR饲喂。使用SAS 9.4的PROC GLIMMIX软件分析数据。预先计划的对比是高对矮（高对sh -1,2,3）和BMR对矮个子（BMR对sh -1,2,3）。与饲喂Tall的奶牛相比，饲喂Short CS的奶牛产奶量、蛋白质和乳糖含量较高，但乳脂率较低，泌乳率无显著差异。与BMR CS相比，短CS的DMI、ECM、产奶量、蛋白质和乳糖产量更高，但脂肪率、ECM/DMI和BCS增重更低。饲喂BMR CS的奶牛对OM、淀粉和CP的表观全消化道消化率低于饲喂矮秆杂交的奶牛，但对NDF的表观全消化道消化率不高。我们的结论是，短玉米杂交品种可能是奶牛农场青贮饲料的宝贵来源。在其他生长环境条件下的进一步研究似乎是有必要的。

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引用次数: 0

Medical-grade honey as treatment for udder cleft dermatitis in dairy cows 药用级蜂蜜治疗奶牛乳裂性皮炎

IF 2.2

JDS communications

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-06 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2025-0816

Lisa Ekman , Susanna Holmberg , Josef Dahlberg

Udder cleft dermatitis (UCD) is a common inflammatory dermatological condition of the udder skin in dairy cows, localized at the fore udder attachment or between the front udder halves. The severity of the condition can vary from superficial dermatitis to extensive wounds and different classification scales exist. To date, no effective curative treatment has been identified. Honey has been used in wound care for a long time due to its ability to promote healing and antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, the aim of this pilot study was to investigate whether medical-grade honey could be as effective as zinc ointment in treating UCD. Fourteen cows with severe UCD (large crusts or open wound) were matched into pairs and then randomly assigned to treatment with medical-grade honey (n = 7) or zinc ointment (n = 7). Treatment continued for 8 wk, and UCD was graded at 3 different time points during the study. Treatment with medical-grade honey resulted in a higher improvement rate (42.9%) compared with zinc ointment (14.3%), although the result was not statistically significant. This study indicates that medical-grade honey could be an alternative treatment of severe UCD.

乳裂性皮炎（UCD）是奶牛乳房皮肤的一种常见炎症性皮肤病，局限于前乳房附着或前乳房两半之间。病情的严重程度可以从浅表皮炎到广泛的伤口，存在不同的分类尺度。迄今为止，尚未发现有效的治疗方法。蜂蜜长期以来一直用于伤口护理，因为它具有促进愈合、抗菌和抗炎的特性。因此，本初步研究的目的是调查药用级蜂蜜在治疗UCD方面是否与锌软膏一样有效。14头患有严重UCD（大结痂或开放性伤口）的奶牛被配对成一对，然后随机分配使用医用级蜂蜜（n = 7）或锌软膏（n = 7）治疗。治疗持续8周，并在研究期间的3个不同时间点对UCD进行分级。与锌软膏（14.3%）相比，医用级蜂蜜治疗的改善率（42.9%）更高，尽管结果没有统计学意义。这项研究表明，医用级蜂蜜可能是严重UCD的一种替代治疗方法。

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引用次数: 0

Oral temperature of preweaning dairy heifers: Sensitivity and specificity at detecting individuals with pyrexia 断奶前奶牛的口腔温度：检测发热个体的敏感性和特异性

IF 2.2

JDS communications

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-16 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2025-0787

K.R.K. Gottwald , J.A.A. McArt , T. Bhattacharjee , T.E. von Konigslow

Change in body temperature can be an early indicator of illness. In calves, body temperature is routinely estimated from rectal temperature measurement. Integrating oral temperature sensors into automated feeding systems might present a feasible alternative to rectal measurement for monitoring calf body temperature. Our objectives were to determine if oral temperature is useful in detecting a fever (rectal temperature ≥39.5°C) and to establish informative oral temperature ranges in dairy calves between 0 and 28 d of life. This diagnostic accuracy study was conducted at one commercial dairy farm in central New York where calves were housed in indoor group pens of 20 calves each with free access to an automated milk feeder. Female Holstein calves (n = 150) were enrolled at birth and followed through 28 d of life. Digital probe thermometers (GLA M700) were used to measure oral and rectal temperatures (10.2 and 5.1 cm probes, respectively) simultaneously at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26 and 28 d of life. Overall mean ± SD (n = 2,081) oral temperature was 38.4°C ± 0.7 and rectal temperature was 38.8°C ± 0.6°C. There was a moderate-to-strong positive correlation (r = 0.75) between oral and rectal temperature. A receiver operating characteristic curve used to evaluate oral temperature in detecting a true fever yielded an area under the curve of 0.91, with a sensitivity of 79% and a specificity of 98% at an oral temperature threshold of ≥39.1°C, as selected by the maximum efficiency index. Our results demonstrate the capability of oral temperature to detect a fever, and that it may be useful for monitoring body temperature changes in preweaning dairy calves. A limitation of our study was that it was conducted in winter and spring with environmental temperatures ranging from −6.7°C to 17.2°C, which mainly fall below calf thermoneutral temperatures (15°C to 25°C). Future work will evaluate the associations of oral temperature with disease and inflammation.

体温的变化可能是疾病的早期指标。对于小牛，体温通常是通过直肠温度测量来估计的。将口腔温度传感器集成到自动喂养系统中，可能是一种可行的替代直肠测量监测小牛体温的方法。我们的目的是确定口腔温度是否有助于检测发烧（直肠温度≥39.5°C），并建立0至28天奶牛的口腔温度范围。这项诊断准确性研究是在纽约中部的一个商业奶牛场进行的，那里的小牛被关在室内群栏里，每栏20头小牛，可以自由使用自动喂奶器。母荷斯坦小牛（n = 150）在出生时登记，并随访至28天。采用数字探针体温计（GLA M700）在出生后1、2、4、6、8、10、12、14、16、18、20、22、24、26和28 d同时测量口腔和直肠温度（探针分别为10.2和5.1 cm）。总体平均±SD （n = 2,081）口腔温度为38.4°C±0.7，直肠温度为38.8°C±0.6°C。口腔和直肠温度之间存在中至强的正相关（r = 0.75）。用于评估口腔温度的受试者工作特征曲线检测真热的曲线下面积为0.91，在口腔温度阈值≥39.1°C时，根据最大效率指数选择灵敏度为79%，特异性为98%。我们的研究结果证明了口腔温度检测发烧的能力，并且它可能对监测断奶前小牛的体温变化有用。本研究的一个局限性是，研究是在冬季和春季进行的，环境温度范围为- 6.7°C至17.2°C，主要低于小牛热中性温度（15°C至25°C）。未来的工作将评估口腔温度与疾病和炎症的关系。

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引用次数: 0

Milk component, farm, and industry-level factors associated with elevated free fatty acids in bulk tank milk on conventional dairy farms 牛奶成分、农场和工业水平因素与传统奶牛场散装罐奶中游离脂肪酸升高有关

IF 2.2

JDS communications

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-20 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2025-0805

Hannah M. Woodhouse , Stephen J. LeBlanc , Trevor J. DeVries , Karen J. Hand , David F. Kelton

Elevated concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA) in bulk tank milk indicate excessive milk fat breakdown. Levels exceeding the sensory threshold of ≥1.20 mmol FFA/100 g of milk fat compromise milk quality. Average FFA levels on Ontario (ON), Canada, conventional (CON) dairy farms are highest in the early fall months, and this study aimed to identify the factors associated with elevated FFA. A subset of milk-recorded ON CON dairy farm bulk tanks (n = 3,009) with FFA data between August 2018 and December 2022 were analyzed in a cross-sectional study. A mixed-effects multivariable logistic regression model was constructed with elevated monthly mean FFA (≥1.2 mmol FFA/100 g of fat) as the outcome. Monthly average milk components, the number of incentive days (a feature of the Canadian supply management system that allows producers to ship more milk when the domestic demand exists), and milking system were fixed effects in the model, and bulk tank was a random effect. The final dataset included 148,965 observations from 3,009 bulk tanks over 53 mo. The average monthly bulk tank FFA was 0.83 mmol/100 g of fat, and 7% (n = 10,016) of monthly average bulk tank FFA concentrations were elevated. Fifty-three percent of samples came from tiestall farms (n = 1,578), 29% from parlor-milked herds (n = 878), and 18% from farms with automated milking systems (AMS; n = 553). The final reduced model indicated that the odds of monthly average elevated FFA were higher for tiestall farms (odds ratios [OR] = 28.6) and AMS farms (OR = 10.9) when compared with parlor farms. Tiestall farms had higher odds of monthly average elevated FFA than AMS farms (OR = 2.6). The odds of monthly average elevated FFA were greater during months with 3 incentive days compared with none (OR = 1.6). Lower milk protein content was associated with increased odds of monthly average elevated FFA (OR = 33.2 per weighted volume percentage of milk protein decrease), and higher BactoScan (BSN) was associated with increased odds of monthly average elevated FFA (OR = 3.0 per unit increase in BSN (1,000 bacteria per mL more). The results demonstrated that nonparlor milking systems, months with 3 production incentive days, lower milk protein levels, and higher BSN were associated with elevated monthly average FFA levels in ON CON dairy herds.

散装罐奶中游离脂肪酸（FFA）浓度升高表明乳脂分解过量。超过≥1.20 mmol FFA/100 g乳脂的感觉阈值会影响牛奶品质。安大略省（on）、加拿大传统（CON）奶牛场的平均FFA水平在初秋月份最高，本研究旨在确定与FFA升高相关的因素。在一项横断面研究中，研究人员分析了2018年8月至2022年12月期间在CON奶牛场散装储罐（n = 3,009）记录的牛奶子集（n = 3,009）的FFA数据。以月平均FFA升高（≥1.2 mmol FFA/100 g脂肪）为结局，构建混合效应多变量logistic回归模型。月平均牛奶成分、激励天数（加拿大供应管理系统的一个特点，允许生产商在国内需求存在时运送更多的牛奶）和挤奶系统在模型中是固定效应，散装罐是随机效应。最终数据集包括53个月内来自3,009个散装罐的148,965个观察结果。每月平均散装罐FFA为0.83 mmol/100 g脂肪，7% （n = 10,016）的月平均散装罐FFA浓度升高。53%的样本来自小型农场（n = 1578）， 29%来自室内挤奶的牛群（n = 878）， 18%来自拥有自动挤奶系统的农场（AMS; n = 553）。最终的简化模型表明，与室内农场相比，小型农场（比值比[OR] = 28.6）和AMS农场（比值比[OR] = 10.9）的月平均FFA升高的几率更高。Tiestall农场的月平均FFA升高几率高于AMS农场（OR = 2.6）。每月平均FFA升高的几率在有3个激励日的月份比没有激励日的月份更大（OR = 1.6）。较低的乳蛋白含量与月平均FFA升高的几率增加相关（OR = 33.2 /乳蛋白减少加权体积百分比），较高的BactoScan （BSN）与月平均FFA升高的几率增加相关(OR = 3.0 / BSN单位增加（每mL增加1000个细菌）。结果表明，非室内挤奶系统、有3个生产激励日的月份、较低的乳蛋白水平和较高的BSN与ON CON奶牛群月平均FFA水平升高有关。

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