We investigated the effect of bovine milk osteopontin (OPN) on the initial adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to hydroxyapatite. Hydroxyapatite pellets were immersed in a 5.4 µM OPN solution at 37°C for 30 min. As a control, Milli-Q water was used. Streptococcus mutans were incubated at 37°C for 2 h on the pellets. Crystal violet staining and the quantitation of DNA were evaluated. Violet staining was observed on the hydroxyapatite pellets in the control group, but faint staining was seen in the OPN group. The amount of DNA attached to the hydroxyapatite pellet was significantly lower in the OPN group. These results suggest that initial adhesion of S. mutans to the hydroxyapatite is inhibited with OPN.
{"title":"Inhibitory effect of bovine milk osteopontin on the initial attachment of Streptococcus mutans","authors":"Hisako Ishizuka , Kazuna Ishihara , Hideo Yonezawa , Kazuyuki Ishihara , Takashi Muramatsu","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0558","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigated the effect of bovine milk osteopontin (OPN) on the initial adhesion of <em>Streptococcus mutans</em> to hydroxyapatite. Hydroxyapatite pellets were immersed in a 5.4 µ<em>M</em> OPN solution at 37°C for 30 min. As a control, Milli-Q water was used. <em>Streptococcus mutans</em> were incubated at 37°C for 2 h on the pellets. Crystal violet staining and the quantitation of DNA were evaluated. Violet staining was observed on the hydroxyapatite pellets in the control group, but faint staining was seen in the OPN group. The amount of DNA attached to the hydroxyapatite pellet was significantly lower in the OPN group. These results suggest that initial adhesion of <em>S. mutans</em> to the hydroxyapatite is inhibited with OPN.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 535-538"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140797065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sole ulcers negatively affect cow welfare and production economy. Previous cases of sole ulcers increase the risk of new or recurrent cases, and prevention of sole ulcers during the first lactation may therefore have a long-term effect, also in later lactations. Until now, risk factors for sole ulcers in the first lactation, associated with the period before heifers calve for the first time, have not been investigated. This study evaluated early-life cow-level risk factors for sole ulcers at the first hoof trimming in the first lactation. Early-life risk factors were defined as risk factors associated with the period before a cow calves for the first time. A dataset including information about all hoof trimming recordings during the years 2020 to 2022, and information about individual cows, was retrieved from the Danish Cattle Database. The dataset included only primiparous cows, and only cows that were hoof trimmed at least once during the first lactation. Overall, 1.95% of 466,113 cows included in the study had sole ulcers at the first hoof trimming in the first lactation. Results from a logistic regression model demonstrated a statistically significant interaction between breed and age at first calving (grouped based on quartiles within breed). Overall, across breeds, odds ratios of sole ulcers at the first hoof trimming in the first lactation were generally approximately 0.5 in the first quartile of age at first calving, approximately 0.6 in the second quartile, and approximately 0.75 in the third quartile, compared with the fourth quartile within the same breed. Odds of sole ulcers were generally higher in Jersey and Danish Red Dairy cows, compared with Holstein. In conclusion, the odds of sole ulcers in the first lactation increased with increasing age at first calving, and was approximately twice as high in cows calving among the oldest 25% within a breed, compared with cows calving among the youngest 25%. Focus on early-life risk factors for sole ulcers may have a major influence on the occurrence of sole ulcers throughout the life of cows.
{"title":"Early-life cow-level risk factors for sole ulcers in primiparous dairy cows","authors":"Peter T. Thomsen , Hans Houe","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0544","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sole ulcers negatively affect cow welfare and production economy. Previous cases of sole ulcers increase the risk of new or recurrent cases, and prevention of sole ulcers during the first lactation may therefore have a long-term effect, also in later lactations. Until now, risk factors for sole ulcers in the first lactation, associated with the period before heifers calve for the first time, have not been investigated. This study evaluated early-life cow-level risk factors for sole ulcers at the first hoof trimming in the first lactation. Early-life risk factors were defined as risk factors associated with the period before a cow calves for the first time. A dataset including information about all hoof trimming recordings during the years 2020 to 2022, and information about individual cows, was retrieved from the Danish Cattle Database. The dataset included only primiparous cows, and only cows that were hoof trimmed at least once during the first lactation. Overall, 1.95% of 466,113 cows included in the study had sole ulcers at the first hoof trimming in the first lactation. Results from a logistic regression model demonstrated a statistically significant interaction between breed and age at first calving (grouped based on quartiles within breed). Overall, across breeds, odds ratios of sole ulcers at the first hoof trimming in the first lactation were generally approximately 0.5 in the first quartile of age at first calving, approximately 0.6 in the second quartile, and approximately 0.75 in the third quartile, compared with the fourth quartile within the same breed. Odds of sole ulcers were generally higher in Jersey and Danish Red Dairy cows, compared with Holstein. In conclusion, the odds of sole ulcers in the first lactation increased with increasing age at first calving, and was approximately twice as high in cows calving among the oldest 25% within a breed, compared with cows calving among the youngest 25%. Focus on early-life risk factors for sole ulcers may have a major influence on the occurrence of sole ulcers throughout the life of cows.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 634-638"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141058330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Binggeli , H. Lapierre , R. Martineau , D.R. Ouellet , E. Charbonneau , D. Pellerin
A recent study assessed the ability of 4 feed evaluation models to predict milk protein yield (MPY) in a commercial context, with data of 541 cows from 23 dairy herds in the province of Québec, Canada. However, the recently published Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM, 2021) was not released at that time. Thus, the current study evaluated NASEM using the same dataset. To be consistent with the previous study, predicted DMI was used. Therefore, MPY was predicted using the 2 estimations of DMI proposed by NASEM: one based on animal characteristics only (DMIAo) and one also including ration characteristics (DMIA&R). For each type of DMI estimates, 2 MPY predictions were made, using (1) the multivariate equation directly published in NASEM and (2) a variable efficiency of utilization of MP predicted using inputs and outputs from NASEM, published a posteriori. With the 2 approaches, multivariate and variable efficiency, the DMIA&R yielded the best MPY predictions. The multivariate equation showed a regression bias between observed and predicted MPY with both DMI estimations. The estimated variable efficiency allowed for MPY predictions without mean and regression biases. With DMIA&R, concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) were 0.72 and 0.78 for MPY predicted using the multivariate and variable efficiency equations, respectively. In comparison, DMIAo CCC were 0.60 and 0.71, respectively. In conclusion, on commercial farms, where dairy rations are usually optimized for a group of cows, estimates of DMI based on animal and rations characteristics yielded the best MPY predictions. The multivariate equation from NASEM predicted MPY with a regression bias, whereas the variable efficiency of utilization of MP based on MP and energy supplies resulted in no bias in MPY predictions.
{"title":"Evaluation of National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM, 2021) feed evaluation model on predictions of milk protein yield on Québec commercial dairy farms","authors":"S. Binggeli , H. Lapierre , R. Martineau , D.R. Ouellet , E. Charbonneau , D. Pellerin","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0549","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0549","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A recent study assessed the ability of 4 feed evaluation models to predict milk protein yield (MPY) in a commercial context, with data of 541 cows from 23 dairy herds in the province of Québec, Canada. However, the recently published Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM, 2021) was not released at that time. Thus, the current study evaluated NASEM using the same dataset. To be consistent with the previous study, predicted DMI was used. Therefore, MPY was predicted using the 2 estimations of DMI proposed by NASEM: one based on animal characteristics only (DMI<sub>Ao</sub>) and one also including ration characteristics (DMI<sub>A&R</sub>). For each type of DMI estimates, 2 MPY predictions were made, using (1) the multivariate equation directly published in NASEM and (2) a variable efficiency of utilization of MP predicted using inputs and outputs from NASEM, published a posteriori. With the 2 approaches, multivariate and variable efficiency, the DMI<sub>A&R</sub> yielded the best MPY predictions. The multivariate equation showed a regression bias between observed and predicted MPY with both DMI estimations. The estimated variable efficiency allowed for MPY predictions without mean and regression biases. With DMI<sub>A&R</sub>, concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) were 0.72 and 0.78 for MPY predicted using the multivariate and variable efficiency equations, respectively. In comparison, DMI<sub>Ao</sub> CCC were 0.60 and 0.71, respectively. In conclusion, on commercial farms, where dairy rations are usually optimized for a group of cows, estimates of DMI based on animal and rations characteristics yielded the best MPY predictions. The multivariate equation from NASEM predicted MPY with a regression bias, whereas the variable efficiency of utilization of MP based on MP and energy supplies resulted in no bias in MPY predictions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 543-547"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140796439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nancy L. Whitehouse , Devan L. Chirgwin , Charles G. Schwab , Daniel Luchini , Nelson Lobos , André F. Brito
The calculation of the relative bioavailability (RBV) of rumen-protected AA supplements using the plasma free AA dose-response technique currently relies on blood samples obtained 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after the 0500 h feeding during the last 3 d of each period in Latin square experiments with cows fed every 8 h (0500, 1300, and 2100 h). The objective of this study was to determine if this current blood sampling protocol captures the changes that may occur in plasma Met concentrations within a 24-h day to adequately determine the RBV of Met from Smartamine M (SM). Five multiparous lactating Holstein cows were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design with 7-d periods. Treatments were (1) control (abomasal infusion of tap water), (2) 12 g/d of abomasally infused dl-Met, (3) 24 g/d of abomasally infused dl-Met, (4) 15 g/d of fed Met (20 g/d of SM), and (5) 30 g/d of fed Met (40 g/d of SM). Blood samples were collected via jugular catheters every 2 h after the 0500 h feeding starting on d 5 and ending on d 7 of each period. Plasma Met analysis was conducted using gas chromatography after chloroformate derivatization. Plasma Met concentration was averaged across days for 2–8 h after the 0500 h feeding, 2–8 h after the 1300 h feeding, 2–8 h after the 2100 h feeding, and 2–24 h after the 0500 h feeding. In addition, plasma Met concentration was regressed on 0, 12, and 24 g of infused dl-Met and 0, 15, and 30 g of fed Met. The calculated RBV of Met from SM averaged 83.8%, 83.6%, 87.4%, and 83.0% for the 2–8 h, 10–16 h, 18–24 h, and 2–24 h sampling periods, respectively. The similarity in the estimations of RBV for the 2–8 h and 2–24 h sampling periods indicates that our original blood sampling protocol seems reliable for determining the RBV of ruminally protected Met products.
{"title":"Assessment of blood sampling time points to determine the relative bioavailability of ruminally protected methionine supplements using the plasma free amino acid dose-response technique","authors":"Nancy L. Whitehouse , Devan L. Chirgwin , Charles G. Schwab , Daniel Luchini , Nelson Lobos , André F. Brito","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0508","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The calculation of the relative bioavailability (RBV) of rumen-protected AA supplements using the plasma free AA dose-response technique currently relies on blood samples obtained 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after the 0500 h feeding during the last 3 d of each period in Latin square experiments with cows fed every 8 h (0500, 1300, and 2100 h). The objective of this study was to determine if this current blood sampling protocol captures the changes that may occur in plasma Met concentrations within a 24-h day to adequately determine the RBV of Met from Smartamine M (SM). Five multiparous lactating Holstein cows were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design with 7-d periods. Treatments were (1) control (abomasal infusion of tap water), (2) 12 g/d of abomasally infused <span>dl</span>-Met, (3) 24 g/d of abomasally infused <span>dl</span>-Met, (4) 15 g/d of fed Met (20 g/d of SM), and (5) 30 g/d of fed Met (40 g/d of SM). Blood samples were collected via jugular catheters every 2 h after the 0500 h feeding starting on d 5 and ending on d 7 of each period. Plasma Met analysis was conducted using gas chromatography after chloroformate derivatization. Plasma Met concentration was averaged across days for 2–8 h after the 0500 h feeding, 2–8 h after the 1300 h feeding, 2–8 h after the 2100 h feeding, and 2–24 h after the 0500 h feeding. In addition, plasma Met concentration was regressed on 0, 12, and 24 g of infused <span>dl</span>-Met and 0, 15, and 30 g of fed Met. The calculated RBV of Met from SM averaged 83.8%, 83.6%, 87.4%, and 83.0% for the 2–8 h, 10–16 h, 18–24 h, and 2–24 h sampling periods, respectively. The similarity in the estimations of RBV for the 2–8 h and 2–24 h sampling periods indicates that our original blood sampling protocol seems reliable for determining the RBV of ruminally protected Met products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 539-542"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140406137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D.R. Bruno , R.M. Cleale , M.W. Overton , T. Short , J.R. Pedraza , R. Wallace
On 3 large California dairies, 415 lactating cows with nonsevere clinical mastitis (CM) and infected with gram-negative (GN) bacteria were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: nontreated control (CON; 135 cases), 2 d of ceftiofur HCl (SP2; 133 cases), or 5 d of ceftiofur HCl (SP5; 147 cases). Bacteriological cure, clinical cure, mastitis recurrence, culling or death, and overall treatment success differed among treatment groups. Although duration of milk withheld due to mastitis therapy was higher for SP5 (9.4 d), there was no difference between CON (6.9 d) and SP2 (7.1 d). Culling and death rates due to GN CM were the main effects that affected partial cost calculations. Of study cows culled across the 3 herds, a higher proportion of CON cows (25%) were culled compared with SP2 (11%) or SP5 (18%). Mastitis-related expenses were higher ($550) for CON than SP2 ($343) or SP5 ($423). Results of this partial budget evaluation for the 3 California dairies indicated economic justification for treating cases of nonsevere GN CM with ceftiofur HCl for 2 d.
{"title":"Financial implications of treating nonsevere gram-negative clinical mastitis in 3 California dairies","authors":"D.R. Bruno , R.M. Cleale , M.W. Overton , T. Short , J.R. Pedraza , R. Wallace","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0548","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>On 3 large California dairies, 415 lactating cows with nonsevere clinical mastitis (CM) and infected with gram-negative (GN) bacteria were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: nontreated control (CON; 135 cases), 2 d of ceftiofur HCl (SP2; 133 cases), or 5 d of ceftiofur HCl (SP5; 147 cases). Bacteriological cure, clinical cure, mastitis recurrence, culling or death, and overall treatment success differed among treatment groups. Although duration of milk withheld due to mastitis therapy was higher for SP5 (9.4 d), there was no difference between CON (6.9 d) and SP2 (7.1 d). Culling and death rates due to GN CM were the main effects that affected partial cost calculations. Of study cows culled across the 3 herds, a higher proportion of CON cows (25%) were culled compared with SP2 (11%) or SP5 (18%). Mastitis-related expenses were higher ($550) for CON than SP2 ($343) or SP5 ($423). Results of this partial budget evaluation for the 3 California dairies indicated economic justification for treating cases of nonsevere GN CM with ceftiofur HCl for 2 d.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 659-663"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Miranda Hawley , Joe Smith , Kaitlyn Lawson , Jocelyn Jansen , Rex Crawford , Afolakemi Adeniji , Cathy Bauman
In Canada, currently no antibiotics are approved for use in lactating dairy goats. Trimethoprim sulfadoxine is indicated for the treatment of bacterial pneumonia, enteric and septicemic colibacillosis and salmonellosis, infectious pododermatitis, and septicemias. The aim of this study was to determine the trimethoprim sulfadoxine withdrawal time and evaluate the test accuracy of the Charm Rapid One Step Assay (ROSA) SULF test (Charm Sciences Inc.) at the individual goat level. The study was conducted on 20 visibly healthy Ontario dairy goats. They received trimethoprim sulfadoxine at a dose of 16 mg/kg i.m. once a day for 5 d as the commercially available preparation trimethoprim sulfadoxine (Borgal, Merck Animal Health). Residue levels were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and the Charm ROSA SULF. The withdrawal time was calculated using safe concentration linear regression. The determined milk withdrawal time was 60 h.
{"title":"Dairy goat sulfadoxine depletion trial in milk and diagnostic accuracy of the Charm Rapid One Step Assay (ROSA) SULF test","authors":"Miranda Hawley , Joe Smith , Kaitlyn Lawson , Jocelyn Jansen , Rex Crawford , Afolakemi Adeniji , Cathy Bauman","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0559","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In Canada, currently no antibiotics are approved for use in lactating dairy goats. Trimethoprim sulfadoxine is indicated for the treatment of bacterial pneumonia, enteric and septicemic colibacillosis and salmonellosis, infectious pododermatitis, and septicemias. The aim of this study was to determine the trimethoprim sulfadoxine withdrawal time and evaluate the test accuracy of the Charm Rapid One Step Assay (ROSA) SULF test (Charm Sciences Inc.) at the individual goat level. The study was conducted on 20 visibly healthy Ontario dairy goats. They received trimethoprim sulfadoxine at a dose of 16 mg/kg i.m. once a day for 5 d as the commercially available preparation trimethoprim sulfadoxine (Borgal, Merck Animal Health). Residue levels were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and the Charm ROSA SULF. The withdrawal time was calculated using safe concentration linear regression. The determined milk withdrawal time was 60 h.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 735-739"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Internal teat sealant products have been used alone or in combination with antibiotic dry cow treatment to prevent new IMI over the dry period in dairy cows. Conversely, knowledge about the efficacy of external teat sealants in the prevention of IMI is scarce. The objective of our study was to investigate the effect of 2 different teat sealants, one internal teat sealant and one external teat sealant, on the (1) risk of new IMI during the dry period, (2) risk of IMI cure, (3) first test day linear SCS, (4) first test day milk yield, (5) incidence of farm-diagnosed clinical mastitis ≤30 DIM, and (6) incidence of culling ≤30 DIM. In a randomized clinical trial, Holstein cows (n = 1,378) from one commercial dairy were assigned to treatment and control groups. At dry-off, cows in the treatment groups received an antibiotic dry cow treatment in combination with either an internal teat sealant (INT) or a single application of an external teat sealant (EXT). Control (CON) cows received the antibiotic dry cow treatment alone. Data on linear SCS from the last DHI test day before dry-off and the first test after calving, first test day milk yield, and the occurrence of farm-diagnosed clinical mastitis and culling ≤30 DIM were obtained from the farm management program. New IMI and cure of IMI during the dry period were calculated. Linear SCS (mean ± SD) at first test day after calving differed among groups and was 3.2 ± 2.2 in CON, 2.8 ± 2.0 in INT, and 3.0 ± 2.1 in EXT groups. The risk of new IMI differed among groups and was 30.2% for CON cows, 18.2% for INT cows, and 22.6% for EXT cows. A Poisson regression analysis revealed that, compared with CON cows, the risks of new IMI were 40% lower for INT cows (risk ratio [RR] = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.41 to 0.88) and 25% lower for EXT cows (RR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.52 to 1.07). By contrast, no meaningful differences were documented for cure risk, clinical mastitis risk during the first 30 DIM, or culling risk within the first 30 DIM. In summary, cows dried off with an INT in combination with antibiotic dry cow treatment had a lower linear SCS at first test day after calving and reduced risk of new IMI than cows dried off with an EXT in addition to antibiotic dry cow treatment or cows dried off using antibiotic dry cow treatment alone. Further, we found supporting evidence that cows dried off with an EXT in addition to antibiotic dry cow treatment might have an advantage in reduced new IMI over cows dried off with an antibiotic dry cow treatment alone.
:乳头内侧密封剂产品可单独使用，也可与抗生素干奶牛治疗结合使用，以防止奶牛在干奶期发生新的IMI。相反，有关外部乳头密封剂在预防IMI方面功效的知识却很少。我们的研究目的是调查两种不同的乳头密封剂（一种是内部乳头密封剂，另一种是外部乳头密封剂）对以下方面的影响：（1）干奶期新发IMI的风险；（2）IMI治愈的风险；（3）首个测试日的线性体细胞评分；（4）首个测试日的产奶量；（5）干奶期≤30天时牧场诊断为临床乳腺炎的发生率；以及（6）干奶期≤30天时淘汰的发生率。在一项随机临床试验中，来自一家商业奶牛场的荷斯坦奶牛（n = 1,500 头）被分配到治疗组和对照组。干奶时，治疗组奶牛接受抗生素干奶治疗，同时使用乳头内部密封剂（INT）或单次使用乳头外部密封剂（EXT）。对照组（CON）奶牛只接受抗生素干牛处理。干奶前最后一次DHI测试日和产犊后第一次测试的线性体细胞评分、第一次测试日的产奶量、牧场诊断的临床乳腺炎发生率和≤30 DIM的淘汰率等数据均来自牧场管理程序。计算干燥期新发生的IMI和IMI治愈率。产犊后第一个测试日的线性体细胞评分（平均值 ± SD）在各组之间存在差异，CON 组为 3.2 ± 2.2，INT 组为 2.8 ± 2.0，EXT 组为 3.0 ± 2.1。不同组别的奶牛发生新IMI的风险不同，CON组为30.2%，INT组为18.2%，EXT组为22.6%。泊松回归分析显示，与CON奶牛相比，INT奶牛新发IMI的风险低40%（风险比（RR）= 0.60，95% CI = 0.41至0.88），EXT奶牛低25%（RR = 0.75，95% CI = 0.52至1.07）。相比之下，在治愈风险、前 30 DIM 期间的临床乳腺炎风险或前 30 DIM 期间的淘汰风险方面，没有发现有意义的差异。总之，与除使用抗生素干牛处理外还使用EXT干牛或仅使用抗生素干牛处理的奶牛相比，使用INT干牛并结合抗生素干牛处理的奶牛在产犊后第一个测试日的线性体细胞评分较低，新发IMI的风险也较低。此外，我们还发现，有支持性证据表明，与仅使用抗生素干牛疗法干化的奶牛相比，除使用抗生素干牛疗法外还使用EXT干化的奶牛在减少新发IMI方面可能更有优势。
{"title":"Efficacy of internal and external teat sealants on cure and new infection risk in dry-off protocols for Holstein cows","authors":"J.A.A. McArt, M. Wieland","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0574","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0574","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Internal teat sealant products have been used alone or in combination with antibiotic dry cow treatment to prevent new IMI over the dry period in dairy cows. Conversely, knowledge about the efficacy of external teat sealants in the prevention of IMI is scarce. The objective of our study was to investigate the effect of 2 different teat sealants, one internal teat sealant and one external teat sealant, on the (1) risk of new IMI during the dry period, (2) risk of IMI cure, (3) first test day linear SCS, (4) first test day milk yield, (5) incidence of farm-diagnosed clinical mastitis ≤30 DIM, and (6) incidence of culling ≤30 DIM. In a randomized clinical trial, Holstein cows (n = 1,378) from one commercial dairy were assigned to treatment and control groups. At dry-off, cows in the treatment groups received an antibiotic dry cow treatment in combination with either an internal teat sealant (INT) or a single application of an external teat sealant (EXT). Control (CON) cows received the antibiotic dry cow treatment alone. Data on linear SCS from the last DHI test day before dry-off and the first test after calving, first test day milk yield, and the occurrence of farm-diagnosed clinical mastitis and culling ≤30 DIM were obtained from the farm management program. New IMI and cure of IMI during the dry period were calculated. Linear SCS (mean ± SD) at first test day after calving differed among groups and was 3.2 ± 2.2 in CON, 2.8 ± 2.0 in INT, and 3.0 ± 2.1 in EXT groups. The risk of new IMI differed among groups and was 30.2% for CON cows, 18.2% for INT cows, and 22.6% for EXT cows. A Poisson regression analysis revealed that, compared with CON cows, the risks of new IMI were 40% lower for INT cows (risk ratio [RR] = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.41 to 0.88) and 25% lower for EXT cows (RR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.52 to 1.07). By contrast, no meaningful differences were documented for cure risk, clinical mastitis risk during the first 30 DIM, or culling risk within the first 30 DIM. In summary, cows dried off with an INT in combination with antibiotic dry cow treatment had a lower linear SCS at first test day after calving and reduced risk of new IMI than cows dried off with an EXT in addition to antibiotic dry cow treatment or cows dried off using antibiotic dry cow treatment alone. Further, we found supporting evidence that cows dried off with an EXT in addition to antibiotic dry cow treatment might have an advantage in reduced new IMI over cows dried off with an antibiotic dry cow treatment alone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 644-648"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141028371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Bermann , I. Aguilar , A. Alvarez Munera , J. Bauer , J. Šplíchal , D. Lourenco , I. Misztal
Random-regression models (RRM) are used in national genetic evaluations for longitudinal traits. The outputs of RRM are an index based on random-regression coefficients and its reliability. The reliabilities are obtained from the inverse of the coefficient matrix of mixed model equations (MME). The reliabilities must be approximated for large datasets because it is impossible to invert the MME. There is no extensive literature on methods to approximate the reliabilities of RRM when genomic information is included by single-step GBLUP. We developed an algorithm to approximate such reliabilities. Our method combines the reliability of the index without genomic information with the reliability of a GBLUP model in terms of effective record contributions. We tested our algorithm in the 3-lactation model for milk yield from the Czech Republic. The data had 30 million test-day records, 2.5 million animals in the pedigree, and 54,000 genotyped animals. The correlation between our approximation and the reliabilities obtained from the inversion of the MME was 0.98, and the slope and intercept of the regression were 0.91 and 0.02, respectively. The elapsed time to approximate the reliabilities for the Czech data was 21 min.
{"title":"Approximation of reliabilities for random-regression single-step genomic best linear unbiased predictor models","authors":"M. Bermann , I. Aguilar , A. Alvarez Munera , J. Bauer , J. Šplíchal , D. Lourenco , I. Misztal","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0513","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Random-regression models (RRM) are used in national genetic evaluations for longitudinal traits. The outputs of RRM are an index based on random-regression coefficients and its reliability. The reliabilities are obtained from the inverse of the coefficient matrix of mixed model equations (MME). The reliabilities must be approximated for large datasets because it is impossible to invert the MME. There is no extensive literature on methods to approximate the reliabilities of RRM when genomic information is included by single-step GBLUP. We developed an algorithm to approximate such reliabilities. Our method combines the reliability of the index without genomic information with the reliability of a GBLUP model in terms of effective record contributions. We tested our algorithm in the 3-lactation model for milk yield from the Czech Republic. The data had 30 million test-day records, 2.5 million animals in the pedigree, and 54,000 genotyped animals. The correlation between our approximation and the reliabilities obtained from the inversion of the MME was 0.98, and the slope and intercept of the regression were 0.91 and 0.02, respectively. The elapsed time to approximate the reliabilities for the Czech data was 21 min.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 582-586"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141051586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tad S. Sonstegard , Julio M. Flórez , José Fernando Garcia
Genome editing is the latest breeding tool capable of accelerating the rate of genetic improvement for health and well-being traits in food animals. It enables the introduction of beneficial alleles within a single generation, including those that are of low frequency or absent in the population, while effectively bypassing linkage drag. For the dairy industry, genome editing can be used to make rapid genetic improvements that are precise, efficient, and transgene-free for functional traits that are not practically addressed without disrupting conventional breeding goals for overall economic merit based on genomic selection. Herein, various case studies for dairy cattle breeding are presented that demonstrate applications of genome editing for enhancing heat stress tolerance, reduced disease susceptibility, and other qualitative traits absent in some breeds. One case highlights the success of simultaneous editing of multiple loci through recent advancements in embryonic stem cell biology. Multiplexed editing is crucial for addressing the polygenic nature inherent to many economically important traits in livestock. However, maximizing the benefits of genome editing depends on the continued discovery of targets for editing that are commercially important. Commercialization also depends on rapidly evolving regulatory statutes for risk assessment, where some countries already permit the commercialization of cattle with non-GMO genome alterations through existing regulations. New breeding technologies such as genome editing are now poised to have significant impact in equipping elite performance cattle to be more resilient to infectious disease and climate change without the loss of production gains obtained from decades of selection.
{"title":"Commercial perspectives: Genome editing as a breeding tool for health and well-being in dairy cattle*","authors":"Tad S. Sonstegard , Julio M. Flórez , José Fernando Garcia","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0481","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Genome editing is the latest breeding tool capable of accelerating the rate of genetic improvement for health and well-being traits in food animals. It enables the introduction of beneficial alleles within a single generation, including those that are of low frequency or absent in the population, while effectively bypassing linkage drag. For the dairy industry, genome editing can be used to make rapid genetic improvements that are precise, efficient, and transgene-free for functional traits that are not practically addressed without disrupting conventional breeding goals for overall economic merit based on genomic selection. Herein, various case studies for dairy cattle breeding are presented that demonstrate applications of genome editing for enhancing heat stress tolerance, reduced disease susceptibility, and other qualitative traits absent in some breeds. One case highlights the success of simultaneous editing of multiple loci through recent advancements in embryonic stem cell biology. Multiplexed editing is crucial for addressing the polygenic nature inherent to many economically important traits in livestock. However, maximizing the benefits of genome editing depends on the continued discovery of targets for editing that are commercially important. Commercialization also depends on rapidly evolving regulatory statutes for risk assessment, where some countries already permit the commercialization of cattle with non-GMO genome alterations through existing regulations. New breeding technologies such as genome editing are now poised to have significant impact in equipping elite performance cattle to be more resilient to infectious disease and climate change without the loss of production gains obtained from decades of selection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 767-771"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142697905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interdevice precision and accuracy are not investigated for precision livestock farming (PLF) technologies, but are fundamental for the use of data in populational metrics and to compare cows' data. This study aimed to validate a behavior monitoring collar (BMC; CowMed, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil) and its interdevice reliability. First, we compared observations with the BMC, and second the interdevice precision and accuracy for rumination, feeding activity, and idle time of lactating dairy cows. Holstein cows (n = 23) were housed in a voluntary milk system freestall barn and fitted with 2 devices within the same cow. Observations were made over 2 periods of one day (0700 to 1100 h, 1400 to 1700 h); the 7 h per cow were summarized for each behavior to assess the agreement of observed behavior and BMC data. To assess the interdevice reliability, 26 d of BMC data were summarized by day per cow for both devices. Pearson correlation (r), coefficient of determination (R2), Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (ρc), linear regression, and Bland-Altman plots (BAP) were calculated for each period of observation. For the validation, we found high correlations for feeding activity, very high for idle time, but low correlations for rumination. The BAP were deemed acceptable and without bias; BAP mean differences ± SD were 0.83 ± 4.01, −0.48 ± 4.15, and 7.17 ± 3.94 min/h for rumination, feeding activity, and idle time, respectively. The slope of the linear regression did not differ from 1 for any behaviors but idle. For interdevice comparison, we found moderate correlations for feeding activity and idle time, and a low correlation for rumination. The BAP was deemed acceptable and without bias; BAP mean differences were −0.36 ± 2.84, 0.45 ± 3.51, and −0.06 ± 2.81 min/h for rumination, feeding activity, and idle time, respectively. All slopes of the linear regressions differed from 1 except feeding time. Thus, the interdevice comparison did not meet the accuracy criteria. In summary, this study validated the precision of the BMC for recording feeding activity of lactating dairy cows.
{"title":"Validation and interdevice reliability of a behavior monitoring collar to measure rumination, feeding activity, and idle time of lactating dairy cows","authors":"J.V.R. Lovatti , K.A. Dijkinga , J.F. Aires , L.F.C. Garrido , J.H.C. Costa , R.R. Daros","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0467","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2023-0467","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interdevice precision and accuracy are not investigated for precision livestock farming (PLF) technologies, but are fundamental for the use of data in populational metrics and to compare cows' data. This study aimed to validate a behavior monitoring collar (BMC; CowMed, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil) and its interdevice reliability. First, we compared observations with the BMC, and second the interdevice precision and accuracy for rumination, feeding activity, and idle time of lactating dairy cows. Holstein cows (n = 23) were housed in a voluntary milk system freestall barn and fitted with 2 devices within the same cow. Observations were made over 2 periods of one day (0700 to 1100 h, 1400 to 1700 h); the 7 h per cow were summarized for each behavior to assess the agreement of observed behavior and BMC data. To assess the interdevice reliability, 26 d of BMC data were summarized by day per cow for both devices. Pearson correlation (r), coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>), Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (ρ<sub>c</sub>), linear regression, and Bland-Altman plots (BAP) were calculated for each period of observation. For the validation, we found high correlations for feeding activity, very high for idle time, but low correlations for rumination. The BAP were deemed acceptable and without bias; BAP mean differences ± SD were 0.83 ± 4.01, −0.48 ± 4.15, and 7.17 ± 3.94 min/h for rumination, feeding activity, and idle time, respectively. The slope of the linear regression did not differ from 1 for any behaviors but idle. For interdevice comparison, we found moderate correlations for feeding activity and idle time, and a low correlation for rumination. The BAP was deemed acceptable and without bias; BAP mean differences were −0.36 ± 2.84, 0.45 ± 3.51, and −0.06 ± 2.81 min/h for rumination, feeding activity, and idle time, respectively. All slopes of the linear regressions differed from 1 except feeding time. Thus, the interdevice comparison did not meet the accuracy criteria. In summary, this study validated the precision of the BMC for recording feeding activity of lactating dairy cows.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"5 6","pages":"Pages 602-607"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140398830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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