Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-11-21DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2025-0809
J. Eichinger , A.-M. Reiche , L. Eggerschwiler , M. Tretola , L. Pinotti , L.K. Tintrop , P. Fuchsmann , K. Huber , F. Dohme-Meier
The energy balance (EB) of dairy cows is typically assessed through calculated metrics of energy intake and expenditure, which require elaborate individual measurements. Increased concentrations of biomarkers, such as BHB and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), are associated with a catabolic status and require individual measurements through invasive blood sampling for reliable and precise assessment. Exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOC) could be a promising low-invasive alternative, but their suitability for this purpose has been scarcely studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify exhaled VOC correlated with the EB of dairy cows and compare their association with that between EB and serum BHB and NEFA concentrations. For this purpose, we used data from a feeding trial including 34 early-lactating dairy cows that were fed freshly cut herbage and concentrates according to their requirements for 6 wk. Exhaled breath and blood were sampled on 2 consecutive days (same time of the day) in lactation wk 5, 7, and 10, and EB was calculated per lactation week. Exhaled breath was subjected to untargeted VOC analysis, and serum was analyzed for BHB and NEFA concentrations. To identify exhaled VOC associated with EB, we selected 19 cows that exhibited calculated negative EB (NEB) in lactation wk 5 (average DIM 34.6 ± 13.4) and positive EB (PEB) in lactation wk 10 (average DIM 76.6 ± 13.4). Using this subset of cows, we then performed partial least squares-discriminant analysis (VOC data) and Wilcoxon signed rank tests (VOC data and serum BHB and NEFA concentrations) to investigate the differences between cows that initially exhibited an NEB followed by a PEB. Three exhaled VOC appeared to be discriminatory and differed between NEB and PEB of cows: the fatty aldehydes octanal, nonanal, and decanal. Serum BHB and NEFA concentrations were higher in cows exhibiting NEB than in cows with PEB. Using the data of all cows across all lactation weeks, we performed repeated measures correlations between EB, discriminatory VOC, and serum BHB and NEFA. The EB correlated positively with relative concentrations of octanal, nonanal, decanal, serum BHB, and serum NEFA. Relative concentrations of exhaled decanal, but not octanal and nonanal, correlated with serum BHB and NEFA concentrations, respectively. These findings suggest an association between exhaled fatty aldehydes and the energy status of cows that is as strong as that of serum BHB and NEFA. The physiological role and potential of these metabolites as new biomarkers of NEB in dairy cows and the causality of the association should be further investigated.
{"title":"Exhaled aldehydes as promising compounds to describe the energy balance of lactating dairy cows on a fresh herbage–based diet","authors":"J. Eichinger , A.-M. Reiche , L. Eggerschwiler , M. Tretola , L. Pinotti , L.K. Tintrop , P. Fuchsmann , K. Huber , F. Dohme-Meier","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0809","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0809","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The energy balance (EB) of dairy cows is typically assessed through calculated metrics of energy intake and expenditure, which require elaborate individual measurements. Increased concentrations of biomarkers, such as BHB and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), are associated with a catabolic status and require individual measurements through invasive blood sampling for reliable and precise assessment. Exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOC) could be a promising low-invasive alternative, but their suitability for this purpose has been scarcely studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify exhaled VOC correlated with the EB of dairy cows and compare their association with that between EB and serum BHB and NEFA concentrations. For this purpose, we used data from a feeding trial including 34 early-lactating dairy cows that were fed freshly cut herbage and concentrates according to their requirements for 6 wk. Exhaled breath and blood were sampled on 2 consecutive days (same time of the day) in lactation wk 5, 7, and 10, and EB was calculated per lactation week. Exhaled breath was subjected to untargeted VOC analysis, and serum was analyzed for BHB and NEFA concentrations. To identify exhaled VOC associated with EB, we selected 19 cows that exhibited calculated negative EB (NEB) in lactation wk 5 (average DIM 34.6 ± 13.4) and positive EB (PEB) in lactation wk 10 (average DIM 76.6 ± 13.4). Using this subset of cows, we then performed partial least squares-discriminant analysis (VOC data) and Wilcoxon signed rank tests (VOC data and serum BHB and NEFA concentrations) to investigate the differences between cows that initially exhibited an NEB followed by a PEB. Three exhaled VOC appeared to be discriminatory and differed between NEB and PEB of cows: the fatty aldehydes octanal, nonanal, and decanal. Serum BHB and NEFA concentrations were higher in cows exhibiting NEB than in cows with PEB. Using the data of all cows across all lactation weeks, we performed repeated measures correlations between EB, discriminatory VOC, and serum BHB and NEFA. The EB correlated positively with relative concentrations of octanal, nonanal, decanal, serum BHB, and serum NEFA. Relative concentrations of exhaled decanal, but not octanal and nonanal, correlated with serum BHB and NEFA concentrations, respectively. These findings suggest an association between exhaled fatty aldehydes and the energy status of cows that is as strong as that of serum BHB and NEFA. The physiological role and potential of these metabolites as new biomarkers of NEB in dairy cows and the causality of the association should be further investigated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"7 2","pages":"Pages 256-261"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147367703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-04DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2025-0888
M.R. Pupo, E.C. Diepersloot, M.P.R. Wenzel, L.F. Ferraretto
Feeding spoiled silage with high yeast activity is commonly related to impaired lactation performance by dairy cows. However, rehydrated corn grain silage (RCGS) may be more prone to yeast proliferation and be greatly affected by high yeast populations. This experiment assessed the effects of increasing wild yeast counts on the nutrient composition, fermentation profile, and aerobic stability of RCGS at different storage lengths. Wild yeast was obtained after exposing high-moisture corn to an aerobic environment for 10 d. The experiment consisted of 4 treatments (theoretical concentration of 0 [only distilled water; CON], 5.3 [low yeast; LY], 6.3 [medium yeast; MY], and 7.3 [high yeast; HY] log cfu/g of RCGS) for either 30 or 90 d of storage in quadruplicate (used as blocking factor), for a total of 32 laboratory silos. Minimal changes in nutrient composition and aerobic stability were detected regardless of treatment and storage length. At 30 d, acetic acid and ethanol concentrations showed a positive linear relationship with increasing wild yeast count. Greater yeast count was observed in silage inoculated with wild yeast compared with CON, but no differences were detected among inoculated silage. The 7-h in vitro DM degradability linearly decreased with increasing wild yeast counts. At 90 d, total acid concentration was greater for HY compared with other treatments, with a positive quadratic relationship when increasing wild yeast count. Similarly, lactic acid concentration was greater for HY compared with other treatments, with a positive linear relationship when increasing wild yeast count. In addition, HY had greater ethanol concentration compared with other treatments, with a positive linear relationship when increasing wild yeast count. The 7-h in vitro DM degradability was quadratically related to wild yeast population. Overall, this study provides additional information regarding the nutrient composition, fermentation profile, and aerobic stability of RCGS with wild yeast inoculation. Moreover, high wild yeast populations can reduce in vitro DM degradability, which could potentially affect performance of dairy cows. Further research is warranted to identify wild yeast populations as their presence is dependent on their species and metabolism.
饲喂酵母活性高的腐坏青贮饲料通常与奶牛泌乳性能受损有关。然而，复水玉米籽粒青贮（RCGS）可能更容易发生酵母菌增殖，并受到高酵母菌群的极大影响。本试验评估了增加野生酵母菌数量对不同贮存长度RCGS营养成分、发酵特性和有氧稳定性的影响。将高水分玉米暴露于有氧环境10 d后获得野生酵母。实验包括4个处理（理论浓度为0[仅蒸馏水；CON]， 5.3[低酵母；LY]， 6.3[中酵母；MY]和7.3[高酵母；HY]对数cfu/g RCGS），每4个重复（作为阻断因子）30或90 d，总共32个实验室筒仓。无论处理和储存时间长短，都检测到营养成分和有氧稳定性的微小变化。在30 d时，乙酸和乙醇浓度与野生酵母数量的增加呈线性正相关。与普通青贮相比，接种野生酵母的青贮酵母数较高，但不同接种青贮之间无显著差异。随着野生酵母数量的增加，7 h DM的体外降解率呈线性下降。在90 d时，HY处理的总酸浓度高于其他处理，且随野生酵母数量的增加呈二次正相关关系。同样，与其他处理相比，HY的乳酸浓度更高，随着野生酵母数量的增加，乳酸浓度呈线性正相关。此外，与其他处理相比，HY的乙醇浓度更高，且随着野生酵母数量的增加，乙醇浓度与其他处理呈线性正相关。7 h DM的体外降解率与野生酵母种群呈二次相关。总的来说，本研究提供了关于野生酵母接种RCGS的营养成分、发酵特征和有氧稳定性的额外信息。此外，高野生酵母种群会降低体外DM降解率，从而可能影响奶牛的生产性能。进一步的研究需要确定野生酵母种群，因为它们的存在取决于它们的种类和代谢。
{"title":"Effect of wild yeast inoculation on the nutritive value, fermentation profile, and aerobic stability of rehydrated corn grain silage","authors":"M.R. Pupo, E.C. Diepersloot, M.P.R. Wenzel, L.F. Ferraretto","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0888","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Feeding spoiled silage with high yeast activity is commonly related to impaired lactation performance by dairy cows. However, rehydrated corn grain silage (RCGS) may be more prone to yeast proliferation and be greatly affected by high yeast populations. This experiment assessed the effects of increasing wild yeast counts on the nutrient composition, fermentation profile, and aerobic stability of RCGS at different storage lengths. Wild yeast was obtained after exposing high-moisture corn to an aerobic environment for 10 d. The experiment consisted of 4 treatments (theoretical concentration of 0 [only distilled water; CON], 5.3 [low yeast; LY], 6.3 [medium yeast; MY], and 7.3 [high yeast; HY] log cfu/g of RCGS) for either 30 or 90 d of storage in quadruplicate (used as blocking factor), for a total of 32 laboratory silos. Minimal changes in nutrient composition and aerobic stability were detected regardless of treatment and storage length. At 30 d, acetic acid and ethanol concentrations showed a positive linear relationship with increasing wild yeast count. Greater yeast count was observed in silage inoculated with wild yeast compared with CON, but no differences were detected among inoculated silage. The 7-h in vitro DM degradability linearly decreased with increasing wild yeast counts. At 90 d, total acid concentration was greater for HY compared with other treatments, with a positive quadratic relationship when increasing wild yeast count. Similarly, lactic acid concentration was greater for HY compared with other treatments, with a positive linear relationship when increasing wild yeast count. In addition, HY had greater ethanol concentration compared with other treatments, with a positive linear relationship when increasing wild yeast count. The 7-h in vitro DM degradability was quadratically related to wild yeast population. Overall, this study provides additional information regarding the nutrient composition, fermentation profile, and aerobic stability of RCGS with wild yeast inoculation. Moreover, high wild yeast populations can reduce in vitro DM degradability, which could potentially affect performance of dairy cows. Further research is warranted to identify wild yeast populations as their presence is dependent on their species and metabolism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"7 2","pages":"Pages 157-162"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147367746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-11-13DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2025-0870
Maximilian A.E. von Riedheim, Hannes Erkinger, Josef J. Gross
This study evaluated whether a high-IgG colostrum replacer administered at 24 h postpartum (p.p.) influences IgG absorption in neonatal calves. Twelve Holstein and crossbred calves were assigned to 2 groups: CCT (n = 6) received 2.5 L of colostrum replacer (100 mg IgG/mL) at 4 and 12 h p.p., followed by enriched bulk tank milk at 24 h p.p.; CTC (n = 6) received the same colostrum replacer at 4 and 24 h p.p., with enriched bulk tank milk at 12 h p.p. Enriched bulk tank milk was bulk tank milk supplemented with 27 g/L colostrum replacer, mimicking transition feeding. Serum IgG, total protein, γ-glutamyl transferase, and apparent efficiency of absorption (AEA) were measured. The IgG concentrations and AEA were compared at 24 h p.p. in CCT and on d 2 (32–38 h p.p.) in CTC to reflect the status after the second colostrum feeding in each group. At these time points, CTC calves had lower IgG (16.9 ± 1.1 vs. 23.3 ± 1.8 mg/mL) and AEA (11.7% vs. 16.8%), although IgG persisted longer. These findings clearly highlight the superiority of early colostrum feeding for achieving adequate passive immunity, while also revealing that lower initial IgG concentrations were accompanied by a relatively greater persistence during the first week of life.
本研究评估了产后24小时服用高IgG初乳替代品是否会影响新生儿小牛对IgG的吸收。将12头荷斯坦和杂交犊牛分为2组：CCT （n = 6）分别在4和12 h饲喂2.5 L初乳替代品（100 mg IgG/mL）， 24 h饲喂浓缩体罐乳；CTC （n = 6）分别在4和24 h饲喂相同的初乳替代品，在12 h饲喂强化散装罐乳。强化散装罐乳是在散装罐乳中添加27 g/L初乳替代品，模拟过渡饲养。测定血清IgG、总蛋白、γ-谷氨酰转移酶和表观吸收效率。比较各组初乳第2次饲喂后24 h和第2 d (32 ~ 38 h) IgG浓度和AEA水平。在这些时间点，CTC犊牛IgG（16.9±1.1 vs. 23.3±1.8 mg/mL）和AEA （11.7% vs. 16.8%）较低，尽管IgG持续时间较长。这些发现清楚地强调了早期初乳喂养对于获得足够的被动免疫的优势，同时也揭示了较低的初始IgG浓度伴随着生命第一周相对较长的持久性。
{"title":"Impact of timing of a second colostrum feeding on serum immunoglobulin G dynamics in calves during the first week of life","authors":"Maximilian A.E. von Riedheim, Hannes Erkinger, Josef J. Gross","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0870","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0870","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated whether a high-IgG colostrum replacer administered at 24 h postpartum (p.p.) influences IgG absorption in neonatal calves. Twelve Holstein and crossbred calves were assigned to 2 groups: CCT (n = 6) received 2.5 L of colostrum replacer (100 mg IgG/mL) at 4 and 12 h p.p., followed by enriched bulk tank milk at 24 h p.p.; CTC (n = 6) received the same colostrum replacer at 4 and 24 h p.p., with enriched bulk tank milk at 12 h p.p. Enriched bulk tank milk was bulk tank milk supplemented with 27 g/L colostrum replacer, mimicking transition feeding. Serum IgG, total protein, γ-glutamyl transferase, and apparent efficiency of absorption (AEA) were measured. The IgG concentrations and AEA were compared at 24 h p.p. in CCT and on d 2 (32–38 h p.p.) in CTC to reflect the status after the second colostrum feeding in each group. At these time points, CTC calves had lower IgG (16.9 ± 1.1 vs. 23.3 ± 1.8 mg/mL) and AEA (11.7% vs. 16.8%), although IgG persisted longer. These findings clearly highlight the superiority of early colostrum feeding for achieving adequate passive immunity, while also revealing that lower initial IgG concentrations were accompanied by a relatively greater persistence during the first week of life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"7 2","pages":"Pages 250-255"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147367794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-11-13DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2025-0853
J.M. Tabet , M. Bermann , D. Lourenco , A. Legarra
The US dairy calving ease (CE) genetic evaluation is based on a threshold sire-maternal grandsire (SMGS) model and includes 2 genetic components: one reflecting the sire's direct genetic effect on calving, and the other capturing the maternal influence, modeled through either the dam or the maternal grandsire. This study compared 2 CE evaluation models—SMGS and sire-maternal (SMAT)—using different solving algorithms: Newton-Raphson (NR) and expectation maximization (EM). The analysis used over 24 million CE records provided by the Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding. Correlations of GEBV for phenotyped sires and maternal grandsires were highly consistent across algorithms, exceeding 0.99 within models. The NR algorithm was the most computationally efficient solver, requiring fewer iterations and less computing time than EM. Both SMGS and SMAT models are suitable for routine genetic evaluation of CE in US dairy cattle, with NR and EM offering reliable and efficient solutions for single-trait analysis.
{"title":"Computational and modeling approaches for US threshold genetic evaluations of calving ease","authors":"J.M. Tabet , M. Bermann , D. Lourenco , A. Legarra","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0853","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0853","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The US dairy calving ease (CE) genetic evaluation is based on a threshold sire-maternal grandsire (SMGS) model and includes 2 genetic components: one reflecting the sire's direct genetic effect on calving, and the other capturing the maternal influence, modeled through either the dam or the maternal grandsire. This study compared 2 CE evaluation models—SMGS and sire-maternal (SMAT)—using different solving algorithms: Newton-Raphson (NR) and expectation maximization (EM). The analysis used over 24 million CE records provided by the Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding. Correlations of GEBV for phenotyped sires and maternal grandsires were highly consistent across algorithms, exceeding 0.99 within models. The NR algorithm was the most computationally efficient solver, requiring fewer iterations and less computing time than EM. Both SMGS and SMAT models are suitable for routine genetic evaluation of CE in US dairy cattle, with NR and EM offering reliable and efficient solutions for single-trait analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"7 2","pages":"Pages 191-194"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147367603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-10-10DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2025-0845
C.I.V. Manzanilla-Pech , A.E. van Breukelen , R.F. Veerkamp , Y. de Haas , M. van Pelt , B. Gredler-Grandl
<div><div>One of the most promising strategies to permanently reduce methane emissions in dairy cattle is through genomic selection, where the primary goal is to identify and selectively breed low-emitting ruminants. An important step is to define which trait definition to use. Several methane phenotypes have been proposed in recent years. When measuring methane using breath analyzers (sniffers), 2 commonly used phenotypes are methane concentration (CH<sub>4</sub>c; ppm) and methane production (CH<sub>4</sub>p; g/d). However, different definitions exist for both phenotypes. For example, for CH<sub>4</sub>c, the average per visit is commonly used, but other phenotypes involving the identification of eructation peaks have been suggested. Several formulas are available to calculate CH<sub>4</sub>p, using CH<sub>4</sub>c or the ratio between CH<sub>4</sub>c and CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations as input, together with other production traits. Additionally, methane intensity (MeI), another phenotype of interest, is the amount of methane produced per milk unit (kg). Therefore, the aims of this study were (1) to estimate genetic parameters for 11 distinct phenotypes, including 3 CH<sub>4</sub>c definitions, carbon dioxide concentration per visit (CO<sub>2</sub>c), the ratio between CH<sub>4</sub>c and CO<sub>2</sub>c, 5 phenotypes for CH<sub>4</sub>p based on different formulas (Madsen, Chagunda, 2 of Kjeldsen, and IPCC Tier2 as a benchmark), and MeI; and (2) to estimate genetic correlations between these methane phenotypes and milk yield (MY) and BW. A total of 149,726 sniffer (CH<sub>4</sub>c and CO<sub>2</sub>c) records were available from 7,600 Dutch Holstein cows measured between 2019 and 2024 on 68 farms. Data were analyzed with an animal repeatability model with fixed effects, including herd-year-season, week of lactation, and lactation number with age of cow at calving nested. Estimated heritability values ranged from 0.16 to 0.30 for CH<sub>4</sub>c phenotypes, with the number of eructation peaks having the highest heritability. For CH<sub>4</sub>p, heritabilities ranged from 0.03 to 0.27, with Tier2 having the highest value. Heritabilities for the CH<sub>4</sub>c/CO<sub>2</sub>c ratio and CO<sub>2</sub>c were 0.08 and 0.13, respectively. Genetic correlations between CH<sub>4</sub>c phenotypes were moderate to highly positive, ranging between 0.49 and 0.85. Likewise, highly positive genetic correlations (between 0.89 and 1) were estimated for CH<sub>4</sub>p phenotypes, except for Tier2, which presented correlations between 0.04 and 0.37 with the other CH<sub>4</sub>p phenotypes. Average CH<sub>4</sub>c (avg) per visit and sum of maximum peaks of CH<sub>4</sub>c (speaks) had moderate to high positive correlations (0.36–0.95) with the majority of the CH<sub>4</sub>p phenotypes (except Tier2). Methane intensity had moderate to high positive genetic correlations (0.38 to 0.80) with the majority of the phenotypes except for Kjeldsen2 (0.03) and Tier2 (
{"title":"Exploring different definitions of methane phenotypes in Dutch Holstein cattle","authors":"C.I.V. Manzanilla-Pech , A.E. van Breukelen , R.F. Veerkamp , Y. de Haas , M. van Pelt , B. Gredler-Grandl","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0845","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0845","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the most promising strategies to permanently reduce methane emissions in dairy cattle is through genomic selection, where the primary goal is to identify and selectively breed low-emitting ruminants. An important step is to define which trait definition to use. Several methane phenotypes have been proposed in recent years. When measuring methane using breath analyzers (sniffers), 2 commonly used phenotypes are methane concentration (CH<sub>4</sub>c; ppm) and methane production (CH<sub>4</sub>p; g/d). However, different definitions exist for both phenotypes. For example, for CH<sub>4</sub>c, the average per visit is commonly used, but other phenotypes involving the identification of eructation peaks have been suggested. Several formulas are available to calculate CH<sub>4</sub>p, using CH<sub>4</sub>c or the ratio between CH<sub>4</sub>c and CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations as input, together with other production traits. Additionally, methane intensity (MeI), another phenotype of interest, is the amount of methane produced per milk unit (kg). Therefore, the aims of this study were (1) to estimate genetic parameters for 11 distinct phenotypes, including 3 CH<sub>4</sub>c definitions, carbon dioxide concentration per visit (CO<sub>2</sub>c), the ratio between CH<sub>4</sub>c and CO<sub>2</sub>c, 5 phenotypes for CH<sub>4</sub>p based on different formulas (Madsen, Chagunda, 2 of Kjeldsen, and IPCC Tier2 as a benchmark), and MeI; and (2) to estimate genetic correlations between these methane phenotypes and milk yield (MY) and BW. A total of 149,726 sniffer (CH<sub>4</sub>c and CO<sub>2</sub>c) records were available from 7,600 Dutch Holstein cows measured between 2019 and 2024 on 68 farms. Data were analyzed with an animal repeatability model with fixed effects, including herd-year-season, week of lactation, and lactation number with age of cow at calving nested. Estimated heritability values ranged from 0.16 to 0.30 for CH<sub>4</sub>c phenotypes, with the number of eructation peaks having the highest heritability. For CH<sub>4</sub>p, heritabilities ranged from 0.03 to 0.27, with Tier2 having the highest value. Heritabilities for the CH<sub>4</sub>c/CO<sub>2</sub>c ratio and CO<sub>2</sub>c were 0.08 and 0.13, respectively. Genetic correlations between CH<sub>4</sub>c phenotypes were moderate to highly positive, ranging between 0.49 and 0.85. Likewise, highly positive genetic correlations (between 0.89 and 1) were estimated for CH<sub>4</sub>p phenotypes, except for Tier2, which presented correlations between 0.04 and 0.37 with the other CH<sub>4</sub>p phenotypes. Average CH<sub>4</sub>c (avg) per visit and sum of maximum peaks of CH<sub>4</sub>c (speaks) had moderate to high positive correlations (0.36–0.95) with the majority of the CH<sub>4</sub>p phenotypes (except Tier2). Methane intensity had moderate to high positive genetic correlations (0.38 to 0.80) with the majority of the phenotypes except for Kjeldsen2 (0.03) and Tier2 (","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 50-55"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-10-25DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2025-0841
M.A. Pérez-Cabal , I. Cervantes , J.P. Gutiérrez , N. Charfeddine
Ketosis is the most prevalent metabolic disorder in dairy herds, and reducing its incidence is a key objective in most dairy cattle breeding programs. Whereas clinical ketosis is rarely recorded, milk β-hydroxybutyrate (mBHB) concentration is routinely available through milk recording systems and can serve as a reliable indicator of subclinical ketosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate mBHB as a metabolic disease trait for inclusion in the Spanish Holstein breeding program, aiming to identify animals less susceptible to ketosis by exploring alternative trait definitions for future genetic evaluations. Five mBHB traits were studied, one for each of the first 5 lactations. Two datasets were compared to assess the benefit of using either all available test-day records or only the first test-day available within the initial 68 DIM, which reduced the data volume to 49% of total records. The statistical model included fixed effects of lactation-age at calving, month of calving, and DIM as a linear covariate. Random effects included herd-year of calving, the additive genetic effect, and the permanent environmental effect of repeated measures (test-day records) within lactation. Heritability estimates for mBHB traits ranged from 0.04 to 0.12, with consistent results across both datasets. Genetic correlations among lactations were high (0.67–0.98), 2 test-day records yielded better predictions, mean EBV reliabilities for sires ranged from 12% to 42%, and moderate rank correlations (0.12–0.52) among sires were observed. These findings suggest that using 2 test-day records and data from the first 3 lactations may be sufficient for incorporating mBHB as an indicator trait of subclinical ketosis in the Spanish Holstein breeding program.
{"title":"Genetic parameters of milk β-hydroxybutyrate as an indicator of metabolic diseases in Spanish dairy cows","authors":"M.A. Pérez-Cabal , I. Cervantes , J.P. Gutiérrez , N. Charfeddine","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0841","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0841","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ketosis is the most prevalent metabolic disorder in dairy herds, and reducing its incidence is a key objective in most dairy cattle breeding programs. Whereas clinical ketosis is rarely recorded, milk β-hydroxybutyrate (mBHB) concentration is routinely available through milk recording systems and can serve as a reliable indicator of subclinical ketosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate mBHB as a metabolic disease trait for inclusion in the Spanish Holstein breeding program, aiming to identify animals less susceptible to ketosis by exploring alternative trait definitions for future genetic evaluations. Five mBHB traits were studied, one for each of the first 5 lactations. Two datasets were compared to assess the benefit of using either all available test-day records or only the first test-day available within the initial 68 DIM, which reduced the data volume to 49% of total records. The statistical model included fixed effects of lactation-age at calving, month of calving, and DIM as a linear covariate. Random effects included herd-year of calving, the additive genetic effect, and the permanent environmental effect of repeated measures (test-day records) within lactation. Heritability estimates for mBHB traits ranged from 0.04 to 0.12, with consistent results across both datasets. Genetic correlations among lactations were high (0.67–0.98), 2 test-day records yielded better predictions, mean EBV reliabilities for sires ranged from 12% to 42%, and moderate rank correlations (0.12–0.52) among sires were observed. These findings suggest that using 2 test-day records and data from the first 3 lactations may be sufficient for incorporating mBHB as an indicator trait of subclinical ketosis in the Spanish Holstein breeding program.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 46-49"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-10-30DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2025-0874
Ligia Cavani, Faith S. Reyes , Jennifer M.C. Van Os, Kent A. Weigel, Heather M. White, Francisco Peñagaricano
Social dominance is present in dairy production systems and affects performance, but it is difficult to measure. Latency to first meal after feed delivery may serve as a quantifiable phenotype for social dominance, given that dominant cows typically eat first. The goal of this study was to estimate the genetic variability of latency to first meal and evaluate its association with feed efficiency and feeding behavior in dairy cows. Data consisted of 6 million bunk visits from 1,770 mid-lactation Holstein cows collected from 2009 to 2024 at the University of Wisconsin–Madison using a roughage intake control system. Latency to first meal was calculated as the time it takes for a cow to access the feed following the feed delivery. The statistical model consisted of a repeatability animal model, with lactation and DIM as fixed effects, and cohort, animal, and permanent environment as random effects. Genetic parameters for latency to first meal were estimated using daily records and weekly averages. Heritability and repeatability of latency to first meal using daily records were 0.08 ± 0.01 and 0.22 ± 0.01, respectively. Heritability and repeatability of latency to first meal using weekly averages were 0.17 ± 0.03 and 0.43 ± 0.01, respectively. Genetic correlations between weekly averages of latency to first meal and DMI, milk energy, metabolic BW, and residual feed intake were −0.03 ± 0.08, −0.12 ± 0.08, 0.10 ± 0.06, and −0.08 ± 0.10, respectively. Latency to first meal was negatively correlated with number of visits at the feed bunk per day (−0.65 ± 0.06) and total duration of visits (−0.58 ± 0.05). Latency to first meal was positively correlated with duration of each visit (0.39 ± 0.07), intake per visit (0.65 ± 0.06), and feeding rate (0.51 ± 0.07). Overall, cows with longer latencies to eat had fewer but longer bunk visits, greater intake per visit, and ate at a faster rate. Latency to first meal may be a quantifiable phenotype for social dominance; it is both heritable and repeatable and is not correlated with feed efficiency.
{"title":"Social dominance and feed efficiency: Genetic analysis of latency to first meal after fresh feed delivery and residual feed intake in dairy cows","authors":"Ligia Cavani, Faith S. Reyes , Jennifer M.C. Van Os, Kent A. Weigel, Heather M. White, Francisco Peñagaricano","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0874","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0874","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Social dominance is present in dairy production systems and affects performance, but it is difficult to measure. Latency to first meal after feed delivery may serve as a quantifiable phenotype for social dominance, given that dominant cows typically eat first. The goal of this study was to estimate the genetic variability of latency to first meal and evaluate its association with feed efficiency and feeding behavior in dairy cows. Data consisted of 6 million bunk visits from 1,770 mid-lactation Holstein cows collected from 2009 to 2024 at the University of Wisconsin–Madison using a roughage intake control system. Latency to first meal was calculated as the time it takes for a cow to access the feed following the feed delivery. The statistical model consisted of a repeatability animal model, with lactation and DIM as fixed effects, and cohort, animal, and permanent environment as random effects. Genetic parameters for latency to first meal were estimated using daily records and weekly averages. Heritability and repeatability of latency to first meal using daily records were 0.08 ± 0.01 and 0.22 ± 0.01, respectively. Heritability and repeatability of latency to first meal using weekly averages were 0.17 ± 0.03 and 0.43 ± 0.01, respectively. Genetic correlations between weekly averages of latency to first meal and DMI, milk energy, metabolic BW, and residual feed intake were −0.03 ± 0.08, −0.12 ± 0.08, 0.10 ± 0.06, and −0.08 ± 0.10, respectively. Latency to first meal was negatively correlated with number of visits at the feed bunk per day (−0.65 ± 0.06) and total duration of visits (−0.58 ± 0.05). Latency to first meal was positively correlated with duration of each visit (0.39 ± 0.07), intake per visit (0.65 ± 0.06), and feeding rate (0.51 ± 0.07). Overall, cows with longer latencies to eat had fewer but longer bunk visits, greater intake per visit, and ate at a faster rate. Latency to first meal may be a quantifiable phenotype for social dominance; it is both heritable and repeatable and is not correlated with feed efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 56-60"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-10-10DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2025-0801
Luis A. Ibarra-Sánchez , Alan L. Olvera-Aguilar , Kruskaia K. Caltzontzin-Fernández, José A. Cabrera-Luna
Small family dairy farmers are a type of production system in Mexico characterized by family-owned farms where family members are dedicated to the production of milk and dairy products such as cheese. Artisanal cheeses made by small family cheesemakers are typically made with raw milk, raising concern for presence of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. Although small family cheesemakers have traditional intergenerational knowledge of cheese manufacturing, their knowledge of hygienic practices may be limited. This mini-review provides an overview of the microbial quality of artisanal cheeses made by small family cheesemakers in Mexico and their manufacturing practices as factors affecting cheese microbial contamination.
{"title":"Small family cheesemaking in Mexico: Microbial quality and good manufacturing practices","authors":"Luis A. Ibarra-Sánchez , Alan L. Olvera-Aguilar , Kruskaia K. Caltzontzin-Fernández, José A. Cabrera-Luna","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0801","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0801","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Small family dairy farmers are a type of production system in Mexico characterized by family-owned farms where family members are dedicated to the production of milk and dairy products such as cheese. Artisanal cheeses made by small family cheesemakers are typically made with raw milk, raising concern for presence of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. Although small family cheesemakers have traditional intergenerational knowledge of cheese manufacturing, their knowledge of hygienic practices may be limited. This mini-review provides an overview of the microbial quality of artisanal cheeses made by small family cheesemakers in Mexico and their manufacturing practices as factors affecting cheese microbial contamination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The morphology of the dairy cow mammary gland can indicate risk of disease and can change in response to various conditions. Collecting traditional measurements with a tape measure is time-consuming and can be subject to observer error. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to assess the agreement and reliability between traditionally collected measurements of the hind udder with measurements collected using a 3-dimensional (3D) scanner. We hypothesized there would be good reliability and agreement between methods. Adult cows in tiestalls at the Michigan State University dairy farm were used (n = 40). On 3 consecutive days, trained observers (n = 3) used a soft measuring tape to perform 3 measurements of the udder: a single vertical measurement from the rear udder attachment to the base of the quarter, and separate horizontal measurements of each quarter (left and right) from the medial cleft to the hind leg juncture. Marks were placed on the udders to guide traditionally collected measurements. A separate observer collected 3D scans (Structure Sensor, Occipital) and measured the same areas using 3-matic software (n = 120; Materialise, Belgium). Cows with mastitis (n = 3) and one incomplete scan were removed from the data, resulting in 37 cows with 999 and 333 traditional and 3D measurements, respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) among observers and between traditionally determined measurements and 3D measured were analyzed. Bland–Altman analysis was used to assess bias between traditional and 3D measurements. Linear regression was used to assess proportional bias between methods. The interobserver reliability was good to excellent for traditional measurements (ICC ≥0.88). Reliability between traditional and 3D measurements was good to excellent for all observers (ICC ≥0.87). Bland–Altman assessment found minimal bias between traditional and 3D measurements, except for 1 observer measurement of the right quarter. As compared with measurements from the 3D scanner, observers A and C consistently underestimated vertical measurements and overestimated the quarter measurements. Of results, 93% to 96% were within the upper and lower bounds of agreement. Observer C had positive proportional bias for vertical and right quarter measurements, indicating that as udder size increased, traditional measurements were overestimated as compared with 3D. These results indicate that the 3D scanner has a good to excellent reliability and adequate agreement with minimal bias in relation with the traditional measurements and may be used to collect hind udder measurements in healthy cows. These methods could be used to improve detection and assessment of conditions such as mastitis, though more research and validation studies are needed.
{"title":"Agreement and reliability of dairy cow udder morphometrics between traditional measurements and measurements from a 3-dimensional scanner","authors":"J.M. Strickland , C.I. Robison , P.H.E. Trindade , P.L. Ruegg","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0822","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0822","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The morphology of the dairy cow mammary gland can indicate risk of disease and can change in response to various conditions. Collecting traditional measurements with a tape measure is time-consuming and can be subject to observer error. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to assess the agreement and reliability between traditionally collected measurements of the hind udder with measurements collected using a 3-dimensional (3D) scanner. We hypothesized there would be good reliability and agreement between methods. Adult cows in tiestalls at the Michigan State University dairy farm were used (n = 40). On 3 consecutive days, trained observers (n = 3) used a soft measuring tape to perform 3 measurements of the udder: a single vertical measurement from the rear udder attachment to the base of the quarter, and separate horizontal measurements of each quarter (left and right) from the medial cleft to the hind leg juncture. Marks were placed on the udders to guide traditionally collected measurements. A separate observer collected 3D scans (Structure Sensor, Occipital) and measured the same areas using 3-matic software (n = 120; Materialise, Belgium). Cows with mastitis (n = 3) and one incomplete scan were removed from the data, resulting in 37 cows with 999 and 333 traditional and 3D measurements, respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) among observers and between traditionally determined measurements and 3D measured were analyzed. Bland–Altman analysis was used to assess bias between traditional and 3D measurements. Linear regression was used to assess proportional bias between methods. The interobserver reliability was good to excellent for traditional measurements (ICC ≥0.88). Reliability between traditional and 3D measurements was good to excellent for all observers (ICC ≥0.87). Bland–Altman assessment found minimal bias between traditional and 3D measurements, except for 1 observer measurement of the right quarter. As compared with measurements from the 3D scanner, observers A and C consistently underestimated vertical measurements and overestimated the quarter measurements. Of results, 93% to 96% were within the upper and lower bounds of agreement. Observer C had positive proportional bias for vertical and right quarter measurements, indicating that as udder size increased, traditional measurements were overestimated as compared with 3D. These results indicate that the 3D scanner has a good to excellent reliability and adequate agreement with minimal bias in relation with the traditional measurements and may be used to collect hind udder measurements in healthy cows. These methods could be used to improve detection and assessment of conditions such as mastitis, though more research and validation studies are needed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 77-82"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-10-18DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2025-0834
Usman Amin , Chi Kong Yeung , Haotian Zheng
Lactobionic acid (LBA) and its salt form (e.g., lactobionate [LBN]) have emerged as high-value-added functional ingredients in food and pharmaceutical applications, such as acidulant, antioxidant, metal chelator, and carrier in drug delivery systems. Enzymatic oxidation has been employed as a nontoxic, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly approach for the synthesis of LBA/LBN. The current study investigated, first, the feasibility of producing calcium lactobionate (Ca-LBN) via enzymatic oxidation using cheese whey permeate as a substrate at high concentration, and second, the bioactivity of the resulting Ca-LBN. The production experiment was performed using reconstituted cheese whey permeate solution (300 g·L−1 lactose) as a substrate, Ca(OH)2 as a titrant base, oxidase (dosage: 400 U·kg−1 lactose), and catalase (dosage: 168,000 U·kg−1 lactose) in a laboratory bioreactor. Target critical control parameters, such as pH 6.40; dissolved oxygen: 44%; and temperature: 38°C, were defined and monitored using an industrial human-machine interface (HMI) to ensure operational stability. The consumption of Ca(OH)2 was used to calculate real-time molar conversion rate (MCRRT) and accumulative molar conversion yield (MCY) according to the pH-stat method. Enzymatic oxidation reaction continued for 7 h, and MCY was observed at nearly 99%. The MCRRT rapidly reached a plateau value of ∼470 mmol·h−1 within 20 min of the process. The critical operational parameters remained controlled by the HMI cascade, suggesting that the process is scalable. The DPPH-radical scavenging and ferrous ion chelating activity of the obtained LBN could not be confirmed based on the colorimetric assays used in the present work; however, characterization processes need to be further optimized. The obtained knowledge may be applied to the scalable production of LBA/LBN, enabling higher yields and an efficient manufacturing process.
{"title":"Enzymatic synthesis of calcium lactobionate from cheese whey permeate as a value-added ingredient","authors":"Usman Amin , Chi Kong Yeung , Haotian Zheng","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0834","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0834","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lactobionic acid (LBA) and its salt form (e.g., lactobionate [LBN]) have emerged as high-value-added functional ingredients in food and pharmaceutical applications, such as acidulant, antioxidant, metal chelator, and carrier in drug delivery systems. Enzymatic oxidation has been employed as a nontoxic, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly approach for the synthesis of LBA/LBN. The current study investigated, first, the feasibility of producing calcium lactobionate (Ca-LBN) via enzymatic oxidation using cheese whey permeate as a substrate at high concentration, and second, the bioactivity of the resulting Ca-LBN. The production experiment was performed using reconstituted cheese whey permeate solution (300 g·L<sup>−1</sup> lactose) as a substrate, Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> as a titrant base, oxidase (dosage: 400 U·kg<sup>−1</sup> lactose), and catalase (dosage: 168,000 U·kg<sup>−1</sup> lactose) in a laboratory bioreactor. Target critical control parameters, such as pH 6.40; dissolved oxygen: 44%; and temperature: 38°C, were defined and monitored using an industrial human-machine interface (HMI) to ensure operational stability. The consumption of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> was used to calculate real-time molar conversion rate (MCR<sub>RT</sub>) and accumulative molar conversion yield (MCY) according to the pH-stat method. Enzymatic oxidation reaction continued for 7 h, and MCY was observed at nearly 99%. The MCR<sub>RT</sub> rapidly reached a plateau value of ∼470 mmol·h<sup>−1</sup> within 20 min of the process. The critical operational parameters remained controlled by the HMI cascade, suggesting that the process is scalable. The DPPH-radical scavenging and ferrous ion chelating activity of the obtained LBN could not be confirmed based on the colorimetric assays used in the present work; however, characterization processes need to be further optimized. The obtained knowledge may be applied to the scalable production of LBA/LBN, enabling higher yields and an efficient manufacturing process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"7 1","pages":"Pages 6-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145915540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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