OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of adding glass fiber and graphene oxide to a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC). METHODS Experimental RMGICs were prepared by adding separately and simultaneously glass fibers (5, 10, and 20 wt%) and graphene oxide (1, 3, and 5 wt%) to the powder of RMGIC with different ratios. The samples were examined under SEM and XRD. The surface roughness, flexural strength, Vickers microhardness, water sorption, and solubility were investigated. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey tests (p = 0.05). RESULTS Adding fiber and graphene oxide to RMCIS increased the surface roughness, flexural strength, and microhardness. The highest surface roughness value was obtained in the 20% fiber+5% graphene oxide adding group and the lowest in the control group (p < 0.05). The highest microhardness and flexural strength values were acquired in the 20% fiber-adding group and the lowest in the control group (p < 0.05). 10% and 20% fiber addition increased water sorption and solubility (p < 0.05). Adding 3%, 5% graphene oxide, and 20% fiber+5% graphene oxide reduced water sorption (p < 0.05). The highest water sorption was found in the 20% fiber-adding group and the lowest in the 5% graphene oxide and %20 fiber+5% graphene oxide-adding groups (p < 0.05). Graphene oxide alone and together with fiber did not affect the solubility (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The results show that reinforcement of RMGIC with glass fiber and graphene oxide may improve the mechanical properties. But the glass fibers may cause more water sorption and solubility. Graphene oxide may decrease water sorption of RMGIC and fiber-reinforced RMGIC.
{"title":"Reinforcement of resin-modified glass-ionomer cement with glass fiber and graphene oxide.","authors":"F. Sari, M. Ugurlu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4372928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4372928","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE\u0000To evaluate the effect of adding glass fiber and graphene oxide to a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC).\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000Experimental RMGICs were prepared by adding separately and simultaneously glass fibers (5, 10, and 20 wt%) and graphene oxide (1, 3, and 5 wt%) to the powder of RMGIC with different ratios. The samples were examined under SEM and XRD. The surface roughness, flexural strength, Vickers microhardness, water sorption, and solubility were investigated. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey tests (p = 0.05).\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Adding fiber and graphene oxide to RMCIS increased the surface roughness, flexural strength, and microhardness. The highest surface roughness value was obtained in the 20% fiber+5% graphene oxide adding group and the lowest in the control group (p < 0.05). The highest microhardness and flexural strength values were acquired in the 20% fiber-adding group and the lowest in the control group (p < 0.05). 10% and 20% fiber addition increased water sorption and solubility (p < 0.05). Adding 3%, 5% graphene oxide, and 20% fiber+5% graphene oxide reduced water sorption (p < 0.05). The highest water sorption was found in the 20% fiber-adding group and the lowest in the 5% graphene oxide and %20 fiber+5% graphene oxide-adding groups (p < 0.05). Graphene oxide alone and together with fiber did not affect the solubility (p > 0.05).\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000The results show that reinforcement of RMGIC with glass fiber and graphene oxide may improve the mechanical properties. But the glass fibers may cause more water sorption and solubility. Graphene oxide may decrease water sorption of RMGIC and fiber-reinforced RMGIC.","PeriodicalId":94117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials","volume":"142 1","pages":"105850"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47904838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Indra, Rivaldo Razi, Riri Jasmayeti, Alfi Fauzan, Didit Wahyudi, Nofriady Handra, A. Subardi, I. Susanto, Iswandi, M. J. Purnomo
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based scaffolds have been produced using the granule casting method with grain sizes M80-100 and M100-140. The novelty of this study was the application of the cold-cutting method (CCm) to reduce the PMMA granule size. PMMA granule shape, granule size (mesh), and sintering temperature were the primary variables in manufacturing PMMA scaffolds. CCm was applied to reduce the granule size of commercial PMMA, which was originally solid cylindrical, by lowering the temperature to 3.5 °C, 0 °C, and-8.3 °C. PMMA granules that had been reduced were sieved with mesh sizes M80-100 and M100-140. Green bodies were made by the granule casting method using an aluminum mold measuring 8 × 8 × 8 mm3. The sintering process was carried out at temperatures varying from 115 °C to 140 °C, a heating rate of 5 °C/min, and a holding time of 2 h, the cooling process was carried out in a furnace. The characterization of the PMMA-based scaffolds' properties was carried out by observing the microstructure with SEM, analyzing the distribution of pore sizes with ImageJ software, and testing the porosity, the phase, with XRD, and the compressive strength. The best results from the overall analysis were the M80-100 PMMA scaffold treated at a sintering temperature of 130 °C with compressive strength, porosity, and pore size distribution values of 8.2 MPa, 62.0%, and 121-399 μm, respectively, and the M100-140 one treated at a sintering temperature of 135 °C with compressive strength, porosity, and pore size distribution values of 12.1 MPa, 61.2%, and 140-366 μm, respectively. There were interconnected pores in the PMMA scaffolds, as evidenced by the SEM images. There was no PMMA phase change between before and after the sintering process.
{"title":"The practical process of manufacturing poly(methyl methacrylate)-based scaffolds having high porosity and high strength.","authors":"A. Indra, Rivaldo Razi, Riri Jasmayeti, Alfi Fauzan, Didit Wahyudi, Nofriady Handra, A. Subardi, I. Susanto, Iswandi, M. J. Purnomo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4372929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4372929","url":null,"abstract":"Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based scaffolds have been produced using the granule casting method with grain sizes M80-100 and M100-140. The novelty of this study was the application of the cold-cutting method (CCm) to reduce the PMMA granule size. PMMA granule shape, granule size (mesh), and sintering temperature were the primary variables in manufacturing PMMA scaffolds. CCm was applied to reduce the granule size of commercial PMMA, which was originally solid cylindrical, by lowering the temperature to 3.5 °C, 0 °C, and-8.3 °C. PMMA granules that had been reduced were sieved with mesh sizes M80-100 and M100-140. Green bodies were made by the granule casting method using an aluminum mold measuring 8 × 8 × 8 mm3. The sintering process was carried out at temperatures varying from 115 °C to 140 °C, a heating rate of 5 °C/min, and a holding time of 2 h, the cooling process was carried out in a furnace. The characterization of the PMMA-based scaffolds' properties was carried out by observing the microstructure with SEM, analyzing the distribution of pore sizes with ImageJ software, and testing the porosity, the phase, with XRD, and the compressive strength. The best results from the overall analysis were the M80-100 PMMA scaffold treated at a sintering temperature of 130 °C with compressive strength, porosity, and pore size distribution values of 8.2 MPa, 62.0%, and 121-399 μm, respectively, and the M100-140 one treated at a sintering temperature of 135 °C with compressive strength, porosity, and pore size distribution values of 12.1 MPa, 61.2%, and 140-366 μm, respectively. There were interconnected pores in the PMMA scaffolds, as evidenced by the SEM images. There was no PMMA phase change between before and after the sintering process.","PeriodicalId":94117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials","volume":"142 1","pages":"105862"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48815010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David S. Li, Emilio A. Mendiola, R. Avazmohammadi, F. Sachse, Michael S. Sacks
We have previously demonstrated the importance of myofiber-collagen mechanical interactions in modeling the passive mechanical behavior of right ventricle free wall (RVFW) myocardium. To gain deeper insights into these coupling mechanisms, we developed a high-fidelity, micro-anatomically realistic 3D finite element model of right ventricle free wall (RVFW) myocardium by combining high-resolution imaging and supercomputer-based simulations. We first developed a representative tissue element (RTE) model at the sub-tissue scale by specializing the hyperelastic anisotropic structurally-based constitutive relations for myofibers and ECM collagen, and equi-biaxial and non-equibiaxial loading conditions were simulated using the open-source software FEniCS to compute the effective stress-strain response of the RTE. To estimate the model parameters of the RTE model, we first fitted a 'top-down' biaxial stress-strain behavior with our previous structurally based (tissue-scale) model, informed by the measured myofiber and collagen fiber composition and orientation distributions. Next, we employed a multi-scale approach to determine the tissue-level (5 x 5 x 0.7 mm specimen size) RVFW biaxial behavior via 'bottom-up' homogenization of the fitted RTE model, recapitulating the histologically measured myofiber and collagen orientation to the biaxial mechanical data. Our homogenization approach successfully reproduced the tissue-level mechanical behavior of our previous studies in all biaxial deformation modes, suggesting that the 3D micro-anatomical arrangement of myofibers and ECM collagen is indeed a primary mechanism driving myofiber-collagen interactions.
我们之前已经证明了肌纤维-胶原力学相互作用在右心室游离壁(RVFW)心肌被动力学行为建模中的重要性。为了更深入地了解这些耦合机制，我们通过结合高分辨率成像和基于超级计算机的模拟，开发了高保真度、微观解剖逼真的右心室游离壁(RVFW)心肌三维有限元模型。我们首先在亚组织尺度上建立了代表性组织元件(RTE)模型，专门研究了肌纤维和ECM胶原的超弹性各向异性结构本构关系，并利用开源软件FEniCS模拟了等双轴和非等双轴加载条件，计算了RTE的有效应力应变响应。为了估计RTE模型的模型参数，我们首先将“自上而下”的双轴应力-应变行为与我们之前基于结构(组织尺度)的模型相匹配，该模型由测量的肌纤维和胶原纤维组成和取向分布提供信息。接下来，我们采用多尺度方法通过“自下而上”的均质化拟合的RTE模型来确定组织水平(5 x 5 x 0.7 mm标本大小)RVFW双轴行为，将组织学测量的肌纤维和胶原取向概括为双轴力学数据。我们的均质化方法成功再现了我们之前研究中所有双轴变形模式下的组织水平力学行为，这表明肌纤维和ECM胶原的三维微观解剖安排确实是驱动肌纤维-胶原相互作用的主要机制。
{"title":"A multi-scale computational model for the passive mechanical behavior of right ventricular myocardium.","authors":"David S. Li, Emilio A. Mendiola, R. Avazmohammadi, F. Sachse, Michael S. Sacks","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4177757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4177757","url":null,"abstract":"We have previously demonstrated the importance of myofiber-collagen mechanical interactions in modeling the passive mechanical behavior of right ventricle free wall (RVFW) myocardium. To gain deeper insights into these coupling mechanisms, we developed a high-fidelity, micro-anatomically realistic 3D finite element model of right ventricle free wall (RVFW) myocardium by combining high-resolution imaging and supercomputer-based simulations. We first developed a representative tissue element (RTE) model at the sub-tissue scale by specializing the hyperelastic anisotropic structurally-based constitutive relations for myofibers and ECM collagen, and equi-biaxial and non-equibiaxial loading conditions were simulated using the open-source software FEniCS to compute the effective stress-strain response of the RTE. To estimate the model parameters of the RTE model, we first fitted a 'top-down' biaxial stress-strain behavior with our previous structurally based (tissue-scale) model, informed by the measured myofiber and collagen fiber composition and orientation distributions. Next, we employed a multi-scale approach to determine the tissue-level (5 x 5 x 0.7 mm specimen size) RVFW biaxial behavior via 'bottom-up' homogenization of the fitted RTE model, recapitulating the histologically measured myofiber and collagen orientation to the biaxial mechanical data. Our homogenization approach successfully reproduced the tissue-level mechanical behavior of our previous studies in all biaxial deformation modes, suggesting that the 3D micro-anatomical arrangement of myofibers and ECM collagen is indeed a primary mechanism driving myofiber-collagen interactions.","PeriodicalId":94117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials","volume":"142 1","pages":"105788"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45357584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Kladovasilakis, P. Charalampous, A. Boumpakis, T. Kontodina, K. Tsongas, D. Tzetzis, I. Kostavelis, P. Givissis, D. Tzovaras
In the last decade, the development of customized biodegradable scaffolds and implants has attracted increased scientific interest due to the fact that additive manufacturing technologies allow for the rapid production of implants with high geometric complexity constructed via commercial biodegradable polymers. In this study, innovative designs of tibial scaffold in form of bone-brick configuration were developed to fill the bone gap utilizing advanced architected materials and bio-inspired diffusion canals. The architected materials and canals provide high porosity, as well as a high surface area to volume ratio in the scaffold facilitating that way in the tissue regeneration process and in withstanding the applied external loads. The cellular structures applied in this work were the Schwarz Diamond (SD) and a hybrid SD&FCC hybrid cellular material, which is a completely new architected material that derived from the combination of SD and Face Centered Cubic (FCC) structures. These designs were additively manufactured utilizing two biodegradable materials namely Polylactic acid (PLA) and Polycaprolactone (PCL), using the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technique, in order to avoid the surgery, for the scaffold's removal after the bone regeneration. Furthermore, the additively manufactured scaffolds were examined in terms of compatibility and assembly with the bone's physical model, as well as, in terms of mechanical behavior under realistic static loads. In addition, non-linear finite element models (FEMs) were developed based on the experimental data to accurately simulate the mechanical response of the examined scaffolds. The Finite Element Analysis (FEA) results were compared with the experimental response and afterwards the stress concentration regions were observed and identified. Τhe proposed design of scaffold with SD&FCC lattice structure made of PLA material with a relative density of 20% revealed the best overall performance, showing that it is the most suitable candidate for further investigation (in-vivo test, clinical trials, etc.) and commercialization.
{"title":"Development of biodegradable customized tibial scaffold with advanced architected materials utilizing additive manufacturing.","authors":"N. Kladovasilakis, P. Charalampous, A. Boumpakis, T. Kontodina, K. Tsongas, D. Tzetzis, I. Kostavelis, P. Givissis, D. Tzovaras","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4354973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354973","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decade, the development of customized biodegradable scaffolds and implants has attracted increased scientific interest due to the fact that additive manufacturing technologies allow for the rapid production of implants with high geometric complexity constructed via commercial biodegradable polymers. In this study, innovative designs of tibial scaffold in form of bone-brick configuration were developed to fill the bone gap utilizing advanced architected materials and bio-inspired diffusion canals. The architected materials and canals provide high porosity, as well as a high surface area to volume ratio in the scaffold facilitating that way in the tissue regeneration process and in withstanding the applied external loads. The cellular structures applied in this work were the Schwarz Diamond (SD) and a hybrid SD&FCC hybrid cellular material, which is a completely new architected material that derived from the combination of SD and Face Centered Cubic (FCC) structures. These designs were additively manufactured utilizing two biodegradable materials namely Polylactic acid (PLA) and Polycaprolactone (PCL), using the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technique, in order to avoid the surgery, for the scaffold's removal after the bone regeneration. Furthermore, the additively manufactured scaffolds were examined in terms of compatibility and assembly with the bone's physical model, as well as, in terms of mechanical behavior under realistic static loads. In addition, non-linear finite element models (FEMs) were developed based on the experimental data to accurately simulate the mechanical response of the examined scaffolds. The Finite Element Analysis (FEA) results were compared with the experimental response and afterwards the stress concentration regions were observed and identified. Τhe proposed design of scaffold with SD&FCC lattice structure made of PLA material with a relative density of 20% revealed the best overall performance, showing that it is the most suitable candidate for further investigation (in-vivo test, clinical trials, etc.) and commercialization.","PeriodicalId":94117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials","volume":"141 1","pages":"105796"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41449719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ge He, B. Xia, Yuan Feng, Yu Chen, L. Fan, Dongsheng Zhang
White matter in the brain is structurally anisotropic consisting of large bundle of aligned axonal fibers. Hyperelastic, transversely isotropic constitutive models are typically used in the modeling and simulation of such tissues. However, most studies constrain the material models to describe the mechanical behavior of white matter in the limit of small deformation, without considering the experimentally observed damage initiation and damage-induced material softening in large strain regime. In this study, we extend a previously developed transversely isotropic hyperelasticity model for white matter by coupling it with damage equations within the framework of thermodynamics and using continuum damage mechanics method. Two homogeneous deformation cases are used to demonstrate the proposed model's capability in capturing the damage-induced softening behaviors of white matter under uniaxial loading and simple shear, along with the investigation of fiber orientation effect on such behaviors and material stiffness. As a demonstration case of inhomogeneous deformation, the proposed model is also implemented into finite element codes to reproduce the experimental data (nonlinear material behavior and damage initiation) from an indentation configuration of porcine white matter. Good agreement between numerical results and experimental data is achieved indicating the potential of the proposed model in characterizing the mechanical behaviors of white matter considering damage at large strain.
{"title":"Modeling the damage-induced softening behavior of brain white matter using a coupled hyperelasticty-damage model.","authors":"Ge He, B. Xia, Yuan Feng, Yu Chen, L. Fan, Dongsheng Zhang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4224085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4224085","url":null,"abstract":"White matter in the brain is structurally anisotropic consisting of large bundle of aligned axonal fibers. Hyperelastic, transversely isotropic constitutive models are typically used in the modeling and simulation of such tissues. However, most studies constrain the material models to describe the mechanical behavior of white matter in the limit of small deformation, without considering the experimentally observed damage initiation and damage-induced material softening in large strain regime. In this study, we extend a previously developed transversely isotropic hyperelasticity model for white matter by coupling it with damage equations within the framework of thermodynamics and using continuum damage mechanics method. Two homogeneous deformation cases are used to demonstrate the proposed model's capability in capturing the damage-induced softening behaviors of white matter under uniaxial loading and simple shear, along with the investigation of fiber orientation effect on such behaviors and material stiffness. As a demonstration case of inhomogeneous deformation, the proposed model is also implemented into finite element codes to reproduce the experimental data (nonlinear material behavior and damage initiation) from an indentation configuration of porcine white matter. Good agreement between numerical results and experimental data is achieved indicating the potential of the proposed model in characterizing the mechanical behaviors of white matter considering damage at large strain.","PeriodicalId":94117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials","volume":"141 1","pages":"105753"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49325287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. D’andrea, D. Gastaldi, F. Baino, E. Verné, G. Saccomano, L. D’Amico, E. Longo, M. Schwentenwein, P. Vena
Hydroxyapatite is one of the materials of choice for tissue engineering bone scaffolds manufacturing. Vat photopolymerization (VPP) is a promising Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology capable of producing scaffolds with high resolution micro-architecture and complex shapes. However, mechanical reliability of ceramic scaffolds can be achieved if a high fidelity printing process is obtained and if knowledge of the intrinsic mechanical properties of the constituent material is available. As the hydroxyapatite (HAP) obtained from VPP is subjected to a sintering process, the mechanical properties of the material should be assessed with specific reference to the process parameters (e.g. sintering temperature) and to the specific characteristic size of the microscopic features in the scaffolds. In order to tackle this challenge the HAP solid matrix of the scaffold was mimicked in the form of miniaturized samples suitable for ad hoc mechanical characterization, which is an unprecedented approach. To this purpose small scale HAP samples, having a simple geometry and size similar to that of the scaffolds, were produced through VPP. The samples were subjected to geometric characterization and to mechanical laboratory tests. Confocal laser scanning and Computed micro-Tomography (micro-CT) were used for geometric characterization; while, micro-bending and nanoindentation were used for mechanical testing. Micro-CT analyses have shown a highly dense material with negligible intrinsic micro-porosity. The imaging process allowed quantifying the variation of geometry with respect to the nominal size showing high accuracy of the printing process and identifying printing defects on one specific sample type, depending on the printing direction. The mechanical tests have shown that the VPP produces HAP with an elastic modulus as high as approximately 100GPa and flexural strength of approximately 100MPa. The results of this study have shown that vat photopolymerization is a promising technology capable of producing high quality HAP with reliable geometric fidelity.
{"title":"Mechanical characterization of miniaturized 3D-printed hydroxyapatite parts obtained through vat photopolymerization: an experimental study.","authors":"L. D’andrea, D. Gastaldi, F. Baino, E. Verné, G. Saccomano, L. D’Amico, E. Longo, M. Schwentenwein, P. Vena","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4149296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4149296","url":null,"abstract":"Hydroxyapatite is one of the materials of choice for tissue engineering bone scaffolds manufacturing. Vat photopolymerization (VPP) is a promising Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology capable of producing scaffolds with high resolution micro-architecture and complex shapes. However, mechanical reliability of ceramic scaffolds can be achieved if a high fidelity printing process is obtained and if knowledge of the intrinsic mechanical properties of the constituent material is available. As the hydroxyapatite (HAP) obtained from VPP is subjected to a sintering process, the mechanical properties of the material should be assessed with specific reference to the process parameters (e.g. sintering temperature) and to the specific characteristic size of the microscopic features in the scaffolds. In order to tackle this challenge the HAP solid matrix of the scaffold was mimicked in the form of miniaturized samples suitable for ad hoc mechanical characterization, which is an unprecedented approach. To this purpose small scale HAP samples, having a simple geometry and size similar to that of the scaffolds, were produced through VPP. The samples were subjected to geometric characterization and to mechanical laboratory tests. Confocal laser scanning and Computed micro-Tomography (micro-CT) were used for geometric characterization; while, micro-bending and nanoindentation were used for mechanical testing. Micro-CT analyses have shown a highly dense material with negligible intrinsic micro-porosity. The imaging process allowed quantifying the variation of geometry with respect to the nominal size showing high accuracy of the printing process and identifying printing defects on one specific sample type, depending on the printing direction. The mechanical tests have shown that the VPP produces HAP with an elastic modulus as high as approximately 100GPa and flexural strength of approximately 100MPa. The results of this study have shown that vat photopolymerization is a promising technology capable of producing high quality HAP with reliable geometric fidelity.","PeriodicalId":94117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials","volume":"141 1","pages":"105760"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45642589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lingyun Cao, Jiarong Yan, Ting Luo, Huiyi Yan, F. Hua, Hong He
OBJECTIVES To develop an antibacterial and fluorescent clear aligner attachment resin via the incorporation of chlorhexidine loaded pore-expanded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (CHX@pMSN) and amino-silane functionalized zinc oxide quantum dots (aZnOQDs), and to evaluate its antibacterial activity, fluorescence capability, esthetic properties, mechanical performance and biocompatibility. METHODS CHX@pMSN and aZnOQDs were incorporated into the commercial resin composites (Filtek Z350 XT, 3M) at different mass fractions, control group: Filtek; fluorescent attachment resin (FAR): Filtek + 3 wt% aZnOQDs; antibacterial and fluorescent attachment resin (AFAR)-1: Filtek + 3 wt% aZnOQDs + 1 wt% CHX@pMSN; AFAR-2: Filtek + 3 wt% aZnOQDs + 3 wt% CHX@pMSN; AFAR-3: Filtek + 3 wt% aZnOQDs + 5 wt% CHX@pMSN. CHX release, antibacterial activity, fluorescence capability, color change, stain resistance, degree of conversion, depth of cure, polymerization shrinkage, water sorption and solubility, softening in solvent, flexural strength, flexural modulus, shear bond strength, and cytotoxicity were evaluated comprehensively. RESULTS CHX could be continuously released from the AFAR groups for up to 30 days. CFU, MTT, lactic acid production, SEM and CLSM evaluation showed AFAR-2 and AFAR-3 could effectively inhibit S. mutans biofilms even after 1-month aging. Only AFAR-3 showed clinically perceptible color change and all the experimental groups were not more susceptible to staining. AFAR-1 and AFAR-2 could suppress polymerization shrinkage and enhance the resistance to degradation without compromising other properties, including degree of conversion, water sorption and solubility, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and shear bond strength. Depth of cure of all the four experimental groups was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) but still within the ISO standard. CCK-8 assay and live/dead cell staining denied the cytotoxicity of experimental resins. Fluorescence intensity tests showed that FAR and AFAR-2 could emit strong yellowish fluorescence under the excitation of ultraviolet for up to six months. CONCLUSIONS AFRA-2 possessed long-term antibiofilm activity, strong fluorescence capability and satisfying biocompatibility without compromising esthetic and mechanical properties. This study proposed a new strategy for reducing bacteria accumulation around the attachment, which is also promising in helping orthodontists to remove the attachment thoroughly and precisely.
{"title":"Antibacterial and fluorescent clear aligner attachment resin modified with chlorhexidine loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles and zinc oxide quantum dots.","authors":"Lingyun Cao, Jiarong Yan, Ting Luo, Huiyi Yan, F. Hua, Hong He","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4350183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4350183","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVES\u0000To develop an antibacterial and fluorescent clear aligner attachment resin via the incorporation of chlorhexidine loaded pore-expanded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (CHX@pMSN) and amino-silane functionalized zinc oxide quantum dots (aZnOQDs), and to evaluate its antibacterial activity, fluorescence capability, esthetic properties, mechanical performance and biocompatibility.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000CHX@pMSN and aZnOQDs were incorporated into the commercial resin composites (Filtek Z350 XT, 3M) at different mass fractions, control group: Filtek; fluorescent attachment resin (FAR): Filtek + 3 wt% aZnOQDs; antibacterial and fluorescent attachment resin (AFAR)-1: Filtek + 3 wt% aZnOQDs + 1 wt% CHX@pMSN; AFAR-2: Filtek + 3 wt% aZnOQDs + 3 wt% CHX@pMSN; AFAR-3: Filtek + 3 wt% aZnOQDs + 5 wt% CHX@pMSN. CHX release, antibacterial activity, fluorescence capability, color change, stain resistance, degree of conversion, depth of cure, polymerization shrinkage, water sorption and solubility, softening in solvent, flexural strength, flexural modulus, shear bond strength, and cytotoxicity were evaluated comprehensively.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000CHX could be continuously released from the AFAR groups for up to 30 days. CFU, MTT, lactic acid production, SEM and CLSM evaluation showed AFAR-2 and AFAR-3 could effectively inhibit S. mutans biofilms even after 1-month aging. Only AFAR-3 showed clinically perceptible color change and all the experimental groups were not more susceptible to staining. AFAR-1 and AFAR-2 could suppress polymerization shrinkage and enhance the resistance to degradation without compromising other properties, including degree of conversion, water sorption and solubility, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and shear bond strength. Depth of cure of all the four experimental groups was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) but still within the ISO standard. CCK-8 assay and live/dead cell staining denied the cytotoxicity of experimental resins. Fluorescence intensity tests showed that FAR and AFAR-2 could emit strong yellowish fluorescence under the excitation of ultraviolet for up to six months.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000AFRA-2 possessed long-term antibiofilm activity, strong fluorescence capability and satisfying biocompatibility without compromising esthetic and mechanical properties. This study proposed a new strategy for reducing bacteria accumulation around the attachment, which is also promising in helping orthodontists to remove the attachment thoroughly and precisely.","PeriodicalId":94117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials","volume":"141 1","pages":"105817"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49169715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tarek M. Elshazly, D. Salvatori, Hanaa Elattar, C. Bourauel, L. Keilig
OBJECTIVES To investigate in a numerical study the effect of the geometry and the extension of orthodontic aligner edges and the aligner thickness on force transmission to upper right central incisor tooth (Tooth 11). METHODS A three-dimensional (3D) digital model, obtained from a 3D data set of a complete dentulous maxilla, was imported into 3-matic software. Aligners with four different trimming line designs (scalloped, straight, scalloped extended, straight extended) were designed, each with four different thicknesses (0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 mm). The models were exported to a finite element (FE) software (Marc/Mentat). A facial 0.2 mm bodily malposition of tooth 11 was simulated. RESULTS The maximum resultant force was in the range of (7.5 - 55.2) N. The straight trimming designs had higher resultant force than the scalloped designs. The resultant force increases with increasing the edge extension of the aligner. The normal contact forces were unevenly distributed over the entire surface and were concentrated in six areas: Incisal, Mesio-Incisal, Disto-Incisal, Middle, Mesio-Cervical, and Disto-Cervical. The resultant force increases super linearly with increasing thickness. CONCLUSIONS The design of the trimming line, the edge extension, and the thickness of the aligner affect significantly the magnitude of the resultant force and the distribution of normal contact force. The straight extended trimming design exhibited better force distribution that may favor a bodily tooth movement. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A straight extended trimming design of an orthodontic aligner may improve the clinical outcomes. In addition, the manufacturing procedures of the straight design are much simpler compared to the scalloped design.
{"title":"Effect of trimming line design and edge extension of orthodontic aligners on force transmission: A 3D finite element study.","authors":"Tarek M. Elshazly, D. Salvatori, Hanaa Elattar, C. Bourauel, L. Keilig","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4343120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4343120","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVES\u0000To investigate in a numerical study the effect of the geometry and the extension of orthodontic aligner edges and the aligner thickness on force transmission to upper right central incisor tooth (Tooth 11).\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000A three-dimensional (3D) digital model, obtained from a 3D data set of a complete dentulous maxilla, was imported into 3-matic software. Aligners with four different trimming line designs (scalloped, straight, scalloped extended, straight extended) were designed, each with four different thicknesses (0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 mm). The models were exported to a finite element (FE) software (Marc/Mentat). A facial 0.2 mm bodily malposition of tooth 11 was simulated.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000The maximum resultant force was in the range of (7.5 - 55.2) N. The straight trimming designs had higher resultant force than the scalloped designs. The resultant force increases with increasing the edge extension of the aligner. The normal contact forces were unevenly distributed over the entire surface and were concentrated in six areas: Incisal, Mesio-Incisal, Disto-Incisal, Middle, Mesio-Cervical, and Disto-Cervical. The resultant force increases super linearly with increasing thickness.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000The design of the trimming line, the edge extension, and the thickness of the aligner affect significantly the magnitude of the resultant force and the distribution of normal contact force. The straight extended trimming design exhibited better force distribution that may favor a bodily tooth movement.\u0000\u0000\u0000CLINICAL RELEVANCE\u0000A straight extended trimming design of an orthodontic aligner may improve the clinical outcomes. In addition, the manufacturing procedures of the straight design are much simpler compared to the scalloped design.","PeriodicalId":94117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials","volume":"140 1","pages":"105741"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44473764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Cheikho, J. Ganghoffer, A. Baldit, E. Labbe, S. Alix, H. Kerdjoudj, C. Mauprivez, A. Lebée, C. Laurent
Since the success of bone regenerative medicine depends on scaffold morphological and mechanical properties, numerous scaffolds designs have been proposed in the last decade, including graded structures that are suited to enhance tissue ingrowth. Most of these structures are based either on foams with a random pore definition, or on the periodic repetition of a unit cell (UC). These approaches are limited by the range of target porosities and obtained effective mechanical properties, and do not permit to easily generate a pore size gradient from the core to the periphery of the scaffold. In opposition, the objective of the present contribution is to propose a flexible design framework to generate various three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds structures including cylindrical graded scaffolds from the definition of a UC by making use of a non-periodic mapping. Conformal mappings are firstly used to generate graded circular cross-sections, while 3D structures are then obtained by stacking the cross-sections with or without a twist between different scaffold layers. The effective mechanical properties of different scaffold configurations are presented and compared using an energy-based efficient numerical method, pointing out the versatility of the design procedure to separately govern longitudinal and transverse anisotropic scaffold properties. Among these configurations, a helical structure exhibiting couplings between transverse and longitudinal properties is proposed and permits to extend the adaptability of the proposed framework. In order to investigate the capacity of common additive manufacturing techniques to fabricate the proposed structures, a subset of these configurations is elaborated using a standard SLA setup, and subjected to experimental mechanical testing. Despite observed geometric differences between the initial design and the actual obtained structures, the effective properties are satisfyingly predicted by the proposed computational method. Promising perspectives are offered concerning the design of self-fitting scaffolds with on-demand properties depending on the clinical application.
{"title":"A flexible design framework to design graded porous bone scaffolds with adjustable anisotropic properties.","authors":"K. Cheikho, J. Ganghoffer, A. Baldit, E. Labbe, S. Alix, H. Kerdjoudj, C. Mauprivez, A. Lebée, C. Laurent","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4147190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4147190","url":null,"abstract":"Since the success of bone regenerative medicine depends on scaffold morphological and mechanical properties, numerous scaffolds designs have been proposed in the last decade, including graded structures that are suited to enhance tissue ingrowth. Most of these structures are based either on foams with a random pore definition, or on the periodic repetition of a unit cell (UC). These approaches are limited by the range of target porosities and obtained effective mechanical properties, and do not permit to easily generate a pore size gradient from the core to the periphery of the scaffold. In opposition, the objective of the present contribution is to propose a flexible design framework to generate various three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds structures including cylindrical graded scaffolds from the definition of a UC by making use of a non-periodic mapping. Conformal mappings are firstly used to generate graded circular cross-sections, while 3D structures are then obtained by stacking the cross-sections with or without a twist between different scaffold layers. The effective mechanical properties of different scaffold configurations are presented and compared using an energy-based efficient numerical method, pointing out the versatility of the design procedure to separately govern longitudinal and transverse anisotropic scaffold properties. Among these configurations, a helical structure exhibiting couplings between transverse and longitudinal properties is proposed and permits to extend the adaptability of the proposed framework. In order to investigate the capacity of common additive manufacturing techniques to fabricate the proposed structures, a subset of these configurations is elaborated using a standard SLA setup, and subjected to experimental mechanical testing. Despite observed geometric differences between the initial design and the actual obtained structures, the effective properties are satisfyingly predicted by the proposed computational method. Promising perspectives are offered concerning the design of self-fitting scaffolds with on-demand properties depending on the clinical application.","PeriodicalId":94117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials","volume":"140 1","pages":"105727"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46171639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Potts, N. Bennion, S. Zappalá, David Marshall, Rob Harrison, S. L. Evans
Synthetic models (phantoms) of the brain-skull system are useful tools for the study of surgical events that are otherwise difficult to study directly in humans. To date, very few studies can be found which replicate the full anatomical brain-skull system. Such models are required to study the more global mechanical events that can occur in neurosurgery, such as positional brain shift. Presented in this work is a novel workflow for the fabrication of a biofidelic brain-skull phantom which features a full hydrogel brain with fluid-filled ventricle/fissure spaces, elastomer dural septa and fluid-filled skull. Central to this workflow is the utilization of the frozen intermediate curing state of an established brain tissue surrogate, which allows for a novel moulding and skull installation approach that permits a much fuller recreation of the anatomy. The mechanical realism of the phantom was validated through indentation testing of the phantom's brain and simulation of the supine to prone brain shift event, while the geometric realism was validated through magnetic resonance imaging. The developed phantom captured a novel measurement of the supine to prone brain shift event with a magnitude that accurately reproduces that seen in the literature.
{"title":"Fabrication of a positional brain shift phantom through the utilization of the frozen intermediate hydrogel state.","authors":"M. Potts, N. Bennion, S. Zappalá, David Marshall, Rob Harrison, S. L. Evans","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4264247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4264247","url":null,"abstract":"Synthetic models (phantoms) of the brain-skull system are useful tools for the study of surgical events that are otherwise difficult to study directly in humans. To date, very few studies can be found which replicate the full anatomical brain-skull system. Such models are required to study the more global mechanical events that can occur in neurosurgery, such as positional brain shift. Presented in this work is a novel workflow for the fabrication of a biofidelic brain-skull phantom which features a full hydrogel brain with fluid-filled ventricle/fissure spaces, elastomer dural septa and fluid-filled skull. Central to this workflow is the utilization of the frozen intermediate curing state of an established brain tissue surrogate, which allows for a novel moulding and skull installation approach that permits a much fuller recreation of the anatomy. The mechanical realism of the phantom was validated through indentation testing of the phantom's brain and simulation of the supine to prone brain shift event, while the geometric realism was validated through magnetic resonance imaging. The developed phantom captured a novel measurement of the supine to prone brain shift event with a magnitude that accurately reproduces that seen in the literature.","PeriodicalId":94117,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials","volume":"140 1","pages":"105704"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42748247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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