Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1089/photob.2024.0106
Afaf M Botla, Yasser R Lasheen, Shereen S Mohamed, Reem M Alwhaibi, Hoda M Zakaria, Walaa M Ragab, Manal A El-Shafei
Objective: This study was conducted to ascertain the efficacy of photo acupuncture (PA) on the neurophysiological parameters of the median nerve and hand function in postnatal women. Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) has been documented in up to 62% of pregnant females. PA, a noninvasive treatment that utilizes photo therapy on acupoints, could aid in the management of CTS. Material and Methods: Thirty-six postpartum women diagnosed with CTS depending on their medical history, physical examination, and electrodiagnostic study were distributed into two equal-sized groups at random. The PA group (n = 18) received PA for 12 min on the following acupuncture points: PC4, PC6, PC7, PC8, HT2, HT3, HT7, LI10, LI11, LI4, LU9, and LU10. The treatment was given 3 times weekly for four weeks; in addition, night splints were worn. Women in the control group (n = 18) just wore night splints. Before and after the 12-session treatment, each woman was assessed using an electrodiagnostic test to measure the motor distal latency (MDL), sensory distal latency (SDL), motor conduction velocity (MCV), sensory conduction velocity (SCV), pinch dynamometer for assessing pinch strength, and the Brief Michigan Hand Questionnaire (BMHQ) for assessing hand function. Results: A statistically significant improvement was observed in both groups after therapy regarding SDL, SCV, MDL, MCV, pinch strength, and BMHQ (p < 0.05) in favor of the PA group. Conclusion: Adding PA to a night splint should be suggested as an effective conservative therapy for CTS in postpartum women.
{"title":"Efficacy of Laser Acupuncture on Neurophysiological Parameters of Median Nerve and Hand Function in Postpartum Women: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.","authors":"Afaf M Botla, Yasser R Lasheen, Shereen S Mohamed, Reem M Alwhaibi, Hoda M Zakaria, Walaa M Ragab, Manal A El-Shafei","doi":"10.1089/photob.2024.0106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2024.0106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> This study was conducted to ascertain the efficacy of photo acupuncture (PA) on the neurophysiological parameters of the median nerve and hand function in postnatal women. <b><i>Background:</i></b> Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) has been documented in up to 62% of pregnant females. PA, a noninvasive treatment that utilizes photo therapy on acupoints, could aid in the management of CTS. <b><i>Material and Methods:</i></b> Thirty-six postpartum women diagnosed with CTS depending on their medical history, physical examination, and electrodiagnostic study were distributed into two equal-sized groups at random. The PA group (<i>n</i> = 18) received PA for 12 min on the following acupuncture points: PC4, PC6, PC7, PC8, HT2, HT3, HT7, LI10, LI11, LI4, LU9, and LU10. The treatment was given 3 times weekly for four weeks; in addition, night splints were worn. Women in the control group (<i>n</i> = 18) just wore night splints. Before and after the 12-session treatment, each woman was assessed using an electrodiagnostic test to measure the motor distal latency (MDL), sensory distal latency (SDL), motor conduction velocity (MCV), sensory conduction velocity (SCV), pinch dynamometer for assessing pinch strength, and the Brief Michigan Hand Questionnaire (BMHQ) for assessing hand function. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A statistically significant improvement was observed in both groups after therapy regarding SDL, SCV, MDL, MCV, pinch strength, and BMHQ (<i>p</i> < 0.05) in favor of the PA group. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Adding PA to a night splint should be suggested as an effective conservative therapy for CTS in postpartum women.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142515569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1089/photob.2024.0088
Huan Yang, Kai Yang
<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> The present study aimed to analyze the biofilm removal and bactericidal effect of laser treatment alone and laser combined with ultrasonic scaling on orthodontic brackets. It also assessed whether the use of a laser can improve the efficiency of biofilm removal and bactericidal effect compared with traditional ultrasonic instrumentation. <b><i>Background Data:</i></b> <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> (<i>S. mutans</i>) can lead to white spots and dental caries. Orthodontic brackets make teeth cleaning more difficult, and biofilms or bacteria on the surface of brackets worsen the oral environment, which may cause some oral diseases. Laser can be used for biofilm removal and killing bacteria on the surface of an object through thermal, photochemical, and pressure effects, which is widely used in the treatment of oral diseases. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A total of 600 mandibular incisor brackets were collected for this study. Among these, 320 unused brackets were used for the <i>S. mutans</i> crystal violet assay (<i>n</i> = 160) and for <i>S. mutans</i> live/dead bacterial staining (<i>n</i> = 160). Another 280 brackets, obtained from patients who had undergone therapy for over two years, were used for the mature multispecies biofilms removal assay (<i>n</i> = 120) and multispecies bacterial live/dead bacterial staining (<i>n</i> = 160). Ultrasonic scaling, laser, and laser combined with ultrasonic scaling were applied to the labial surface of brackets covered by <i>S. mutans</i> biofilm or mature multispecies biofilms. Specifically, we used the following three methods: ultrasonic scaling for 10 sec without laser; 810-nm laser (Doctor Smile, Italy, LA5D0 001.1) with 0.3-mm spot size at total 21.2 kJ/cm<sup>2</sup> for 10 sec; and 810-nm laser at total 10.6 kJ/cm<sup>2</sup> for 5 sec, followed by ultrasonic scaling for 5 sec. The 810-nm diode laser removed biofilms with a power of 1.5 W and a power density of 2.12 kW/cm<sup>2</sup>. The <i>S. mutans</i> biofilm was examined using crystal violet assay, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for mature multispecies biofilms to evaluate the effect of the three methods on biofilm removal. Live/dead bacterial staining was used to examine the bactericidal effect on remaining biofilms by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). <b><i>Results:</i></b> For <i>S. mutans</i> biofilm, the optical density (OD) value and live/dead bacterial ratio in the laser and the laser combined with ultrasonic scaling groups were significantly lower than those in the ultrasonic scaling group (<i>p</i> < 0.05); moreover, the OD value and the live/dead bacterial ratio in laser treatment combined with ultrasonic scaling and laser treatment alone showed no significant difference (<i>p</i> > 0.05). For mature multispecies biofilms, the percentage of biofilm coverage after treatment was higher in the laser group than in the ultrasonic scaling group (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and lower in the laser combined
{"title":"The Biofilm Removal and Bactericidal Effect of an 810-nm High-Power Laser on an Orthodontic Bracket Surface: An In Vitro Study.","authors":"Huan Yang, Kai Yang","doi":"10.1089/photob.2024.0088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2024.0088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> The present study aimed to analyze the biofilm removal and bactericidal effect of laser treatment alone and laser combined with ultrasonic scaling on orthodontic brackets. It also assessed whether the use of a laser can improve the efficiency of biofilm removal and bactericidal effect compared with traditional ultrasonic instrumentation. <b><i>Background Data:</i></b> <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> (<i>S. mutans</i>) can lead to white spots and dental caries. Orthodontic brackets make teeth cleaning more difficult, and biofilms or bacteria on the surface of brackets worsen the oral environment, which may cause some oral diseases. Laser can be used for biofilm removal and killing bacteria on the surface of an object through thermal, photochemical, and pressure effects, which is widely used in the treatment of oral diseases. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A total of 600 mandibular incisor brackets were collected for this study. Among these, 320 unused brackets were used for the <i>S. mutans</i> crystal violet assay (<i>n</i> = 160) and for <i>S. mutans</i> live/dead bacterial staining (<i>n</i> = 160). Another 280 brackets, obtained from patients who had undergone therapy for over two years, were used for the mature multispecies biofilms removal assay (<i>n</i> = 120) and multispecies bacterial live/dead bacterial staining (<i>n</i> = 160). Ultrasonic scaling, laser, and laser combined with ultrasonic scaling were applied to the labial surface of brackets covered by <i>S. mutans</i> biofilm or mature multispecies biofilms. Specifically, we used the following three methods: ultrasonic scaling for 10 sec without laser; 810-nm laser (Doctor Smile, Italy, LA5D0 001.1) with 0.3-mm spot size at total 21.2 kJ/cm<sup>2</sup> for 10 sec; and 810-nm laser at total 10.6 kJ/cm<sup>2</sup> for 5 sec, followed by ultrasonic scaling for 5 sec. The 810-nm diode laser removed biofilms with a power of 1.5 W and a power density of 2.12 kW/cm<sup>2</sup>. The <i>S. mutans</i> biofilm was examined using crystal violet assay, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for mature multispecies biofilms to evaluate the effect of the three methods on biofilm removal. Live/dead bacterial staining was used to examine the bactericidal effect on remaining biofilms by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). <b><i>Results:</i></b> For <i>S. mutans</i> biofilm, the optical density (OD) value and live/dead bacterial ratio in the laser and the laser combined with ultrasonic scaling groups were significantly lower than those in the ultrasonic scaling group (<i>p</i> < 0.05); moreover, the OD value and the live/dead bacterial ratio in laser treatment combined with ultrasonic scaling and laser treatment alone showed no significant difference (<i>p</i> > 0.05). For mature multispecies biofilms, the percentage of biofilm coverage after treatment was higher in the laser group than in the ultrasonic scaling group (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and lower in the laser combined","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142515571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1089/photob.2024.0073
Alan Christhian Bahr, Naira Bohrer Scherer, Elizama de Gregório, Lucas Kieling, Alexandre Luz de Castro, Alex Sander da Rosa Araujo, Patrick Türck, Pedro Dal Lago
Introduction: Heart failure (HF) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) are global health problems that often lead to muscle atrophy. These conditions are associated with increased autophagy and apoptosis in the muscle cells, resulting in decreased muscle mass. Physical exercise associated with photobiomodulation (PBM) seems promising to attenuate the skeletal muscle changes caused by HF and DM2, due to its direct effects on mitochondria, which may result in an increase in antioxidant capacity. Objective: To verify the influence of physical exercise and the association with PBM on autophagy, apoptosis, and cell survival signaling pathways in myocytes from rats with HF and DM2. Materials and Methods: Male rats were assigned to one of four groups: control (CT), HF+DM (disease model), exercise+HF+DM (EX+HF+DM), and EX+HF+DM+PBM (EX+HF+DM+PBM). To induce DM2, we administered streptozotocin (STZ) (0.25 mL/kg, intraperitoneally). HF was induced by coronary ligation. One week post-induction, an 8-week aerobic exercise and PBM protocol was initiated. Western blot analysis was used to measure the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and autophagy. Results: The EX+HF+DM+PBM group showed a substantial increase in Nrf2, p-AKT, and LC3-I levels compared to the HF+DM group. Conclusions: These findings suggest that physical exercise combined with PBM can upregulate proteins that promote myocyte survival in rats with HF and DM2.
{"title":"Photobiomodulation and Physical Exercise Modulate of Cell Survival Proteins in the Skeletal Muscle of Rats with Heart Failure and Diabetes Mellitus.","authors":"Alan Christhian Bahr, Naira Bohrer Scherer, Elizama de Gregório, Lucas Kieling, Alexandre Luz de Castro, Alex Sander da Rosa Araujo, Patrick Türck, Pedro Dal Lago","doi":"10.1089/photob.2024.0073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2024.0073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Heart failure (HF) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) are global health problems that often lead to muscle atrophy. These conditions are associated with increased autophagy and apoptosis in the muscle cells, resulting in decreased muscle mass. Physical exercise associated with photobiomodulation (PBM) seems promising to attenuate the skeletal muscle changes caused by HF and DM2, due to its direct effects on mitochondria, which may result in an increase in antioxidant capacity. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> To verify the influence of physical exercise and the association with PBM on autophagy, apoptosis, and cell survival signaling pathways in myocytes from rats with HF and DM2. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> Male rats were assigned to one of four groups: control (CT), HF+DM (disease model), exercise+HF+DM (EX+HF+DM), and EX+HF+DM+PBM (EX+HF+DM+PBM). To induce DM2, we administered streptozotocin (STZ) (0.25 mL/kg, intraperitoneally). HF was induced by coronary ligation. One week post-induction, an 8-week aerobic exercise and PBM protocol was initiated. Western blot analysis was used to measure the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and autophagy. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The EX+HF+DM+PBM group showed a substantial increase in Nrf2, <i>p</i>-AKT, and LC3-I levels compared to the HF+DM group. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> These findings suggest that physical exercise combined with PBM can upregulate proteins that promote myocyte survival in rats with HF and DM2.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142515570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: This study aimed to explore the differential effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) via 980 nm and 810 nm lasers on the hard tissue healing of rat alveolar sockets, with a focus on a comparative analysis of hard tissue regeneration and osteogenic gene expression. Objective: This study aimed to explore the effects of PBM using 980 nm and 810 nm lasers on hard tissue healing of rat alveolar sockets, focusing on hard tissue regeneration and osteogenic gene expression. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six male Wistar rats (5 weeks old) had both right and left maxillary first molars extracted. Post extraction, the right alveolar sockets received PBM treatment with either 980 nm (0.3 W, 18 J/cm2) or 810 nm (0.1 W, 6 J/cm2) lasers for seven days, whereas the left sockets served as controls. Rats were euthanized on days 3, 7, 14, and 28 for histopathological, immunohistochemical, micro computed tomography (micro-CT), and quantitative polymerase chain reactionanalyses. Results: On day 3, early granulation tissue, neovascularization, and inflammatory cell aggregates were observed in all groups. By day 7, active osteoclasts and osteoblasts were noted, with a significant increase in CD31-positive cells in the 980 nm group (p < 0.05). Day 14 showed new bone formation, and by day 28, increased cancellous bone and collagen content were present in all groups, with no significant differences between them (p > 0.05). Gene expression analysis revealed higher BMP-2 and Runx-2 levels in laser-treated groups on day 14 (p < 0.05), with the 980 nm group having higher BMP-2 levels than the 810 nm group (p < 0.05). Bone sialoprotein expression was higher in laser-treated groups on days 14 and 28 (p < 0.05), and osteocalcin expression was highest in the 980 nm group on both days (p < 0.05). Micro-CT analysis showed no significant differences among groups in bone mineral density, bone surface (BS)/bone volume (BV), or bone volume (BV)/TV (total volume) indices. Conclusion: PBM with 980 nm and 810 nm lasers promotes early-stage hard tissue healing in extraction sockets, with the 980 nm laser more effectively enhancing osteogenic gene expression, suggesting its potential as an adjunctive therapy in dental and oral surgery.
{"title":"Comparative Study of Photobiomodulation Effects on Alveolar Socket Hard Tissue Healing in Rats: Application of 980 nm Versus 810 nm Lasers.","authors":"Boxi Fan, Bo Shao, Shouyin Lv, Xu Liu, Jiang Sui, Congjia Bai, Wenlong Zhang, Shengzhao Xiao, Xiao-Hui Jiao","doi":"10.1089/photob.2024.0058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2024.0058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> This study aimed to explore the differential effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) via 980 nm and 810 nm lasers on the hard tissue healing of rat alveolar sockets, with a focus on a comparative analysis of hard tissue regeneration and osteogenic gene expression. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> This study aimed to explore the effects of PBM using 980 nm and 810 nm lasers on hard tissue healing of rat alveolar sockets, focusing on hard tissue regeneration and osteogenic gene expression. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> Thirty-six male Wistar rats (5 weeks old) had both right and left maxillary first molars extracted. Post extraction, the right alveolar sockets received PBM treatment with either 980 nm (0.3 W, 18 J/cm<sup>2</sup>) or 810 nm (0.1 W, 6 J/cm<sup>2</sup>) lasers for seven days, whereas the left sockets served as controls. Rats were euthanized on days 3, 7, 14, and 28 for histopathological, immunohistochemical, micro computed tomography (micro-CT), and quantitative polymerase chain reactionanalyses. <b><i>Results:</i></b> On day 3, early granulation tissue, neovascularization, and inflammatory cell aggregates were observed in all groups. By day 7, active osteoclasts and osteoblasts were noted, with a significant increase in CD31-positive cells in the 980 nm group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Day 14 showed new bone formation, and by day 28, increased cancellous bone and collagen content were present in all groups, with no significant differences between them (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Gene expression analysis revealed higher BMP-2 and Runx-2 levels in laser-treated groups on day 14 (<i>p</i> < 0.05), with the 980 nm group having higher BMP-2 levels than the 810 nm group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Bone sialoprotein expression was higher in laser-treated groups on days 14 and 28 (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and osteocalcin expression was highest in the 980 nm group on both days (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Micro-CT analysis showed no significant differences among groups in bone mineral density, bone surface (BS)/bone volume (BV), or bone volume (BV)/TV (total volume) indices. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> PBM with 980 nm and 810 nm lasers promotes early-stage hard tissue healing in extraction sockets, with the 980 nm laser more effectively enhancing osteogenic gene expression, suggesting its potential as an adjunctive therapy in dental and oral surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142484519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: We aimed to evaluate the effects of laser therapy together with rest splint and exercise on muscle strength, function, activities of daily living, and pain in individuals suffering from cubital tunnel syndrome (CuTS) by comparing it with placebo treatment. Materials and Methods: This prospective, single-blind, and randomized controlled study was conducted with 64 patients with CuTS in total. They were divided into two groups by randomization: Group 1 (n = 32) was provided with low-energy laser therapy + splint + exercise, and Group 2 (n = 32) was provided with low-energy sham laser therapy + splint + exercise. Patients in both groups received resting splints and nerve release exercises. Pretreatment and posttreatment (3rd week, 3rd month) evaluations were made with the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the Quick Disability of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Questionnaire, hand grip strength, fingertip grip strength, the Patient-Rated Ulnar Nerve Evaluation Scale (PRUNES), and Short Form-12. An electrophysiological evaluation was performed at baseline and at the 3rd month. Results: We observed significant improvements in both groups regarding pain, function, muscle strength, health profile, and quality of life in the early posttreatment (3rd week) stage and at the 3rd-month follow-up. When both groups were compared, a significant difference was determined between the VAS-Rest, VAS-Movement, PRUNES-Pain, PRUNES-Function, and PRUNES-Total parameters in the posttreatment (3rd week follow-ups), as well as PRUNES-Pain scores in the post-treatment (3rd month) stage, of the groups in favor of those in Group 1 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of our study have shown that in the treatment of CuTS, laser treatment is superior to placebo in the short term, but they have equivalent effects in the medium term. Further studies with large patient populations are needed to provide more diverse information about the therapeutic effectiveness of low-intensity laser therapy.
{"title":"The Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy in Cubital Tunnel Syndrome, Clinical Trial.","authors":"Gurbet Yağcı, Meliha Kasapoğlu Aksoy, İlknur Aykurt Karlıbel, Meral Seferoğlu","doi":"10.1089/photob.2024.0089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2024.0089","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Aim:</i></b> We aimed to evaluate the effects of laser therapy together with rest splint and exercise on muscle strength, function, activities of daily living, and pain in individuals suffering from cubital tunnel syndrome (CuTS) by comparing it with placebo treatment. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> This prospective, single-blind, and randomized controlled study was conducted with 64 patients with CuTS in total. They were divided into two groups by randomization: Group 1 (<i>n</i> = 32) was provided with low-energy laser therapy + splint + exercise, and Group 2 (<i>n</i> = 32) was provided with low-energy sham laser therapy + splint + exercise. Patients in both groups received resting splints and nerve release exercises. Pretreatment and posttreatment (3rd week, 3rd month) evaluations were made with the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the Quick Disability of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Questionnaire, hand grip strength, fingertip grip strength, the Patient-Rated Ulnar Nerve Evaluation Scale (PRUNES), and Short Form-12. An electrophysiological evaluation was performed at baseline and at the 3rd month. <b><i>Results:</i></b> We observed significant improvements in both groups regarding pain, function, muscle strength, health profile, and quality of life in the early posttreatment (3rd week) stage and at the 3rd-month follow-up. When both groups were compared, a significant difference was determined between the VAS-Rest, VAS-Movement, PRUNES-Pain, PRUNES-Function, and PRUNES-Total parameters in the posttreatment (3rd week follow-ups), as well as PRUNES-Pain scores in the post-treatment (3rd month) stage, of the groups in favor of those in Group 1 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The findings of our study have shown that in the treatment of CuTS, laser treatment is superior to placebo in the short term, but they have equivalent effects in the medium term. Further studies with large patient populations are needed to provide more diverse information about the therapeutic effectiveness of low-intensity laser therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142484598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Study design: A quasi-experimental study utilized a matched-pair design, administering photobiomodulation at four-sites on one side of the body and assigning control to the other side at corresponding sites. Objectives: This study aimed to assess photobiomodulation treatment effects on bone mineral density (BMD) measurement using dual-energy X-ray-absorptiometry in individuals with complete spinal cord injury (C.SCI) and osteoporosis. Methods: Eight patients received treatment at four-sites: forearm-mid-distal (MID), proximal-femur, distal-femur, and proximal-tibia, totaling 32 sites. Using an 830 nm gallium-aluminum-arsenide semiconductor laser irradiation was administered three times weekly for 8 weeks. Different doses (energy density) were determined depending on bone depth from skin surface, as assessed by sonography and adjusted through irradiation time to be 8, 10, and 12 J/cm2 for depths <1 cm, between 1 and 1.5 cm, and >1.5 cm, respectively, using 200 mW power to deliver the optimal isodose of laser at each depth of bone within each therapeutic site. BMD was measured at baseline, week 8 of treatment, and week 15 of follow-up. Serum 25-(OH)-vitamin D and bone formation markers including osteocalcin and bone-alkaline-phosphatase (B-ALP) were also assessed at baseline and week 8 of treatment. Results: Significant increases in BMD were noted in proximal-femur and forearm-MID at both week 8 and week 15. Serum 25-(OH)-vitamin D levels significantly increased after treatment. However, no notable changes were observed in distal-femur and proximal-tibia BMD or in osteocalcin and B-ALP levels. Conclusions: Photobiomodulation (830 nm) laser demonstrated efficacy in improving BMD at proximal-femur and forearm-MID in individuals with C.SCI. Moreover, the observed positive influence on vitamin D levels suggests a potential photobiomodulation role, warranting further investigation.
{"title":"The Effect of Photobiomodulation on Bone Mineral Density, Serum Vitamin D, and Bone Formation Markers in Individuals with Complete Spinal Cord Injuries with Osteoporosis.","authors":"Esmaeil Mohammadzadeh, Aref Hosseinian Amiri, Reza Fekrazad, Rainer A Leitgeb, Winfried Mayr, Kamran Ezzati","doi":"10.1089/photob.2023.0195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2023.0195","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Study design:</i></b> A quasi-experimental study utilized a matched-pair design, administering photobiomodulation at four-sites on one side of the body and assigning control to the other side at corresponding sites. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> This study aimed to assess photobiomodulation treatment effects on bone mineral density (BMD) measurement using dual-energy X-ray-absorptiometry in individuals with complete spinal cord injury (C.SCI) and osteoporosis. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Eight patients received treatment at four-sites: forearm-mid-distal (MID), proximal-femur, distal-femur, and proximal-tibia, totaling 32 sites. Using an 830 nm gallium-aluminum-arsenide semiconductor laser irradiation was administered three times weekly for 8 weeks. Different doses (energy density) were determined depending on bone depth from skin surface, as assessed by sonography and adjusted through irradiation time to be 8, 10, and 12 J/cm<sup>2</sup> for depths <1 cm, between 1 and 1.5 cm, and >1.5 cm, respectively, using 200 mW power to deliver the optimal isodose of laser at each depth of bone within each therapeutic site. BMD was measured at baseline, week 8 of treatment, and week 15 of follow-up. Serum 25-(OH)-vitamin D and bone formation markers including osteocalcin and bone-alkaline-phosphatase (B-ALP) were also assessed at baseline and week 8 of treatment. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Significant increases in BMD were noted in proximal-femur and forearm-MID at both week 8 and week 15. Serum 25-(OH)-vitamin D levels significantly increased after treatment. However, no notable changes were observed in distal-femur and proximal-tibia BMD or in osteocalcin and B-ALP levels. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Photobiomodulation (830 nm) laser demonstrated efficacy in improving BMD at proximal-femur and forearm-MID in individuals with C.SCI. Moreover, the observed positive influence on vitamin D levels suggests a potential photobiomodulation role, warranting further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142368102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-09-24DOI: 10.1089/photob.2024.0052
Merat Karimi, Ehsan Sadeghi, Mostafa Zahedifar, Hamed Mirzaei, Majid Nejati, Michael R Hamblin
Objective: The green synthesis of Tin(IV) oxide (SnO2): Gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) using Teucrium polium medicinal plant extract was investigated, and the NPs were characterized and tested as photosensitizers to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Methods: The cytotoxic effect on C26 cells was investigated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) technique. The results showed their toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. The green synthesis of SnO2:Au NPs was achieved for the first time using an extract of T. polium medicinal plant as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The produced NPs were examined for their application in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer. Results: Methylene blue and anthracene were used to confirm that the photosensitizer could produce ROS when excited with UVA radiation. The anticancer activity of SnO2:Au was investigated in vitro using the C26 cell line and an MTT assay, showing that PDT with SnO2:Au NPs could inhibit cancer cell proliferation. Conclusions: The significant afterglow of the SnO2:Au NPs could cause the generation of ROS to continue several minutes after switching off the light source.
{"title":"Green Synthesis of Au-Doped Tin Oxide Nanoparticles Using <i>Teucrium Polium</i> Extract with Potential Applications in Photodynamic Therapy.","authors":"Merat Karimi, Ehsan Sadeghi, Mostafa Zahedifar, Hamed Mirzaei, Majid Nejati, Michael R Hamblin","doi":"10.1089/photob.2024.0052","DOIUrl":"10.1089/photob.2024.0052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> The green synthesis of Tin(IV) oxide (SnO<sub>2</sub>): Gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) using <i>Teucrium polium</i> medicinal plant extract was investigated, and the NPs were characterized and tested as photosensitizers to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The cytotoxic effect on C26 cells was investigated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) technique. The results showed their toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. The green synthesis of SnO<sub>2</sub>:Au NPs was achieved for the first time using an extract of <i>T. polium</i> medicinal plant as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The produced NPs were examined for their application in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Methylene blue and anthracene were used to confirm that the photosensitizer could produce ROS when excited with UVA radiation. The anticancer activity of SnO<sub>2</sub>:Au was investigated in vitro using the C26 cell line and an MTT assay, showing that PDT with SnO<sub>2</sub>:Au NPs could inhibit cancer cell proliferation. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The significant afterglow of the SnO<sub>2</sub>:Au NPs could cause the generation of ROS to continue several minutes after switching off the light source.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142309516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1089/photob.2023.0155
Luiz Alcino Gueiros, Margherita Gobbo, Alan Roger Santos-Silva, Elisabetta Merigo, Wanessa Miranda-Silva, Eduardo Rodrigues Fregnani, Giulia Ottaviani, Elisa Kauark-Fontes, Rene-Jean Bensadoun, Praveen Arany
Objective: This study aimed to review the current body of literature on underexplored areas of photobiomodulation (PBM) for preventing and/or treating oral adverse events. Background: Recent studies suggest that PBM may offer potential benefits in managing cancer-related toxicities other than oral mucositis. Nevertheless, further research to establish conclusive evidence is still missing. Methods: A panel of specialists conducted a narrative review to evaluate the evidence on PBM therapy for oral mucositis, xerostomia, dysgeusia, dysphagia, and trismus/fibrosis. Each topic was reviewed by two specialists who discussed treatment rationale, summarized current evidence, evaluated risk/benefit ratio, and identified future research directions. Results: The current evidence suggests promising outcomes in nonroutine uses of PBM for xerostomia, dysgeusia, odynophagia, oral mucositis (extraoral PBM and the pediatric population), and trismus/fibrosis. However, the primary studies are often small and may have biases that require further evaluation, particularly regarding treatment safety. Conclusion: Despite the overall positive impression of PBM therapy for oral adverse events of cancer treatment, robust evidence from large multicentered studies is necessary to support its widespread clinical use.
{"title":"Underexplored Areas of Photobiomodulation in Oral Oncology: An Expert Analysis.","authors":"Luiz Alcino Gueiros, Margherita Gobbo, Alan Roger Santos-Silva, Elisabetta Merigo, Wanessa Miranda-Silva, Eduardo Rodrigues Fregnani, Giulia Ottaviani, Elisa Kauark-Fontes, Rene-Jean Bensadoun, Praveen Arany","doi":"10.1089/photob.2023.0155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2023.0155","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> This study aimed to review the current body of literature on underexplored areas of photobiomodulation (PBM) for preventing and/or treating oral adverse events. <b><i>Background:</i></b> Recent studies suggest that PBM may offer potential benefits in managing cancer-related toxicities other than oral mucositis. Nevertheless, further research to establish conclusive evidence is still missing. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A panel of specialists conducted a narrative review to evaluate the evidence on PBM therapy for oral mucositis, xerostomia, dysgeusia, dysphagia, and trismus/fibrosis. Each topic was reviewed by two specialists who discussed treatment rationale, summarized current evidence, evaluated risk/benefit ratio, and identified future research directions. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The current evidence suggests promising outcomes in nonroutine uses of PBM for xerostomia, dysgeusia, odynophagia, oral mucositis (extraoral PBM and the pediatric population), and trismus/fibrosis. However, the primary studies are often small and may have biases that require further evaluation, particularly regarding treatment safety. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Despite the overall positive impression of PBM therapy for oral adverse events of cancer treatment, robust evidence from large multicentered studies is necessary to support its widespread clinical use.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142484601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01Epub Date: 2024-07-29DOI: 10.1089/pho.2024.0077
Fahad Alkhudhairy
Aim: To prepare experimental adhesive (EA) with 1% and without chitosan nanoparticles on dentin conditioned with a conventional technique phosphoric acid (PA) compared with two different contemporary techniques: photodynamic therapy (PDT) and femtosecond laser (FSL). Method: The methodology consisted of synthesis of EA and 1% chitosan-modified adhesive (CMA). Scanning electron microscopy, dentin adhesive interface assessment, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, shear bond strength (SBS), degree of conversion (DC), and bond failure were assessed. Teeth were selected, disinfected, and mounted in acrylic up to the cementoenamel junction. Occlusal enamel was removed and teeth were randomly allocated into groups and conditioned. These included Group 1: samples treated with PA; Group 2: specimens conditioned with methylene blue photosensitizer (MBP) activated by PDT; and Group 3: samples conditioned with FSL. Following different conditioning regimes, specimens were bonded using 1% CMA and EA. The composite buildup was followed by SBS testing and a bond failure assessment. DC was assessed for both EA and CMA. Analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used to compare the mean and standard deviation of SBS and DC in different experimental groups, with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: Dentin pretreated with etch and rinse demonstrated the highest bond strength with 1% CMA. Dentin conditioned with MBP activated by PDT and bonded to EA showed the lowest bond scores. Overall SBS values of 1% CMA were better than EA irrespective of the conditioning regime of dentin. The DC was higher in EA adhesive. This was followed by DC in 1% CMA. DC in EA was found to be comparable with 1% CMA. Conclusions: PA remains the gold standard for dentin conditioning. The incorporation of 1% chitosan in adhesive improves SBS and results in no change in DC. The use of FSL in dentin conditioning can be used as an alternative approach as it results in SBS within acceptable limits. The study was approved by the ethical board of King Saud University.
目的:制备含 1%和不含壳聚糖纳米颗粒的牙本质实验粘合剂(EA),并将其与两种不同的现代技术:光动力疗法(PDT)和飞秒激光(FSL)进行比较。方法:方法包括合成 EA 和 1%壳聚糖改性粘合剂(CMA)。对扫描电子显微镜、牙本质粘接界面评估、能量色散光谱、剪切粘接强度(SBS)、转换度(DC)和粘接失败进行评估。选取牙齿,进行消毒,并将其安装在丙烯酸树脂中,直至牙本质釉质交界处。去除咬合面珐琅质,将牙齿随机分配到不同的组别并进行调节。其中包括:第 1 组:用 PA 处理的样本;第 2 组:用亚甲基蓝光敏剂 (MBP) 激活 PDT 调理的样本;第 3 组:用 FSL 调理的样本。在采用不同的调节机制后,使用 1% CMA 和 EA 对试样进行粘合。复合材料堆积后进行 SBS 测试和粘接失效评估。对 EA 和 CMA 都进行了 DC 评估。采用方差分析和 Tukey 后验法比较不同实验组中 SBS 和 DC 的平均值和标准偏差,显著性水平为 p <0.05。结果经蚀刻和冲洗预处理的牙本质与 1% CMA 的粘接强度最高。用 PDT 激活的 MBP 调理牙本质并与 EA 粘接后,粘接得分最低。无论牙本质的调节机制如何,1% CMA 的总体 SBS 值都优于 EA。EA 粘合剂的 DC 值较高。其次是 1%CMA。发现 EA 中的 DC 与 1%CMA相当。结论:PA 仍是牙本质调节的黄金标准。在粘合剂中加入 1%的壳聚糖可提高 SBS,但不会改变 DC。在牙本质调节中使用 FSL 可作为一种替代方法,因为它能使 SBS 在可接受的范围内。该研究已获得沙特国王大学伦理委员会的批准。
{"title":"Experimental and Chitosan-Infused Adhesive with Dentin Pretreated with Femtosecond Laser, Methylene Blue-Activated Low-Level Laser, and Phosphoric Acid.","authors":"Fahad Alkhudhairy","doi":"10.1089/pho.2024.0077","DOIUrl":"10.1089/pho.2024.0077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Aim:</i></b> To prepare experimental adhesive (EA) with 1% and without chitosan nanoparticles on dentin conditioned with a conventional technique phosphoric acid (PA) compared with two different contemporary techniques: photodynamic therapy (PDT) and femtosecond laser (FSL). <b><i>Method:</i></b> The methodology consisted of synthesis of EA and 1% chitosan-modified adhesive (CMA). Scanning electron microscopy, dentin adhesive interface assessment, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, shear bond strength (SBS), degree of conversion (DC), and bond failure were assessed. Teeth were selected, disinfected, and mounted in acrylic up to the cementoenamel junction. Occlusal enamel was removed and teeth were randomly allocated into groups and conditioned. These included Group 1: samples treated with PA; Group 2: specimens conditioned with methylene blue photosensitizer (MBP) activated by PDT; and Group 3: samples conditioned with FSL. Following different conditioning regimes, specimens were bonded using 1% CMA and EA. The composite buildup was followed by SBS testing and a bond failure assessment. DC was assessed for both EA and CMA. Analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used to compare the mean and standard deviation of SBS and DC in different experimental groups, with a significance level of <i>p</i> < 0.05. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Dentin pretreated with etch and rinse demonstrated the highest bond strength with 1% CMA. Dentin conditioned with MBP activated by PDT and bonded to EA showed the lowest bond scores. Overall SBS values of 1% CMA were better than EA irrespective of the conditioning regime of dentin. The DC was higher in EA adhesive. This was followed by DC in 1% CMA. DC in EA was found to be comparable with 1% CMA. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> PA remains the gold standard for dentin conditioning. The incorporation of 1% chitosan in adhesive improves SBS and results in no change in DC. The use of FSL in dentin conditioning can be used as an alternative approach as it results in SBS within acceptable limits. The study was approved by the ethical board of King Saud University.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141790714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1089/photob.2024.0071
Juliano Abreu Pacheco, Kelly Fernanda Molena, Eugenia Velludo Veiga
Main: The pharmacological treatment of cancer can lead to undesirable hemodynamic adverse effects. Laser therapy may promote hemodynamic balance in these patients. This study aimed to analyze the values of the biomarkers ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (PCR_us) and Homocysteine (HCy) after the use of intravascular laser irradiation of blood (ILIB) in mastectomized patients using hormonal blockers Tamoxifen and Aromatase Inhibitors. Methods: This was an experimental, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial with experimental (G1) and control (G2) groups. In G1, patients were irradiated with ILIB using a red laser at 660 nm on the carotid artery, while G2 received a placebo treatment. Blood collection for HCy and us-CRP biomarker evaluation was conducted monthly for 4 months. Statistical analysis was performed using R Studio 4.4.2 and JAMOVI, with a significance level of 5%. Results: A total of 21 patients participated in the study, with 12 in G1 and 9 in G2. There were no differences in age, systolic, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate between the groups. The initial and final mean PCR_us levels for G1 were 6.8 and 3.8 mg/dL, and for HCy were 14.2 and 12.1 µmol/L, respectively. While for G2 initial and final mean PCR_us levels were 9.40 and 7.60 mg/dL, and for HCy were 14.33 and 16.69 µmol/L. There was no statistical difference for PCR_us. However, a significant difference between the groups (p < 0.05) for HCy in the 3rd and 4th months. Conclusion: During ILIB Therapy, there was a reduction in HCy, which may favor the improvement of cardiovascular function in these patients undergoing anticancer therapies.
{"title":"Analysis of the Ultrasensitive C-Reactive Protein and Homocysteine Biomarkers after Photobiomodulation Therapy in Hormone Blocker-Treated Mastectomized Women: A Randomized, Blind, and Controlled Clinical Study.","authors":"Juliano Abreu Pacheco, Kelly Fernanda Molena, Eugenia Velludo Veiga","doi":"10.1089/photob.2024.0071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/photob.2024.0071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Main:</i></b> The pharmacological treatment of cancer can lead to undesirable hemodynamic adverse effects. Laser therapy may promote hemodynamic balance in these patients. This study aimed to analyze the values of the biomarkers ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (PCR_us) and Homocysteine (HCy) after the use of intravascular laser irradiation of blood (ILIB) in mastectomized patients using hormonal blockers Tamoxifen and Aromatase Inhibitors. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This was an experimental, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial with experimental (G1) and control (G2) groups. In G1, patients were irradiated with ILIB using a red laser at 660 nm on the carotid artery, while G2 received a placebo treatment. Blood collection for HCy and us-CRP biomarker evaluation was conducted monthly for 4 months. Statistical analysis was performed using R Studio 4.4.2 and JAMOVI, with a significance level of 5%. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A total of 21 patients participated in the study, with 12 in G1 and 9 in G2. There were no differences in age, systolic, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate between the groups. The initial and final mean PCR_us levels for G1 were 6.8 and 3.8 mg/dL, and for HCy were 14.2 and 12.1 µmol/L, respectively. While for G2 initial and final mean PCR_us levels were 9.40 and 7.60 mg/dL, and for HCy were 14.33 and 16.69 µmol/L. There was no statistical difference for PCR_us. However, a significant difference between the groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05) for HCy in the 3rd and 4th months. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> During ILIB Therapy, there was a reduction in HCy, which may favor the improvement of cardiovascular function in these patients undergoing anticancer therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":94169,"journal":{"name":"Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142484599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}