Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery最新文献

Objective: To critically assess the preventive and rehabilitative effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) on orthodontically induced root resorption (OIRR). Methods: Six databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, Scopus and OpenGrey) were electronically searched up to September 12, 2024 to retrieve animal studies about PBM and OIRR. The risk of bias (ROB) of included studies was assessed by the SYRCLE's tool. The effects of PBM on OIRR are regarded as OIRR prevention and OIRR rehabilitation by irradiation during or after orthodontic tooth movement. The PBM protocols for reducing and rehabilitating OIRR were summarized separately. Results: A total of 15 studies were ultimately included in this review. Regarding OIRR rehabilitation, all 4 relevant studies confirmed that laser significantly reduced root resorption degree, root resorption area (RRA) and root resorption volume, respectively. As for 13 studies investigating OIRR prevention, 9 studies (5 involving laser and 4 involving light-emitting diode [LED]) supported the positive effects of PBM, 3 studies (2 involving laser and 1 involving LED) showed no effects, 1 study reported that laser irradiation increased RRA and LED did no effect. 10 studies ranked unclear ROB and 5 studies presented high ROB. Due to considerable clinical and statistical heterogeneity among included studies, the meta-analysis was not performed. Conclusion: Within current evidence of animal studies, laser-based PBM might be promising to rehabilitate OIRR. Considerable controversy still exists on the preventive effect of PBM on OIRR. Further study is needed to detect effective dose and irradiation methods of PBM on OIRR prevention.

Background: There has been an increase in interest in using in-office cosmetic treatments to promote collagen in the skin and deeper tissues. Aim: The current study assesses the safety and efficacy of the combination of a 675 nm laser wavelength and the injection of soft tissue fillers based on hyaluronic acid (HA) during facial rejuvenation treatments. Materials and methods: A total of 16 patients treated for facial skin rejuvenation and reduction of facial laxity were divided into two groups: Group 1 underwent three sessions of a 675 nm laser system combined with three sessions of HA filler and Group 2 received three sessions of the 675 nm laser system alone. One treatment every 30 days for 3 months was performed. Images were acquired at baseline (T₀), after the second session (T_m), and 1 month after the last treatment (T_f). A dermal analysis system was employed for skin analysis. The 10-point visual analog scale and the 5-point Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) were used. Results: In both groups, but more promisingly in Group 1, the skin showed an improvement in its elasticity reported with an increase in Young's modulus, a decrease in retraction time, and an increase in viscoelasticity. Qualitative analysis of high-frequency dermal ultrasound images showed significant increases in new collagen density and dermal thickness. These results were confirmed with the GAIS. No side effects were recorded. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the combination of 675 nm laser and HA filler was well-tolerated and safe and has shown promising results for treating skin aging.

Background: Melasma is a cutaneous pigmentary condition, difficult to treat due to its multifactorial chronic nature and high recurrence rates. Objective: To investigate the medium-term and long-term efficacy of the 675 nm laser for the treatment of facial melasma with pigmentary and vascular symptoms. Methods: Eight patients with facial melasma and Fitzpatrick phototypes III to IV were recruited. Three sessions were carried out with a 675-nm laser device. At 5 months and 12 months after the last treatment, the patient's skin was evaluated from baseline using a five-point Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS). Results: The study findings revealed a better overall appearance of the skin condition, in particular GAIS improvements mainly in the visible and pigmented components. Conclusion: The 675-nm laser appears to be effective when treating patients with Fitzpatrick phototypes III to IV for facial melasma, with promising long-term results.

Objective: This study assessed the impact of a 5% combination of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) (Aladent) in a multispecies in vitro biofilm model subgingival pathogens. Methods: The 33-species biofilm model was established in the Calgary Biofilm Device during a duration of 7 days. The biofilm treatments comprised various groups: control, light-emitting diode (LED), Aladent (ALADA), and Aladent with LED (ALAD+L), administered on day 6. The Aladent was in contact with the biofilm for 45 min before to the 7-min LED treatment. The LED (λ = 630 nm, power ≈ 380 mW/cm²) was placed 2 mm from the biofilm. Subsequently, during 7 days of biofilm formation, the metabolic activity of the biofilms was assessed utilizing triphenyltetrazolium chloride, and the presence of 33 bacterial species was evaluated through DNA-DNA hybridization. Results: The findings indicated that the ALAD+L treatment was the sole intervention demonstrating a statistically significant reduction (∼70%) in the metabolic activity of the biofilms relative to the control group. Moreover, ALAD+L markedly diminished the overall biofilm count and the average counts of five bacterial species: S. intermedius, V. parvula, A. israelii, P. gingivalis, and E. saburreum. Conclusion: The integration of the photosensitizer Aladent with LED application significantly diminished metabolic activity and bacterial species count in the multispecies subgingival biofilm model, indicating substantial promise for the treatment of peri-implantitis.

Background: Commercial lasers and light combs have limitations such as restricted wavelengths, inconsistent energy delivery, and variable results. While photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) at 650 nm has been extensively studied for hair growth, research on PBMT at 1550 nm and 14,000 nm (far infrared radiation, FIR) remains limited. Objective: This study aims to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of PBMT, including 650 nm, 1550 nm, and 14,000 nm, in promoting hair growth and improving scalp health. Method: A controlled study with 68 participants (18-60 years old) assigned them to either PBMT 650 nm, 1550 nm, 14,000 nm, or a control group. Treatment lasts 3 months, with maintenance treatments every 4-6 weeks for up to 9 months. Hair density, scalp condition, and loss were assessed at baseline 3, 6, and 9 months. Results: PBMT at 650 nm, 1550 nm, and 14,000 all improved hair growth over 9 months. Hair density increased in the PBMT groups (100→114 hairs/cm², 99→115 hairs/cm², and 101→107 hairs/cm²), while the control group declined (100→98 hairs/cm²). Among the 68 participants, 42 had oily scalps initially. This condition improved in all treatment groups, with oily scalp cases nearly halved in each treatment group. Conclusion: PBMT (650 nm, 1550 nm, and 14,000 nm) effectively promotes hair growth and reduces hair loss. Further research is needed to refine protocols, explore combinations, and extend follow-up periods.

Background: Rhinophyma, an advanced form of rosacea, primarily affects older men and is characterized by nasal hypertrophy and irregular surface texture. Traditional treatments include pharmacologic interventions and various surgical techniques. Objective: To present the clinical outcome of a novel combined treatment using fractional carbon dioxide laser (FCL) and fractional microneedle radiofrequency (FmRF) in a patient with rhinophyma. Methods: A 62-year-old male with prominent nasal seborrhea, hypertrophy, and surface irregularities underwent combined treatment with FCL and FmRF. The treatment sessions were performed under topical anesthesia with post-procedure care including emollients and sun protection. Results: The patient experienced marked cosmetic improvement, including reduced nasal bulk and smoother surface texture, without adverse events such as scarring or pigmentary alteration. The recovery period was short, and patient satisfaction was high. Conclusions: This case represents the first report of combining FCL and FmRF for the treatment of rhinophyma. The favorable clinical and cosmetic outcome suggests this method may be a promising alternative to conventional surgical approaches. Further studies are needed to validate its efficacy and safety in broader populations.

Aim: This investigation aimed to assess the efficacy of reversal methods on bleached enamel via fluoride-activated Er:YAG, diode, femtosecond laser, focusing on Vickers hardness (VH), shear bond strength (SBS), calcium (Ca⁺⁺)/phosphorus (P) ratio, and the interface between brackets and enamel. Materials and Methods: A total of 112 human maxillary premolars with intact enamel, which had been extracted, were included. About 96 specimens underwent bleaching using a 40% hydrogen peroxide (HP) Office bleaching agent. The remaining 16 samples were taken as control. The enamel samples were divided into six groups (2-7) based on the bleaching reversal technique (n = 16). Samples in Group 1 contained unbleached samples of sound enamel (n = 10). Group 1: Samples did not undergo bleaching; Group 2: bleached samples with no reversal; Group 3: bleached enamel reversal via fluoride activated by Er:YAG laser; Group 4: bleached enamel reversal via fluoride activated by diode laser; Group 5: bleached enamel reversal via fluoride activated by femtosecond laser; Group 6: bleached enamel reversal via Na-Ascorbate; and Group 7: bleached enamel reversal with fluoride. From controls and interventional groups, two pairs of samples were assessed for VH and one pair of samples for EDX to assess Ca/P. All samples were bonded with brackets for SBS assessment and bracket-enamel interface. Analysis of variance, followed by post hoc multiple comparison tests, was used to tabulate results for SBS, VH, and the Ca/P ratio. Results: Ca/P ratio, VH, and SBS in bleached enamel reversed via Er:YAG laser + fluoride and femtosecond laser + fluoride demonstrated the efficacy of reversal similar to bleached enamel reversed by a conventional method, Na-Ascorbate, and control. Conclusions: Fluoride-treated bleached enamel, activated via Er, YAG, or femtosecond lasers, was effective in reversing the undesirable effects of bleaching, improving SBS of orthodontic brackets, Ca/P ratio, and enamel hardness.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant radiotherapy combined with transurethral photoselective vaporization of bladder tumors (PVBT), followed by postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy, in the treatment of T3 muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Background: Transurethral resection of bladder tumors combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, also known as trimodal therapy (TMT), is the recommended bladder-preserving approach for MIBC and has demonstrated favorable outcomes in T2 MIBC. However, T3 MIBC remains a challenging candidate for TMT due to its relatively poor prognosis. Therefore, optimizing the "triple therapy" strategy for T3 MIBC is essential. Methods: This was a retrospective case series. Patients with T3 MIBC who underwent preoperative neoadjuvant radiotherapy combined with PVBT, followed by postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy, between January 2018 and December 2020 were included. Tumor response after neoadjuvant radiotherapy, the incidence of PVBT-related complications, and adverse effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy were assessed. Tumor recurrence and survival outcomes were monitored through outpatient follow-ups and telephone consultations. Risk factors for recurrence were analyzed using statistical methods. Results: A total of 48 patients were included. Four weeks after neoadjuvant radiotherapy, complete response, partial response, stable disease, and disease progression were observed in 3 (6.3%), 23 (47.9%), 20 (41.7%), and 2 (4.2%) patients, respectively. The objective response rate and disease control rate were 54.2% and 95.8%, respectively. Radiation- or chemotherapy-related toxicity occurred in 23 patients (47.9%), all of whom experienced only grade I-II adverse effects, with no grade III-IV toxicity reported. During a follow-up period of 14-58 months, 22 patients (45.83%) experienced recurrence, and 3 patients died due to distant organ metastases. Multi-variate Cox regression analysis identified tumor diameter (≤3.0 cm vs. >3.0 cm) and tumor multiplicity (single vs. multiple) as significant risk factors for recurrence. Conclusions: Preoperative neoadjuvant radiotherapy combined with PVBT, followed by postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy, is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for T3 MIBC.

Background: Oral mucositis (OM) is a severe inflammatory and ulcerative condition of the oral mucosa commonly induced by chemotherapy. Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy has been proposed for preventing and treating OM. However, the understanding of light interaction with biological tissues and the variability in light sources and protocols limit its widespread application. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of PBM on salivary nitrite levels, a marker of oxidative stress associated with inflammation and tissue damage. Materials and Methods: This prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial included 45 patients, evenly divided into three age- and sex-matched groups. Group 1 received basic oral care instructions prior to chemotherapy. Group 2 received these instructions plus PBM using a 650 nm intraoral diode laser. Group 3 received basic oral care instructions combined with PBM using both a 650 nm intraoral diode laser and a 980 nm extraoral diode laser. OM severity was assessed using World Health Organization criteria, and salivary nitrite levels were measured using the Griess reagent kit (Biotium®) according to the manufacturer's instructions 1 and 2 weeks after the first chemotherapy session. Results: Our study included 45 patients who were evenly distributed into three groups, matched for age, sex, tumor type, and type of chemotherapy. Significant differences in OM severity were observed among the groups at both 1 and 2 weeks (p = 0.000). Salivary nitrite levels also showed significant differences between groups at these time points (p = 0.00). Significant differences were found between the control group and both laser treatment groups, but no significant difference was noted between the two laser treatment groups. Conclusions: PBM effectively reduces OM severity, whether used intraorally alone or combined with extraoral application. This effect is likely due to PBM's ability to lower salivary nitrite levels, indicating reduced oxidative stress and inflammation.

Background: A growingAQ3 number of investigations have demonstrated promising outcomes related to the application of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in dentistry. PDT involves the application of light and photosensitizer (PS) or photoactive dye that can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) on irradiation with light of an appropriate wavelength to be absorbed by the PS. Results and Conclusion: ROS initiates a series of biological and photochemical processes that lead to irreversible damage resulting in the death of microbes. Several light-absorbing dyes have been used in the literature as potential PS for PDT and varying wavelengths have been evaluated. Different outcomes, limitations, and suggestions have been mentioned by various researchers, hence, this review aimed to identify several oral conditions and diseases where PDT could be utilized efficaciously as the sole therapy or as an adjunctive modality and assess from numerous published literature whether PDT exerts a significant influence on the treatment of oral conditions and diseases.