Oral Oncology Reports最新文献

Confronting the demonization of AI writing: Reevaluating its role in upholding scientific integrity

Oral Oncology Reports

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100685

Luca Fiorillo

The advent of AI-assisted writing tools, such as ChatGPT, has generated significant debate within scientific communities, primarily regarding their influence on the rigor and integrity of academic writing. While critics argue that reliance on these tools could dilute analytical depth or introduce biases, a balanced perspective suggests that AI-driven writing can enhance clarity, structure complex arguments, and improve the efficiency of scientific communication. This manuscript addresses the controversies surrounding AI writing by analyzing historical precedents of methodological errors in published research, highlighting the need for error-minimizing tools during manuscript preparation. Case studies of notable retractions and methodological critiques reveal that inaccuracies in scientific literature are not unique to the era of AI. These issues underscore the need for stringent ethical practices and critical evaluation, regardless of technological advancements. AI writing tools, when employed responsibly, serve as valuable assets to researchers by supporting precision and transparency in scholarly communication. Thus, embracing AI tools, rather than demonizing them, may contribute positively to the goals of reproducibility and trustworthiness in academic publications. Ethical guidelines and a commitment to integrity remain paramount as these tools evolve.

{"title":"Confronting the demonization of AI writing: Reevaluating its role in upholding scientific integrity","authors":"Luca Fiorillo","doi":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100685","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100685","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The advent of AI-assisted writing tools, such as ChatGPT, has generated significant debate within scientific communities, primarily regarding their influence on the rigor and integrity of academic writing. While critics argue that reliance on these tools could dilute analytical depth or introduce biases, a balanced perspective suggests that AI-driven writing can enhance clarity, structure complex arguments, and improve the efficiency of scientific communication. This manuscript addresses the controversies surrounding AI writing by analyzing historical precedents of methodological errors in published research, highlighting the need for error-minimizing tools during manuscript preparation. Case studies of notable retractions and methodological critiques reveal that inaccuracies in scientific literature are not unique to the era of AI. These issues underscore the need for stringent ethical practices and critical evaluation, regardless of technological advancements. AI writing tools, when employed responsibly, serve as valuable assets to researchers by supporting precision and transparency in scholarly communication. Thus, embracing AI tools, rather than demonizing them, may contribute positively to the goals of reproducibility and trustworthiness in academic publications. Ethical guidelines and a commitment to integrity remain paramount as these tools evolve.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94378,"journal":{"name":"Oral Oncology Reports","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100685"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142746697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Preliminary analysis of incidence, risk factors, and management of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw in cancer patients

Oral Oncology Reports

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100686

P.J. Nagarathna , Santosh R. Patil

Background

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a severe complication associated with antiresorptive and antiangiogenic therapies commonly used to manage bone metastasis and improve bone density in cancer patients. This study aimed to investigate MRONJ's incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of MRONJ in patients receiving these therapies.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted involving 98 patients who had received antiresorptive or antiangiogenic medications for at least one year. Data were collected from the electronic health records, focusing on demographics, medication details, comorbidities, dental history, and MRONJ status. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of MRONJ, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to assess treatment outcomes, comparing surgical and conservative management approaches.

Results

The incidence of MRONJ was 21.4 % among the study cohort. Logistic regression identified prolonged medication duration (odds ratio [OR] = 2.5; p = 0.01), comorbidities (OR = 3.2; p = 0.003), and prior dental procedures (OR = 2.1; p = 0.02) as significant predictors of MRONJ. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that surgical intervention resulted in longer survival (median 24.5 Â months) than conservative management (median 12.8 months; p < 0.01). Despite the high rates of healing (71.4 %) and pain management success (85.7 %), a recurrence rate of 23.8 % indicated MRONJ's chronic nature of MRONJ.

Conclusion

This study underscores the importance of early identification and interdisciplinary management of MRONJ risk factors, particularly in patients with prolonged antiresorptive or antiangiogenic therapy. Surgical intervention appears beneficial; however, high recurrence rates emphasize the need for vigilant monitoring and patient-specific treatment strategies.

{"title":"Preliminary analysis of incidence, risk factors, and management of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw in cancer patients","authors":"P.J. Nagarathna , Santosh R. Patil","doi":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100686","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100686","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a severe complication associated with antiresorptive and antiangiogenic therapies commonly used to manage bone metastasis and improve bone density in cancer patients. This study aimed to investigate MRONJ's incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of MRONJ in patients receiving these therapies.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective cohort study was conducted involving 98 patients who had received antiresorptive or antiangiogenic medications for at least one year. Data were collected from the electronic health records, focusing on demographics, medication details, comorbidities, dental history, and MRONJ status. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of MRONJ, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to assess treatment outcomes, comparing surgical and conservative management approaches.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The incidence of MRONJ was 21.4 % among the study cohort. Logistic regression identified prolonged medication duration (odds ratio [OR] = 2.5; p = 0.01), comorbidities (OR = 3.2; p = 0.003), and prior dental procedures (OR = 2.1; p = 0.02) as significant predictors of MRONJ. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that surgical intervention resulted in longer survival (median 24.5 Â months) than conservative management (median 12.8 months; p < 0.01). Despite the high rates of healing (71.4 %) and pain management success (85.7 %), a recurrence rate of 23.8 % indicated MRONJ's chronic nature of MRONJ.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study underscores the importance of early identification and interdisciplinary management of MRONJ risk factors, particularly in patients with prolonged antiresorptive or antiangiogenic therapy. Surgical intervention appears beneficial; however, high recurrence rates emphasize the need for vigilant monitoring and patient-specific treatment strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94378,"journal":{"name":"Oral Oncology Reports","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100686"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142746696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

PD-L1 mediated immune escape in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Impact of LMP1 and IFN-γ on immune surveillance 鼻咽癌中 PD-L1 介导的免疫逃逸：LMP1 和 IFN-γ 对免疫监视的影响

Oral Oncology Reports

Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100688

Madhan Krishnan , Aruna Jothi shanmugam , Shyamaladevi Babu

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a distinct malignancy in head and neck cancer, notably linked to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections in regions with high prevalence. NPC's tumor microenvironment fosters immune escape mechanisms that support tumor cell survival, with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) as a key player. PD-L1 expression on NPC cells binds to the programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor on T cells, thereby creating an immunosuppressive environment that impairs immune surveillance. Two significant modulators of PD-L1 expression in NPC include the EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) and the immune cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Together, they contribute to the intricate regulation of PD-L1, enhancing immune evasion and complicating the landscape for effective treatment approaches. This review explores the molecular mechanisms underlying PD-L1 upregulation, focusing on LMP1's activation of the NF-κB and JAK/STAT pathways and IFN-γ′s paradoxical role in facilitating immune escape. Clinical evidence indicates that PD-L1 expression correlates with poor prognosis and resistance to standard therapies in NPC patients. Understanding these regulatory pathways may inform potential therapeutic strategies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, combination therapies, and novel immune-based approaches tailored to NPC's unique etiology. By providing a comprehensive synthesis of existing studies, this review highlights the interplay between PD-L1, LMP1, and IFN-γ, offering a framework for innovative therapeutic strategies targeting immune escape mechanisms. Identifying patients most likely to benefit from immune-targeted approaches and leveraging combination treatments could improve outcomes for NPC patients facing advanced or resistant disease.

鼻咽癌（NPC）是头颈部癌症中一种独特的恶性肿瘤，在高发地区主要与爱泼斯坦-巴氏病毒（EBV）感染有关。鼻咽癌的肿瘤微环境助长了支持肿瘤细胞存活的免疫逃逸机制，而程序性死亡配体1（PD-L1）是其中的关键因素。鼻咽癌细胞上表达的 PD-L1 与 T 细胞上的程序性死亡-1（PD-1）受体结合，从而形成一种免疫抑制环境，损害免疫监视。在鼻咽癌中，PD-L1表达的两个重要调节因子包括EBV编码的潜伏膜蛋白1（LMP1）和免疫细胞因子γ干扰素（IFN-γ）。它们共同对 PD-L1 起着错综复杂的调控作用，增强了免疫逃避能力，并使有效治疗方法的前景变得更加复杂。本综述探讨了 PD-L1 上调的分子机制，重点关注 LMP1 对 NF-κB 和 JAK/STAT 通路的激活，以及 IFN-γ 在促进免疫逃避方面的矛盾作用。临床证据表明，PD-L1的表达与鼻咽癌患者的不良预后和对标准疗法的耐药性有关。了解这些调节途径可为潜在的治疗策略提供信息，包括免疫检查点抑制剂、联合疗法以及针对鼻咽癌独特病因的新型免疫方法。通过对现有研究进行全面综述，本综述强调了 PD-L1、LMP1 和 IFN-γ 之间的相互作用，为针对免疫逃逸机制的创新治疗策略提供了一个框架。确定最有可能从免疫靶向方法中获益的患者并利用联合治疗可改善面临晚期或耐药性疾病的鼻咽癌患者的预后。

{"title":"PD-L1 mediated immune escape in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Impact of LMP1 and IFN-γ on immune surveillance","authors":"Madhan Krishnan , Aruna Jothi shanmugam , Shyamaladevi Babu","doi":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100688","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100688","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a distinct malignancy in head and neck cancer, notably linked to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections in regions with high prevalence. NPC's tumor microenvironment fosters immune escape mechanisms that support tumor cell survival, with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) as a key player. PD-L1 expression on NPC cells binds to the programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor on T cells, thereby creating an immunosuppressive environment that impairs immune surveillance. Two significant modulators of PD-L1 expression in NPC include the EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) and the immune cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Together, they contribute to the intricate regulation of PD-L1, enhancing immune evasion and complicating the landscape for effective treatment approaches. This review explores the molecular mechanisms underlying PD-L1 upregulation, focusing on LMP1's activation of the NF-κB and JAK/STAT pathways and IFN-γ′s paradoxical role in facilitating immune escape. Clinical evidence indicates that PD-L1 expression correlates with poor prognosis and resistance to standard therapies in NPC patients. Understanding these regulatory pathways may inform potential therapeutic strategies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, combination therapies, and novel immune-based approaches tailored to NPC's unique etiology. By providing a comprehensive synthesis of existing studies, this review highlights the interplay between PD-L1, LMP1, and IFN-γ, offering a framework for innovative therapeutic strategies targeting immune escape mechanisms. Identifying patients most likely to benefit from immune-targeted approaches and leveraging combination treatments could improve outcomes for NPC patients facing advanced or resistant disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94378,"journal":{"name":"Oral Oncology Reports","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100688"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Neoadjuvant immunotherapy in advanced oral cancer: Emerging treatment paradigms 晚期口腔癌的新辅助免疫疗法：新兴治疗范例

Oral Oncology Reports

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100683

Ankit Vishwani, Bipin Thomas Varghese, Shaji Thomas, Ashima Kumar, Japneet Kaur, Anukampa Sharma

Background

Locally advanced borderline resectable oral cancer poses significant treatment challenges due to its infiltrative nature and high relapse rates, leading to poor prognosis. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy may offer a novel therapeutic approach, potentially altering the standard of care for advanced oral cancer.

Case report

Two patients with locally advanced tongue cancer, initially deemed inoperable, were treated with neoadjuvant immunotherapy. The first patient received 4 cycles of taxane, cisplatin, and pembrolizumab, while the second received 12 cycles of nivolumab and methotrexate. Both patients exhibited excellent clinical responses at the primary site and in regional lymph nodes. Following treatment, one patient underwent primary closure, and the other had a nasolabial flap with marginal mandibulectomy. Intraoperative frozen sections indicated tumor-free margins in both cases.

Conclusion

These two cases underscore the potential of neoadjuvant immunotherapy in managing borderline resectable oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), initially deemed inoperable. The favorable outcomes highlight the need for more research and clinical trials to further assess the efficacy of this approach in head and neck cancers. In this review, we explore the scientific rationale, current clinical evidence, and key debated topics, including the evaluation of pathological and radiological responses.

背景局部晚期边缘可切除口腔癌因其浸润性和高复发率导致预后不良，给治疗带来了巨大挑战。病例报告两名局部晚期舌癌患者最初被认为无法手术，他们接受了新辅助免疫疗法治疗。第一位患者接受了 4 个周期的紫杉类药物、顺铂和 pembrolizumab 治疗，第二位患者接受了 12 个周期的 nivolumab 和甲氨蝶呤治疗。两名患者的原发部位和区域淋巴结都出现了极佳的临床反应。治疗后，一名患者进行了原发灶闭合术，另一名患者进行了鼻唇皮瓣和下颌骨边缘切除术。结论这两例病例强调了新辅助免疫疗法在治疗最初被认为无法手术的边缘可切除口腔鳞状细胞癌（OSCC）方面的潜力。良好的疗效凸显了进行更多研究和临床试验的必要性，以进一步评估这种方法在头颈部癌症中的疗效。在这篇综述中，我们将探讨这种方法的科学原理、目前的临床证据和主要争论点，包括病理和放射学反应的评估。

{"title":"Neoadjuvant immunotherapy in advanced oral cancer: Emerging treatment paradigms","authors":"Ankit Vishwani, Bipin Thomas Varghese, Shaji Thomas, Ashima Kumar, Japneet Kaur, Anukampa Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100683","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100683","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Locally advanced borderline resectable oral cancer poses significant treatment challenges due to its infiltrative nature and high relapse rates, leading to poor prognosis. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy may offer a novel therapeutic approach, potentially altering the standard of care for advanced oral cancer<strong>.</strong></div></div><div><h3>Case report</h3><div>Two patients with locally advanced tongue cancer, initially deemed inoperable, were treated with neoadjuvant immunotherapy. The first patient received 4 cycles of taxane, cisplatin, and pembrolizumab, while the second received 12 cycles of nivolumab and methotrexate. Both patients exhibited excellent clinical responses at the primary site and in regional lymph nodes. Following treatment, one patient underwent primary closure, and the other had a nasolabial flap with marginal mandibulectomy. Intraoperative frozen sections indicated tumor-free margins in both cases.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These two cases underscore the potential of neoadjuvant immunotherapy in managing borderline resectable oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), initially deemed inoperable. The favorable outcomes highlight the need for more research and clinical trials to further assess the efficacy of this approach in head and neck cancers. In this review, we explore the scientific rationale, current clinical evidence, and key debated topics, including the evaluation of pathological and radiological responses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94378,"journal":{"name":"Oral Oncology Reports","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100683"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Epigenetic alterations in oral cancer: Mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets 口腔癌的表观遗传学改变：机制、生物标记物和治疗目标

Oral Oncology Reports

Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100681

Madhan Krishnan , Sharan Basappa , Shyamaladevi Babu

Epigenetic alterations play an important aspect in the pathogenesis of oral cancer, affecting gene regulation occurs without altering the DNA sequence itself. These alterations include processes like DNA methylation, histone modification, and the regulation mediated by non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), contribute to the initiation, progression, and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This review comprehensively examines the major epigenetic mechanisms implicated in oral cancer, elucidates potential biomarkers for early detection and prognosis, and explores emerging epigenetic therapies with significant potential for targeted treatment. The reversible characteristics of epigenetic modifications render them promising therapeutic targets and offers hope for improved clinical outcomes. We also discuss the current limitations in research and suggest future directions for developing effective epigenetic-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

表观遗传学改变在口腔癌的发病机制中起着重要作用，它在不改变 DNA 序列本身的情况下影响基因调控。这些改变包括 DNA 甲基化、组蛋白修饰和非编码 RNA（ncRNA）介导的调控等过程，有助于口腔鳞状细胞癌（OSCC）的发生、发展和转移。这篇综述全面探讨了与口腔癌有关的主要表观遗传机制，阐明了用于早期检测和预后判断的潜在生物标志物，并探索了具有显著靶向治疗潜力的新兴表观遗传疗法。表观遗传修饰的可逆性使其成为有前景的治疗目标，并为改善临床结果带来了希望。我们还讨论了当前研究的局限性，并提出了开发基于表观遗传的有效诊断和治疗策略的未来方向。

引用次数: 0

Head and neck cancer treatment delays in 2021: Estimating distributional effects by site, surgery, and p16-positivity 2021 年头颈癌治疗延迟：按部位、手术和 p16 阳性率估算分布效应

Oral Oncology Reports

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100682

Jason Semprini , Kiran Marla

Background

Following decades of policies increasing access to high-quality cancer treatment, the COVID-19 pandemic upended the U.S. healthcare system. The pandemic's disruption likely affected an often-overlooked dimension of quality cancer treatment: timely initiation. Timely treatment initiation is especially critical for head and neck cancer (HNC). We aimed to assess how the treatment interval (diagnosis to treatment initiation) changed in 2021 for different types of HNCs and treatment modalities.

Methodology

We analyzed Surveillance, Epidemiological, End Results (SEER) case data for years 2007–2021. Using ICD site codes, cancers were restricted to oropharynx, oral cavity, other pharynx, larynx. Oropharynx cancers were stratified by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) subtype based on p16-positivity codes. The outcome of interest was a variable measuring the number of days from diagnosis to treatment initiation. Cases were stratified by site and whether they received surgery as first course of treatment. To overcome validity threats from skewed treatment interval data and unobserved heterogeneity, we constructed an unconditional quantile regression model to estimate the effect of treatment in 2021 across the distribution of the treatment interval.

Results

155,273 patients in SEER initiated HNC treatment between 2007 and 2021. The median treatment interval was 29 days (Interquartile Range = 2–48). Among patients not receiving surgery, 2021 was associated with delayed treatment for all sites except oral cavity. For patients receiving surgery, 2021 was only associated with delayed treatment for p16+ Oropharynx cancer.

Discussion

HNC patients overall, but HPV+ Oropharynx cancer patients especially, experienced treatment delays in 2021. These delays, and their consequences, warrant policymaking attention.

背景几十年来，美国一直在制定相关政策以提高癌症治疗的质量，但 COVID-19 大流行却颠覆了美国的医疗保健系统。大流行的破坏很可能影响了优质癌症治疗中经常被忽视的一个方面：及时开始治疗。及时开始治疗对于头颈癌（HNC）尤为重要。我们旨在评估 2021 年不同类型 HNC 和治疗方式的治疗间隔（从诊断到开始治疗）发生了哪些变化。根据 ICD 病变部位代码，癌症仅限于口咽、口腔、其他咽部和喉部。口咽部癌症根据 p16 阳性代码按人乳头瘤病毒 (HPV) 亚型进行分层。相关结果是衡量从诊断到开始治疗的天数的变量。病例按部位和是否接受手术作为第一疗程进行分层。为了克服偏斜的治疗间隔数据和未观察到的异质性对有效性的威胁，我们构建了一个无条件的量子回归模型，以估计 2021 年治疗间隔分布对治疗的影响。治疗间隔中位数为 29 天（四分位距 = 2-48）。在未接受手术的患者中，除口腔外，2021 年与所有部位的治疗延迟有关。在接受手术的患者中，2021 年只与 p16+ 口咽癌的治疗延迟有关。这些延误及其后果值得政策制定者关注。

{"title":"Head and neck cancer treatment delays in 2021: Estimating distributional effects by site, surgery, and p16-positivity","authors":"Jason Semprini , Kiran Marla","doi":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100682","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100682","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Following decades of policies increasing access to high-quality cancer treatment, the COVID-19 pandemic upended the U.S. healthcare system. The pandemic's disruption likely affected an often-overlooked dimension of quality cancer treatment: timely initiation. Timely treatment initiation is especially critical for head and neck cancer (HNC). We aimed to assess how the treatment interval (diagnosis to treatment initiation) changed in 2021 for different types of HNCs and treatment modalities.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>We analyzed Surveillance, Epidemiological, End Results (SEER) case data for years 2007–2021. Using ICD site codes, cancers were restricted to oropharynx, oral cavity, other pharynx, larynx. Oropharynx cancers were stratified by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) subtype based on p16-positivity codes. The outcome of interest was a variable measuring the number of days from diagnosis to treatment initiation. Cases were stratified by site and whether they received surgery as first course of treatment. To overcome validity threats from skewed treatment interval data and unobserved heterogeneity, we constructed an unconditional quantile regression model to estimate the effect of treatment in 2021 across the distribution of the treatment interval.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>155,273 patients in SEER initiated HNC treatment between 2007 and 2021. The median treatment interval was 29 days (Interquartile Range = 2–48). Among patients not receiving surgery, 2021 was associated with delayed treatment for all sites except oral cavity. For patients receiving surgery, 2021 was only associated with delayed treatment for p16+ Oropharynx cancer.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>HNC patients overall, but HPV+ Oropharynx cancer patients especially, experienced treatment delays in 2021. These delays, and their consequences, warrant policymaking attention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94378,"journal":{"name":"Oral Oncology Reports","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100682"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparative evaluation of DNA synthesis for qPCR analysis from oral squamous cell carcinoma tissues - A rapid and robust isolation technique for gene expression studies 用于口腔鳞状细胞癌组织 qPCR 分析的 DNA 合成比较评估 - 一种用于基因表达研究的快速、稳健的分离技术

Oral Oncology Reports

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100677

Ramya Mahalingam , Vivek Narayanan , Magesh Karuppur Thiagarajan , T. Jayaprakash , K.V. Leela

Background

DNA isolation from biological materials is the initial step in several bioanalytical processes, including the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This procedure works best with pure DNA devoid of potential amplification reaction inhibitors. Since the quantity and quality of biological samples are limited, it is essential to extract as much DNA as possible from the original sample. The solid-phase extraction technique is frequently used to purify DNA. In this process, the DNA is adsorbed onto a solid support, any contaminants from the reaction are eliminated by washing, and the purified DNA is then eluted from the support. The quality and concentration of DNA have a direct effect on the gene analysis procedure. Therefore, before interpreting the results of PCR-based diagnostic assays, it is imperative to confirm the DNA preparation and integrity, particularly if no pathogenic DNA is identified.

Methods

A comparative study was carried out using two standardized protocols for DNA synthesis in comparison with a test protocol incorporating carrier RNA and proteinase K from a viral detection kit. The quality and quantity of the synthesized DNA are assessed by qPCR analysis for gene amplification of metastasis suppressor genes NDRG1, RhoGDI, and KISS 1.

Results and conclusion

The test protocol showed higher yields of DNA in comparison to the standard protocol. The concentration of DNA obtained was validated by the concentration of gene expressed from q PCR analysis. The gene expression was significantly higher when the test protocol method was followed for DNA synthesis. Thus the study validates the potential of nucleic acid carrier RNA molecules to improve DNA extraction processes used in tissue samples for gene analysis procedures.

背景从生物材料中分离 DNA 是包括聚合酶链反应 (PCR) 在内的多个生物分析过程的第一步。这一过程的最佳条件是DNA纯净，没有潜在的扩增反应抑制剂。由于生物样本的数量和质量有限，因此必须从原始样本中提取尽可能多的 DNA。固相萃取技术常用于纯化 DNA。在这一过程中，DNA 被吸附在固体支持物上，通过洗涤去除反应中的污染物，然后从支持物中洗脱出纯化的 DNA。DNA 的质量和浓度对基因分析程序有直接影响。因此，在解释基于 PCR 的诊断检测结果之前，必须确认 DNA 的制备和完整性，尤其是在未鉴定出病原体 DNA 的情况下。方法：我们使用两种标准化的 DNA 合成方案与使用病毒检测试剂盒中的载体 RNA 和蛋白酶 K 的测试方案进行了比较研究。通过对转移抑制基因 NDRG1、RhoGDI 和 KISS 1 的基因扩增进行 qPCR 分析，评估合成 DNA 的质量和数量。通过 q PCR 分析得出的基因表达浓度验证了 DNA 的浓度。采用测试方案合成 DNA 时，基因表达量明显更高。因此，这项研究验证了核酸载体 RNA 分子在改进用于基因分析程序的组织样本 DNA 提取过程方面的潜力。

{"title":"Comparative evaluation of DNA synthesis for qPCR analysis from oral squamous cell carcinoma tissues - A rapid and robust isolation technique for gene expression studies","authors":"Ramya Mahalingam , Vivek Narayanan , Magesh Karuppur Thiagarajan , T. Jayaprakash , K.V. Leela","doi":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100677","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100677","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>DNA isolation from biological materials is the initial step in several bioanalytical processes, including the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This procedure works best with pure DNA devoid of potential amplification reaction inhibitors. Since the quantity and quality of biological samples are limited, it is essential to extract as much DNA as possible from the original sample. The solid-phase extraction technique is frequently used to purify DNA. In this process, the DNA is adsorbed onto a solid support, any contaminants from the reaction are eliminated by washing, and the purified DNA is then eluted from the support. The quality and concentration of DNA have a direct effect on the gene analysis procedure. Therefore, before interpreting the results of PCR-based diagnostic assays, it is imperative to confirm the DNA preparation and integrity, particularly if no pathogenic DNA is identified.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A comparative study was carried out using two standardized protocols for DNA synthesis in comparison with a test protocol incorporating carrier RNA and proteinase K from a viral detection kit. The quality and quantity of the synthesized DNA are assessed by qPCR analysis for gene amplification of metastasis suppressor genes NDRG1, RhoGDI, and KISS 1.</div></div><div><h3>Results and conclusion</h3><div>The test protocol showed higher yields of DNA in comparison to the standard protocol. The concentration of DNA obtained was validated by the concentration of gene expressed from q PCR analysis. The gene expression was significantly higher when the test protocol method was followed for DNA synthesis. Thus the study validates the potential of nucleic acid carrier RNA molecules to improve DNA extraction processes used in tissue samples for gene analysis procedures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94378,"journal":{"name":"Oral Oncology Reports","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100677"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142561289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Immune checkpoint inhibition in NPC: A comprehensive review of PD-L1 overexpression and treatment responses 鼻咽癌的免疫检查点抑制：PD-L1过表达和治疗反应综述

Oral Oncology Reports

Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100680

Madhan Krishnan , Sharan Basappa , M.V. Vinaya Kumar , Gayathri Sekar

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a distinct type of cancer that affects the head and neck region, and it is notably linked to infection with the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), particularly in endemic regions such as Southeast Asia and Southern China. Despite advances in the conventional care for NPC, including radiation and chemotherapy, the prognosis remains poor for individuals with relapsed or metastatic stages of the disease. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), particularly those targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, have emerged as an optimistic therapeutic option. PD-L1 overexpression in NPC contributes to immune avoidance and correlates in relation to these immunotherapies. This review comprehensively explores PD-L1 expression in NPC and its role in tumor immune escape, along with a detailed analysis of clinical trials investigating PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. While PD-L1 overexpression is associated with better responses to ICIs, resistance mechanisms and the complex tumor microenvironment (TME) limit their overall efficacy. We will address these barriers and highlight future directions for improving outcomes, including combination therapies, novel biomarkers, and personalized approaches to treatment. With ongoing research and clinical trials, immune checkpoint inhibition holds great potential to revolutionize NPC therapy, offering hope for improved sustained survival rates and overall well-being for individuals.

鼻咽癌（NPC）是一种影响头颈部的独特癌症，与感染爱泼斯坦-巴氏病毒（EBV）密切相关，尤其是在东南亚和中国南方等流行地区。尽管包括放疗和化疗在内的鼻咽癌常规治疗方法取得了进展，但复发或转移期鼻咽癌患者的预后仍然很差。免疫检查点抑制剂（ICIs），尤其是针对PD-1/PD-L1轴的抑制剂，已成为一种乐观的治疗选择。鼻咽癌中的PD-L1过表达有助于免疫回避，并与这些免疫疗法相关。本综述全面探讨了 PD-L1 在鼻咽癌中的表达及其在肿瘤免疫逃避中的作用，并详细分析了研究 PD-1/PD-L1 阻断疗法的临床试验。虽然 PD-L1 的过度表达与对 ICIs 更好的反应有关，但耐药机制和复杂的肿瘤微环境 (TME) 限制了 ICIs 的总体疗效。我们将讨论这些障碍，并强调改善疗效的未来方向，包括联合疗法、新型生物标记物和个性化治疗方法。随着研究和临床试验的不断深入，免疫检查点抑制剂具有彻底改变鼻咽癌治疗的巨大潜力，为提高鼻咽癌患者的持续生存率和整体健康带来了希望。

{"title":"Immune checkpoint inhibition in NPC: A comprehensive review of PD-L1 overexpression and treatment responses","authors":"Madhan Krishnan , Sharan Basappa , M.V. Vinaya Kumar , Gayathri Sekar","doi":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100680","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a distinct type of cancer that affects the head and neck region, and it is notably linked to infection with the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), particularly in endemic regions such as Southeast Asia and Southern China. Despite advances in the conventional care for NPC, including radiation and chemotherapy, the prognosis remains poor for individuals with relapsed or metastatic stages of the disease. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), particularly those targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, have emerged as an optimistic therapeutic option. PD-L1 overexpression in NPC contributes to immune avoidance and correlates in relation to these immunotherapies. This review comprehensively explores PD-L1 expression in NPC and its role in tumor immune escape, along with a detailed analysis of clinical trials investigating PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. While PD-L1 overexpression is associated with better responses to ICIs, resistance mechanisms and the complex tumor microenvironment (TME) limit their overall efficacy. We will address these barriers and highlight future directions for improving outcomes, including combination therapies, novel biomarkers, and personalized approaches to treatment. With ongoing research and clinical trials, immune checkpoint inhibition holds great potential to revolutionize NPC therapy, offering hope for improved sustained survival rates and overall well-being for individuals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94378,"journal":{"name":"Oral Oncology Reports","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100680"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Digitally made nasal prosthesis: A new frontier in facial reconstruction - Case report 数字化鼻假体：面部重建的新领域 - 病例报告

Oral Oncology Reports

Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100679

Angel Rose Amalraj, Muthukumar Balasubramanium, Vishal Reddy, Ahila Singaravel Chidambaranathan, Peter John

Background

Worldwide, millions of people experience sickness, trauma, or birth defects that negatively impact their social interactions, career, finances, mental health, and overall quality of life. When anatomical portions where plastic surgery is not appropriate or too expensive are given new functions and aesthetics, prostheses improve the quality of life for most affected individuals. The production of prosthesis items could benefit from 3D printing as a viable method to address the drawbacks of traditional construction, including lack of attachment, function, robustness, aesthetics, and cost. But prosthetic material 3D printing is still in its infancy and faces several obstacles, including low mechanical strength in printed parts, printability problems, restricted 3D printing of appropriate prosthesis materials, and flaws.

Case report

53 years old male reported with a complaint of a missing nose. The nasal defect was postsurgical following total rhinectomy for squamous cell carcinoma. The patient was treated for Grade 2 squamous cell carcinoma. Patient underwent total rhinectomy and rehabilitated with forehead rotation flap and split thickness graft cover. Then the defect was rehabilitated through digital procedure for creating nasal prosthesis.

Conclusion

Digital technology is changing prosthetic design and manufacture by combining precision, personalisation, and efficiency, providing new hope and a higher quality of life for individuals who have had their noses surgically removed.

背景世界上有数百万人经历过疾病、创伤或先天缺陷，对他们的社会交往、事业、经济、心理健康和整体生活质量造成了负面影响。当整形手术不合适或过于昂贵的解剖部位被赋予新的功能和美感时，假肢就能改善大多数受影响者的生活质量。3D打印作为一种可行的方法，可以解决传统结构的缺点，包括缺乏附着性、功能、坚固性、美观性和成本等，从而使假肢的生产受益匪浅。但假体材料 3D 打印仍处于起步阶段，面临着一些障碍，包括打印部件机械强度低、可打印性问题、适当假体材料的 3D 打印受限以及缺陷等。鼻缺损是鳞状细胞癌全鼻切除术后造成的。患者曾接受过 2 级鳞状细胞癌治疗。患者接受了全鼻切除术，并用前额旋转皮瓣和分层厚度移植覆盖物进行了修复。结论数字技术集精确性、个性化和高效性于一身，正在改变假体的设计和制造，为手术切除鼻子的患者带来新的希望和更高的生活质量。

{"title":"Digitally made nasal prosthesis: A new frontier in facial reconstruction - Case report","authors":"Angel Rose Amalraj, Muthukumar Balasubramanium, Vishal Reddy, Ahila Singaravel Chidambaranathan, Peter John","doi":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100679","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100679","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Worldwide, millions of people experience sickness, trauma, or birth defects that negatively impact their social interactions, career, finances, mental health, and overall quality of life. When anatomical portions where plastic surgery is not appropriate or too expensive are given new functions and aesthetics, prostheses improve the quality of life for most affected individuals. The production of prosthesis items could benefit from 3D printing as a viable method to address the drawbacks of traditional construction, including lack of attachment, function, robustness, aesthetics, and cost. But prosthetic material 3D printing is still in its infancy and faces several obstacles, including low mechanical strength in printed parts, printability problems, restricted 3D printing of appropriate prosthesis materials, and flaws.</div></div><div><h3>Case report</h3><div>53 years old male reported with a complaint of a missing nose. The nasal defect was postsurgical following total rhinectomy for squamous cell carcinoma. The patient was treated for Grade 2 squamous cell carcinoma. Patient underwent total rhinectomy and rehabilitated with forehead rotation flap and split thickness graft cover. Then the defect was rehabilitated through digital procedure for creating nasal prosthesis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Digital technology is changing prosthetic design and manufacture by combining precision, personalisation, and efficiency, providing new hope and a higher quality of life for individuals who have had their noses surgically removed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94378,"journal":{"name":"Oral Oncology Reports","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100679"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Oral cancer: Recent breakthroughs in pathology and therapeutic approaches 口腔癌：病理学和治疗方法的最新突破

Oral Oncology Reports

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100678

Surekha Ramachandran

Oral cancer, primarily oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), continues to be a major global health challenge. Despite improvements in early detection and treatment, the prognosis for patients, particularly those diagnosed at advanced stages, remains unfavorable. However, recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of oral carcinogenesis and the development of innovative treatment approaches offer new hope for enhancing patient outcomes. This review highlights the latest discoveries in oral cancer pathology, key molecular drivers of disease progression, early detection strategies, and cutting-edge treatment options, including immunotherapy and targeted treatments. Additionally, it explores next-generation treatments incorporating artificial intelligence and machine learning.

口腔癌，主要是口腔鳞状细胞癌（OSCC），仍然是全球健康面临的一大挑战。尽管在早期检测和治疗方面有所改进，但患者的预后，尤其是确诊为晚期的患者的预后仍然不容乐观。然而，最近在了解口腔癌发生的分子机制和开发创新治疗方法方面取得的进展为改善患者预后带来了新的希望。本综述重点介绍了口腔癌病理学的最新发现、疾病进展的关键分子驱动因素、早期检测策略以及包括免疫疗法和靶向治疗在内的前沿治疗方案。此外，它还探讨了结合人工智能和机器学习的下一代治疗方法。

引用次数: 0