Oral Oncology Reports最新文献

英文中文

Prognostic significance of systemic inflammatory markers in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma 口咽鳞状细胞癌全身炎症标志物的预后意义

Oral Oncology Reports

Pub Date : 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.oor.2025.100755

Jan Horackiewicz , Matthew Donachie , Nichola Philp , Marta Chmielecka , Mohd Afiq Mohd Slim , Rhona Hurley , Catriona M. Douglas

Introduction

Incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is rising and is increasingly associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, which makes up approximately 50 % of OPSCC cases in the UK. Patients presenting with HPV-positive OPSCC have better overall survival (OS) and prognosis. A significant proportion of these still have poor survival outcomes and identification of these patients remains a challenge. This study aims to investigate the predictive value of albumin, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), systemic immune inflammation index (SIII) for overall survival in OPSCC.

Methods

Seven hundred and twenty-eight patients were extracted from the West of Scotland Cancer Network database and met inclusion criteria with available blood markers at diagnosis. ROC curve analysis was constructed with respect to age, albumin and systemic inflammatory markers to determine diagnostic cut-offs, which were used to stratify subsequent Kaplan-Meier analyses. Univariate and multivariate analysis was carried out with respect to all baseline characteristics.

Results

Patients with lowered albumin, LMR and raised NLR, PLR and SIII presented with poorer OS over time as well as median survival times. HPV-negative patients presented with significantly poorer survival outcomes as compared to HPV-positive. Only albumin ≥35.5 g/L (HR = 0.683, 95 %CI 0.538–0.868) and NLR≥4.0 (HR = 1.416, 95 %CI 1.031–1.946) were found to be independent prognostic factors in patients with OPSCC.

Conclusion

Serum albumin and NLR represent valuable predictors of survival in OPSCC regardless of HPV status. A universal, diagnostic NLR cut-off remains unknown. Systemic inflammatory markers may be a helpful adjunct when assessing patients during MDT.

口咽鳞状细胞癌（OPSCC）的发病率正在上升，并且越来越多地与人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）感染相关，在英国，HPV感染约占OPSCC病例的50%。hpv阳性的OPSCC患者有更好的总生存期（OS）和预后。其中很大一部分患者的生存结果仍然很差，对这些患者的识别仍然是一个挑战。本研究旨在探讨白蛋白、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值（NLR）、血小板与淋巴细胞比值（PLR）、淋巴细胞与单核细胞比值（LMR）、全身免疫炎症指数（SIII）对OPSCC总生存期的预测价值。方法从苏格兰西部癌症网络数据库中提取728例符合诊断时可用血液标志物纳入标准的患者。根据年龄、白蛋白和全身炎症标志物构建ROC曲线分析，以确定诊断截止点，并将其用于分层后续的Kaplan-Meier分析。对所有基线特征进行单因素和多因素分析。结果白蛋白、LMR降低，NLR、PLR和SIII升高的患者随着时间的推移出现较差的OS和中位生存时间。与hpv阳性患者相比，hpv阴性患者的生存结果明显较差。只有白蛋白≥35.5 g/L （HR = 0.683, 95% CI 0.538 ~ 0.868）和NLR≥4.0 （HR = 1.416, 95% CI 1.031 ~ 1.946）是OPSCC患者的独立预后因素。结论血清白蛋白和NLR是有价值的预测OPSCC存活的指标，与HPV状态无关。一个普遍的、诊断性的NLR分界点仍然未知。在MDT期间评估患者时，全身性炎症标志物可能是一个有用的辅助工具。

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引用次数: 0

Precision-directed therapy in salivary duct carcinoma 涎腺导管癌的精确定向治疗

Oral Oncology Reports

Pub Date : 2025-05-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.oor.2025.100748

Shambhavi Singh , Irene George , Darshana Patil , Prashant Kumar , Rajan Datar , Vijay Haribhakti , Aditya Shreenivas , Sewanti Limaye

Salivary ductal carcinoma is a rare, aggressive salivary gland carcinoma with poor prognosis and high relapse rate. In recurrent metastatic cases, the median survival is only 5 months. Despite the treatment with multimodal therapeutic strategies, conventional treatments demonstrate a limited effect on long-term survival of the patients. In this study we report two cases of salivary ductal carcinoma patients managed with precision-directed, biomarker-guided therapeutic approaches. In the first case androgen receptor (AR) and HER2 positivity by immunohistochemistry analysis were detected. The patient was treated with AR directed targeted therapy enzalutamide and Leuprolide as maintenance therapy. Disease progression with an emergent HER2 expression by immunohistochemistry led to the inclusion of trastuzumab and pertuzumab. While in the second case the patient progressed on neoadjuvant chemotherapy and the subsequent molecular analysis revealed high expression of PD-L1 and was treated with pembrolizumab in combination with chemotherapy. Follow up assessment revealed treatment durable responses and disease control in both the patients. These cases underscore the potential role of comprehensive molecular profiling-guided personalised therapeutic approaches in the management of advanced SDC patients.

摘要涎腺导管癌是一种罕见的侵袭性涎腺癌，预后差，复发率高。在复发转移病例中，中位生存期仅为5个月。尽管采用了多模式治疗策略，但传统治疗对患者长期生存的影响有限。在这项研究中，我们报告了两例涎腺导管癌患者的精确定向，生物标志物引导的治疗方法。第一例患者免疫组化检测雄激素受体（AR）和HER2阳性。患者接受AR定向靶向治疗enzalutamide和Leuprolide作为维持治疗。免疫组织化学显示HER2表达的疾病进展导致曲妥珠单抗和帕妥珠单抗的纳入。而在第二个病例中，患者进行了新辅助化疗，随后的分子分析显示PD-L1高表达，并接受了派姆单抗联合化疗。随访评估显示两名患者的治疗持久反应和疾病控制。这些病例强调了综合分子谱指导的个性化治疗方法在晚期SDC患者管理中的潜在作用。

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引用次数: 0

Comment on “Association between dental exams and diagnosis of head and neck cancer” 对《口腔检查与头颈癌诊断的关系》一文的评论

Oral Oncology Reports

Pub Date : 2025-05-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.oor.2025.100747

Palanivel Velmurugan, Vinayagam Mohanavel, Kanagasabapathy Sivasubramanian

引用次数: 0

Treatment of recurrent oral carcinoma cuniculatum with immune checkpoint blockade: A case report and literature review 免疫检查点阻断治疗复发性口腔癌1例并文献复习

Oral Oncology Reports

Pub Date : 2025-05-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.oor.2025.100746

William Jones , Azeem S. Kaka , Soumon Rudra , Daniel Lubin , Faisal Saeed , Kelly R. Magliocca , Nabil F. Saba , Nicole C. Schmitt

Background

Carcinoma cuniculatum (CC) is a rare variant of carcinoma that can arise in the oral cavity. CC can be locally aggressive but rarely metastasizes, and there are few reports of treatment with systemic therapy.

Methods

We present a case of a 44-year-old man with T4bN0 oral carcinoma cuniculatum of the retromolar trigone.

Results

Despite resection with wide margins and adjuvant radiation, the disease recurred 14 months later and was extensive. Following positive margins on a repeat resection, the patient opted for systemic therapy. Despite a PD-L1 combined positive score of 15, the patient did not respond to immunotherapy (pembrolizumab).

Conclusion

Though it has a low propensity for metastasis, oral CC is a locally aggressive variant of squamous cell carcinoma, and recurrences are difficult to treat. Although reports of systemic therapy for CC are limited, this case suggests that immunotherapy may have limited activity in this oral cancer variant.

背景：齿状癌（CC）是一种罕见的口腔癌。CC可以局部侵袭，但很少转移，并且很少有全身治疗的报道。方法我们报告一例44岁男性磨牙后三角区T4bN0型口腔癌。结果虽行大切缘切除及辅助放射治疗，但14个月后复发，范围广泛。在重复切除边缘呈阳性后，患者选择了全身治疗。尽管PD-L1联合阳性评分为15，但患者对免疫治疗（派姆单抗）没有反应。结论口腔CC是一种局部侵袭性的鳞状细胞癌，虽然转移倾向较低，但复发难治。尽管关于CC全身治疗的报道有限，但该病例表明免疫治疗在这种口腔癌变体中可能具有有限的活性。

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引用次数: 0

AI-driven biomarker discovery for early diagnosis and prognosis in oral oncology 人工智能驱动的口腔肿瘤早期诊断和预后的生物标志物发现

Oral Oncology Reports

Pub Date : 2025-05-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.oor.2025.100749

Suresh Munnangi, Satheeskumar R

This study presents an AI-powered multi-omics framework for early detection and prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), integrating genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data through advanced deep learning architectures. Analysing 1527 OSCC samples from TCGA and GEO databases, we developed a novel multimodal pipeline combining: (1) graph neural networks for heterogeneous data fusion, (2) LASSO regression for robust feature selection, and (3) explainable AI (SHAP, attention mechanisms) for clinical transparency. Our CNN-based diagnostic model demonstrated exceptional performance (accuracy: 93.2 %, 95 % CI: 91.4–94.7; sensitivity: 91.5 % for Stage I tumours; AUC: 0.96), significantly surpassing conventional histopathology (p < 0.001). Three clinically validated biomarker panels were established: (i) a diagnostic panel (TP53/CDKN2A/EGFR, 94.1 % specificity), (ii) an HPV-associated prognostic panel (P16/RB1/E2F1), and (iii) a metastasis prediction panel (TWIST1/VIM/CDH1, C-index = 0.82). Prospective validation in 412 patients showed 43 % reduction in false negatives (15.2 %–8.7 %) with 82 % pathologist concordance. The modular platform addresses critical clinical needs: high-risk screening, therapeutic decision support, and intraoperative margin assessment. IRB-approved implementation confirms real-world viability, positioning this framework as a transformative tool for OSCC precision oncology.

本研究提出了一个人工智能驱动的多组学框架，用于口腔鳞状细胞癌（OSCC）的早期检测和预后，通过先进的深度学习架构整合基因组、转录组学和蛋白质组学数据。分析了来自TCGA和GEO数据库的1527个OSCC样本，我们开发了一种新的多模式管道组合：(1)图神经网络用于异构数据融合，(2)LASSO回归用于鲁棒特征选择，(3)可解释人工智能（SHAP，注意力机制）用于临床透明度。我们基于cnn的诊断模型表现出优异的性能(准确率：93.2%,95% CI: 91.4-94.7；I期肿瘤敏感性：91.5%；AUC: 0.96)，显著优于常规组织病理学(p <；0.001)。建立了三个临床验证的生物标志物小组：(i)诊断小组（TP53/CDKN2A/EGFR， 94.1%特异性），（ii） hpv相关预后小组（P16/RB1/E2F1），（iii）转移预测小组（TWIST1/VIM/CDH1， c -指数= 0.82）。412例患者的前瞻性验证显示假阴性减少43%(15.2% - 8.7%)，病理一致性为82%。模块化平台解决了关键的临床需求：高风险筛查、治疗决策支持和术中边缘评估。irb批准的实施证实了现实世界的可行性，将该框架定位为OSCC精确肿瘤学的变革工具。

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引用次数: 0

Comment on “Hypofractionated adjuvant radiotherapy in cutaneous squamous cell and basal cell carcinoma of the head and neck: 50 (Gy) in 20 study” “低分割辅助放疗治疗头颈部皮肤鳞状细胞癌和基底细胞癌：50 （Gy）在20项研究中的评论”

Oral Oncology Reports

Pub Date : 2025-04-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.oor.2025.100739

Efsun Somay , Erkan Topkan , Ugur Selek

引用次数: 0

Comparing efficacy and safety of weekly vs. triweekly cisplatin concurrently with radiotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis 比较每周顺铂与三周顺铂联合放疗治疗局部晚期头颈癌的疗效和安全性：系统评价和荟萃分析

Oral Oncology Reports

Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.oor.2025.100738

Mohammed Amine Saâd , Imad Taleb , Sofia El Omri , Hamadoun Traoré , Imane Chahbounia , Choukri Elm'hadi , Saïda Lamine , Mohammed Anouar Mokhlis , Lamia Aalaoui , Mohamed Reda Khmamouche , Khaoula Alaoui Slimani , Yassir Sbitti , Tarik Mahfoud , Hassan Errihani , Mohamed Ichou , Rachid Tanz

Background

Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is widely used in the treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancer (HNC). The optimal dosing schedule, whether weekly or triweekly, has been a subject of debate. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of weekly versus triweekly cisplatin regimens in this patient population.

Material and methods

In accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted this meta-analysis to compare outcomes associated with weekly and triweekly cisplatin regimens. The endpoints examined were overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRRFS) and safety. This meta-analysis protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023461292).

Results

The analysis of survival outcomes demonstrated no difference between the two schedules in terms of OS, PFS, LRRFS and DMFS at 2 and 3 years and 5 years (except for 2 years LRRFS). The odds ratio of OS at 2 years was 1.02 (p = 0.87) at 3 years 0.90 (p = 0.46) and at 5 years 1.13 (p = 0.59), and for PFS at the OR 2 years was 0.97 (p = 0.85) at 3 years 0.87 (p = 0.30) and at 5 years 0.86 (p = 0.55). Triweekly was superior to weekly cisplatin in terms of short-term LRRFS (at 2 years), with an OR of 1.57 (p = 0.02). Both protocols were similar in terms of adverse events.

Conclusion

Both weekly and triweekly cisplatin regimens show comparable survival outcomes and safety profiles in patients with head and neck cancers, except for short term LRRFS (at 2 years). These findings suggest that treatment decisions should be tailored to the patient's individual profile, including comorbidities and tolerability. Future studies should explore cumulative dosing and biomarkers to refine treatment strategies further.

背景：以顺铂为基础的化疗广泛应用于局部晚期头颈癌（HNC）的治疗。最佳的给药方案是每周一次还是三次，一直是争论的主题。本研究旨在评估每周一次与三次顺铂治疗方案在该患者群体中的有效性和安全性。材料和方法根据PRISMA指南，我们进行了这项荟萃分析，比较每周一次和三每周一次顺铂治疗方案的相关结果。研究终点包括总生存期（OS）、无进展生存期（PFS）、无远处转移生存期（DMFS）、局部无复发生存期（LRRFS）和安全性。该荟萃分析方案已在PROSPERO注册（CRD42023461292）。结果2年、3年和5年（2年LRRFS除外）的OS、PFS、LRRFS和DMFS在生存结局分析方面无差异。2年OS的比值比为1.02 (p = 0.87)， 3年0.90 （p = 0.46）和5年1.13 (p = 0.59)， OR 2年PFS的比值比为0.97 (p = 0.85)， 3年0.87 （p = 0.30）和5年0.86 （p = 0.55）。在短期LRRFS（2年）方面，三周顺铂优于周顺铂，OR为1.57 （p = 0.02）。两种方案在不良事件方面相似。结论：除了短期LRRFS（2年）外，每周一次和三每周一次顺铂治疗在头颈癌患者中显示出相当的生存结果和安全性。这些发现表明，治疗决定应根据患者的个人情况，包括合并症和耐受性量身定制。未来的研究应探索累积剂量和生物标志物，以进一步完善治疗策略。

{"title":"Comparing efficacy and safety of weekly vs. triweekly cisplatin concurrently with radiotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Mohammed Amine Saâd , Imad Taleb , Sofia El Omri , Hamadoun Traoré , Imane Chahbounia , Choukri Elm'hadi , Saïda Lamine , Mohammed Anouar Mokhlis , Lamia Aalaoui , Mohamed Reda Khmamouche , Khaoula Alaoui Slimani , Yassir Sbitti , Tarik Mahfoud , Hassan Errihani , Mohamed Ichou , Rachid Tanz","doi":"10.1016/j.oor.2025.100738","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oor.2025.100738","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is widely used in the treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancer (HNC). The optimal dosing schedule, whether weekly or triweekly, has been a subject of debate. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of weekly versus triweekly cisplatin regimens in this patient population.</div></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><div>In accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted this meta-analysis to compare outcomes associated with weekly and triweekly cisplatin regimens. The endpoints examined were overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRRFS) and safety. This meta-analysis protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023461292).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The analysis of survival outcomes demonstrated no difference between the two schedules in terms of OS, PFS, LRRFS and DMFS at 2 and 3 years and 5 years (except for 2 years LRRFS). The odds ratio of OS at 2 years was 1.02 (p = 0.87) at 3 years 0.90 (p = 0.46) and at 5 years 1.13 (p = 0.59), and for PFS at the OR 2 years was 0.97 (p = 0.85) at 3 years 0.87 (p = 0.30) and at 5 years 0.86 (p = 0.55). Triweekly was superior to weekly cisplatin in terms of short-term LRRFS (at 2 years), with an OR of 1.57 (p = 0.02). Both protocols were similar in terms of adverse events.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Both weekly and triweekly cisplatin regimens show comparable survival outcomes and safety profiles in patients with head and neck cancers, except for short term LRRFS (at 2 years). These findings suggest that treatment decisions should be tailored to the patient's individual profile, including comorbidities and tolerability. Future studies should explore cumulative dosing and biomarkers to refine treatment strategies further.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94378,"journal":{"name":"Oral Oncology Reports","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 100738"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143877461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Change of skeletal muscle mass and associated factors during radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma 头颈部鳞状细胞癌患者放疗和化疗期间骨骼肌质量的变化及相关因素

Oral Oncology Reports

Pub Date : 2025-03-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.oor.2025.100737

Anouk W.M.A. Schaeffers , Hannah A. Scholten , Annemieke Kok , Floris C.J. Reinders , Rebecca K. Stellato , Ernst J. Smid , Maartje A. van Beers , Carla H. van Gils , Caroline M. Speksnijder , Marielle P. Philippens , Lot A. Devriese , Remco de Bree

Background and purpose

The aim is to investigate whether lumbar skeletal muscle index (LSMI) decreases during treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients, and which pre-treatment variables are associated with change.

Materials and methods

The LSMI before and during treatment was assessed using MRI scans of HNSCC patients treated with radiotherapy (RT) or chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Mixed models assessed LSMI change and pre-treatment covariates (i.e. age, BMI, tumor characteristics and treatment type).

Results

In 63 patients the LSMI decreased from 40.56 cm²/m² to 39.96 cm²/m² (p trend = 0.008) on average. The LSMI of CRT patients decreased more than the LSMI of RT patients, but this was not significant (40.85–39.63 cm²/m² vs. 40.37 to 40.19 cm²/m²; p-interaction = 0.052). No effects of pre-treatment covariates on the LSMI trend over time were observed.

Conclusion

LSMI decreased during treatment in HNSCC patients, which was not related to pre-treatment variables, but seemed slightly larger for CRT patients than RT patients.

背景与目的探讨头颈部鳞状细胞癌（HNSCC）患者治疗期间腰骨骼肌指数（LSMI）是否下降，以及哪些治疗前变量与变化相关。材料和方法采用MRI扫描对接受放疗（RT）或放化疗（CRT）的HNSCC患者治疗前和治疗期间的LSMI进行评估。混合模型评估LSMI变化和治疗前协变量（即年龄、BMI、肿瘤特征和治疗类型）。结果63例患者LSMI平均由40.56 cm2/m2降至39.96 cm2/m2 (p趋势= 0.008)；CRT患者的LSMI下降幅度大于RT患者，但差异无统计学意义(40.85 ~ 39.63 cm2/m2 vs. 40.37 ~ 40.19 cm2/m2；p-交互作用= 0.052)。未观察到预处理协变量对LSMI随时间变化趋势的影响。结论HNSCC患者的lsmi在治疗过程中有所下降，与治疗前变量无关，但CRT患者的lsmi略大于RT患者。

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引用次数: 0

Sinonasal primary squamous cell carcinoma: A case report to illustrate key diagnostic and therapeutic considerations in managing sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma 鼻窦炎原发鳞状细胞癌：一个病例报告说明鼻窦炎鳞状细胞癌的诊断和治疗要点

Oral Oncology Reports

Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.oor.2025.100736

A.C. Drossaert , G.K.P. Bittermann , P.A.W.H. Kessler

Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC) is a rare malignancy that affects the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, representing only 3 % of nasopharyngeal malignancies. It predominantly affects the maxillary sinus, with less frequent involvement of the ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses. SNSCC typically presents with nonspecific symptoms such as epistaxis, pain, and signs of ulceration, often leading to a delayed diagnosis. Due to its late presentation, aggressive nature, and potential for recurrence, SNSCC presents significant challenges in diagnosis and management. A representative clinical case is described to emphasize the importance of a multidisciplinary approach regarding the diagnosis and treatment in managing SNSCC.

鼻窦鳞状细胞癌（SNSCC）是一种影响鼻腔和鼻窦的罕见恶性肿瘤，仅占鼻咽部恶性肿瘤的3%。它主要影响上颌窦，很少累及筛窦和蝶窦。SNSCC通常表现为非特异性症状，如鼻出血、疼痛和溃疡症状，常常导致诊断延迟。由于其出现较晚，侵袭性和复发的可能性，SNSCC在诊断和治疗方面提出了重大挑战。本文描述了一个典型的临床病例，以强调在管理SNSCC的诊断和治疗中采用多学科方法的重要性。

引用次数: 0

Deciphering oral cancer subtypes: Integrating differential gene expression and pathway analysis followed by non-negative matrix factorization transcription analysis 解密口腔癌亚型：整合差异基因表达和通路分析，然后进行非负性基质因子化转录分析

Oral Oncology Reports

Pub Date : 2025-03-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.oor.2025.100735

Anoop Kumar Tiwari , Devansh Jain , Jayesh Kumar Tiwari , Shyam Kishore , Akhilesh Kumar Singh , Sushant Kumar Shrivastava , Arun Khattri

Oral cancer is a major public health concern around the globe, and its classification relies on factors such as habitual status and tumor stages. However, a significant gap exists in understanding oral cancer patients' molecular and genomic characteristics. This study aims to bridge this gap by analyzing International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC's) oral cancer data, which identified 2270 differentially expressed genes related to oral cancer. We employed pathway enrichment analysis, highlighting key pathways including hypoxia, VEGF, PI3K, and TGF-β, and STAT2, E2F4, and SP1 transcription factors enriched in tumor samples compared to normal samples. Moreover, we utilized a non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) technique for unsupervised subtype discovery and identified three distinct tumor subgroups. Each subgroup exhibited unique molecular profiles, with pathways related to TNF-α, NF-κB, and hypoxia enriched across all groups. Notably, transcription factor analysis revealed crucial differences: subgroup A was enriched in EGR1, TP53, and HIF1A; subgroup B showed high levels of CDX2 and HNF4A; while subgroup C was characterized by enrichment in ATF4 and E2F4. These findings suggest the feasibility of classifying oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients based on gene expression profiles, laying a foundational framework for future research aimed at personalized treatment strategies.

口腔癌是全球主要的公共卫生问题，其分类依赖于习惯状态和肿瘤分期等因素。然而，在了解口腔癌患者的分子和基因组特征方面存在很大的差距。本研究旨在通过分析国际癌症基因组联盟（ICGC）的口腔癌数据来弥补这一差距，该数据确定了2270个与口腔癌相关的差异表达基因。我们采用途径富集分析，突出了肿瘤样本中与正常样本相比，缺氧、VEGF、PI3K、TGF-β以及STAT2、E2F4和SP1转录因子富集的关键途径。此外，我们利用非负矩阵分解（NMF）技术进行无监督亚型发现，并确定了三个不同的肿瘤亚组。每个亚组都表现出独特的分子特征，与TNF-α， NF-κB和缺氧相关的途径在所有组中都富集。值得注意的是，转录因子分析揭示了关键的差异：A亚组富含EGR1、TP53和HIF1A；B亚组CDX2和HNF4A水平较高；而C亚组以ATF4和E2F4富集为特征。本研究结果提示基于基因表达谱对口腔鳞状细胞癌（OSCC）患者进行分类的可行性，为未来针对个性化治疗策略的研究奠定基础框架。

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