Pub Date : 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100692
Monika Tyagi, Monika Dubey
Cancer remains a formidable global health challenge, demanding continuous efforts to develop innovative and effective therapeutic strategies. Recently, Schiff base metal complexes (SBMCs) have attracted considerable interest as potential anticancer agents because of their varied chemical properties and promising biological activities. This comprehensive review delves the latest advancements in the use of SBMCs in cancer therapy. It covers the synthesis and characterization of these complexes, their mechanisms of action, and their potential advantages over conventional chemotherapy. Furthermore, the review discusses challenges and future perspectives in utilizing SBMCs to enhance cancer treatment outcomes, paving the way for a more targeted and personalized approach in the fight against cancer.
癌症仍然是一个巨大的全球健康挑战，需要不断努力制定创新和有效的治疗战略。近年来，希夫碱金属配合物（Schiff base metal complexes, SBMCs）因其多样的化学性质和良好的生物活性而成为潜在的抗癌药物。这篇全面的综述深入研究了sbmc在癌症治疗中的最新进展。它涵盖了这些复合物的合成和表征，它们的作用机制，以及它们相对于传统化疗的潜在优势。此外，本文还讨论了利用sbmc提高癌症治疗效果的挑战和未来前景，为更有针对性和个性化的癌症治疗方法铺平了道路。
{"title":"A fight against cancer with advancement of Schiff base metal complexes: Future prospects","authors":"Monika Tyagi, Monika Dubey","doi":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100692","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100692","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cancer remains a formidable global health challenge, demanding continuous efforts to develop innovative and effective therapeutic strategies. Recently, Schiff base metal complexes (SBMCs) have attracted considerable interest as potential anticancer agents because of their varied chemical properties and promising biological activities. This comprehensive review delves the latest advancements in the use of SBMCs in cancer therapy. It covers the synthesis and characterization of these complexes, their mechanisms of action, and their potential advantages over conventional chemotherapy. Furthermore, the review discusses challenges and future perspectives in utilizing SBMCs to enhance cancer treatment outcomes, paving the way for a more targeted and personalized approach in the fight against cancer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94378,"journal":{"name":"Oral Oncology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100692"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142759309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100684
Yan-Sheng Zeng , Peng-Yu Lai , Shan Shen
Surgery and periodontitis contribute to alveolar bone loss, resulting in increased tooth mobility. This is particularly evident post-tumor surgery, where larger bone defects are commonly encountered. Adequate bone mass is crucial for successful implant restoration in missing teeth. Conventional repair methods are unable to meet patients' functional and aesthetic expectations, while the loss of alveolar bone further compromises the initial stability of the implant. In the face of these challenges, Bone Ring Technique (BRT) demonstrates significant advantages. We conducted 3D reconstruction of the anterior aesthetic zone in a patient with maxillary bone defects following excision of maxillary odontogenic fibroma using BRT, resulting in satisfactory implant stability. This suggests the potential of BRT as a promising bone grafting technique.
{"title":"Application of Bone Ring Technique (BRT) for 3D reconstruction in the anterior aesthetic zone after tumor surgery","authors":"Yan-Sheng Zeng , Peng-Yu Lai , Shan Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100684","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100684","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Surgery and periodontitis contribute to alveolar bone loss, resulting in increased tooth mobility. This is particularly evident post-tumor surgery, where larger bone defects are commonly encountered. Adequate bone mass is crucial for successful implant restoration in missing teeth. Conventional repair methods are unable to meet patients' functional and aesthetic expectations, while the loss of alveolar bone further compromises the initial stability of the implant. In the face of these challenges, Bone Ring Technique (BRT) demonstrates significant advantages. We conducted 3D reconstruction of the anterior aesthetic zone in a patient with maxillary bone defects following excision of maxillary odontogenic fibroma using BRT, resulting in satisfactory implant stability. This suggests the potential of BRT as a promising bone grafting technique.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94378,"journal":{"name":"Oral Oncology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100684"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100691
Anish P. Kamat , Abhishek Shukla , Mandar Deshpande
{"title":"Resection of a left carotid body tumor in a young female patient: A case report","authors":"Anish P. Kamat , Abhishek Shukla , Mandar Deshpande","doi":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100691","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100691","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94378,"journal":{"name":"Oral Oncology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100691"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a distinct malignancy in head and neck cancer, notably linked to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections in regions with high prevalence. NPC's tumor microenvironment fosters immune escape mechanisms that support tumor cell survival, with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) as a key player. PD-L1 expression on NPC cells binds to the programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor on T cells, thereby creating an immunosuppressive environment that impairs immune surveillance. Two significant modulators of PD-L1 expression in NPC include the EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) and the immune cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Together, they contribute to the intricate regulation of PD-L1, enhancing immune evasion and complicating the landscape for effective treatment approaches. This review explores the molecular mechanisms underlying PD-L1 upregulation, focusing on LMP1's activation of the NF-κB and JAK/STAT pathways and IFN-γ′s paradoxical role in facilitating immune escape. Clinical evidence indicates that PD-L1 expression correlates with poor prognosis and resistance to standard therapies in NPC patients. Understanding these regulatory pathways may inform potential therapeutic strategies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, combination therapies, and novel immune-based approaches tailored to NPC's unique etiology. By providing a comprehensive synthesis of existing studies, this review highlights the interplay between PD-L1, LMP1, and IFN-γ, offering a framework for innovative therapeutic strategies targeting immune escape mechanisms. Identifying patients most likely to benefit from immune-targeted approaches and leveraging combination treatments could improve outcomes for NPC patients facing advanced or resistant disease.
{"title":"PD-L1 mediated immune escape in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Impact of LMP1 and IFN-γ on immune surveillance","authors":"Madhan Krishnan , Aruna Jothi shanmugam , Shyamaladevi Babu","doi":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100688","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100688","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a distinct malignancy in head and neck cancer, notably linked to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections in regions with high prevalence. NPC's tumor microenvironment fosters immune escape mechanisms that support tumor cell survival, with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) as a key player. PD-L1 expression on NPC cells binds to the programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor on T cells, thereby creating an immunosuppressive environment that impairs immune surveillance. Two significant modulators of PD-L1 expression in NPC include the EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) and the immune cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Together, they contribute to the intricate regulation of PD-L1, enhancing immune evasion and complicating the landscape for effective treatment approaches. This review explores the molecular mechanisms underlying PD-L1 upregulation, focusing on LMP1's activation of the NF-κB and JAK/STAT pathways and IFN-γ′s paradoxical role in facilitating immune escape. Clinical evidence indicates that PD-L1 expression correlates with poor prognosis and resistance to standard therapies in NPC patients. Understanding these regulatory pathways may inform potential therapeutic strategies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, combination therapies, and novel immune-based approaches tailored to NPC's unique etiology. By providing a comprehensive synthesis of existing studies, this review highlights the interplay between PD-L1, LMP1, and IFN-γ, offering a framework for innovative therapeutic strategies targeting immune escape mechanisms. Identifying patients most likely to benefit from immune-targeted approaches and leveraging combination treatments could improve outcomes for NPC patients facing advanced or resistant disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94378,"journal":{"name":"Oral Oncology Reports","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100688"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100689
May Gamal Ashour , Tarek Hamed Shouman , Ashraf Hamed Hassouna , Maha Hassan Mokhtar , Dalia Abdelfatah
Objective
To assess the mean dose the pharyngeal constrictor muscle (PCM) received and its effect on dysphagia and develop a cut-off value for its occurrence.
Methods
116 patients with head and neck cancer who required bilateral neck irradiation treated using the simultaneous integrated boost IMRT technique were retrospectively evaluated. Pharyngeal constrictor (superior, middle, inferior) and cricopharyngeus and esophageal inlet muscles (cricopharyngeal inlet) were considered dysphagia/aspiration-related structures (DARS) and were summated as one organ at risk structure PCM. PlanPCM consists of the sum of one or multiple pharyngeal constrictor muscles away from high-risk volumes.
Results
This study enrolled 116 patients (37 female, 79 male), mean age of 51 years. The mean dose to PCM was 51.37 Gy ± SD (range, 30.08–63.86 Gy). The severity of dysphagia correlated significantly with the dose received by PlanPCM (p < 0.001). The mean dose to PlanPCM in the nasopharyngeal primary was 53.3 Gy (Range 44–63.5 Gy), while it was 45.4 Gy (Range 30.1–56.3 Gy) for laryngeal primaries. Our findings indicated that a dose exceeding 50 Gy to the PlanPCM was more likely associated with high occurrence of dysphagia at one year after the completion of treatment.
Conclusion
We reported that PCM delineation as a single structure with sparing the part outside the high risk volumes is more reproducible and leads to the same outcomes if delineated separately.
{"title":"Assessment of the mean dose of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles (as one organ) as a part of DARS and its effect on dysphagia in IMRT treated head and neck cancer patients","authors":"May Gamal Ashour , Tarek Hamed Shouman , Ashraf Hamed Hassouna , Maha Hassan Mokhtar , Dalia Abdelfatah","doi":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100689","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100689","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To assess the mean dose the pharyngeal constrictor muscle (PCM) received and its effect on dysphagia and develop a cut-off value for its occurrence.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>116 patients with head and neck cancer who required bilateral neck irradiation treated using the simultaneous integrated boost IMRT technique were retrospectively evaluated. Pharyngeal constrictor (superior, middle, inferior) and cricopharyngeus and esophageal inlet muscles (cricopharyngeal inlet) were considered dysphagia/aspiration-related structures (DARS) and were summated as one organ at risk structure PCM. PlanPCM consists of the sum of one or multiple pharyngeal constrictor muscles away from high-risk volumes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This study enrolled 116 patients (37 female, 79 male), mean age of 51 years. The mean dose to PCM was 51.37 Gy ± SD (range, 30.08–63.86 Gy). The severity of dysphagia correlated significantly with the dose received by PlanPCM (p < 0.001). The mean dose to PlanPCM in the nasopharyngeal primary was 53.3 Gy (Range 44–63.5 Gy), while it was 45.4 Gy (Range 30.1–56.3 Gy) for laryngeal primaries. Our findings indicated that a dose exceeding 50 Gy to the PlanPCM was more likely associated with high occurrence of dysphagia at one year after the completion of treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>We reported that PCM delineation as a single structure with sparing the part outside the high risk volumes is more reproducible and leads to the same outcomes if delineated separately.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94378,"journal":{"name":"Oral Oncology Reports","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100689"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Locally advanced borderline resectable oral cancer poses significant treatment challenges due to its infiltrative nature and high relapse rates, leading to poor prognosis. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy may offer a novel therapeutic approach, potentially altering the standard of care for advanced oral cancer.
Case report
Two patients with locally advanced tongue cancer, initially deemed inoperable, were treated with neoadjuvant immunotherapy. The first patient received 4 cycles of taxane, cisplatin, and pembrolizumab, while the second received 12 cycles of nivolumab and methotrexate. Both patients exhibited excellent clinical responses at the primary site and in regional lymph nodes. Following treatment, one patient underwent primary closure, and the other had a nasolabial flap with marginal mandibulectomy. Intraoperative frozen sections indicated tumor-free margins in both cases.
Conclusion
These two cases underscore the potential of neoadjuvant immunotherapy in managing borderline resectable oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), initially deemed inoperable. The favorable outcomes highlight the need for more research and clinical trials to further assess the efficacy of this approach in head and neck cancers. In this review, we explore the scientific rationale, current clinical evidence, and key debated topics, including the evaluation of pathological and radiological responses.
{"title":"Neoadjuvant immunotherapy in advanced oral cancer: Emerging treatment paradigms","authors":"Ankit Vishwani, Bipin Thomas Varghese, Shaji Thomas, Ashima Kumar, Japneet Kaur, Anukampa Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100683","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100683","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Locally advanced borderline resectable oral cancer poses significant treatment challenges due to its infiltrative nature and high relapse rates, leading to poor prognosis. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy may offer a novel therapeutic approach, potentially altering the standard of care for advanced oral cancer<strong>.</strong></div></div><div><h3>Case report</h3><div>Two patients with locally advanced tongue cancer, initially deemed inoperable, were treated with neoadjuvant immunotherapy. The first patient received 4 cycles of taxane, cisplatin, and pembrolizumab, while the second received 12 cycles of nivolumab and methotrexate. Both patients exhibited excellent clinical responses at the primary site and in regional lymph nodes. Following treatment, one patient underwent primary closure, and the other had a nasolabial flap with marginal mandibulectomy. Intraoperative frozen sections indicated tumor-free margins in both cases.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These two cases underscore the potential of neoadjuvant immunotherapy in managing borderline resectable oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), initially deemed inoperable. The favorable outcomes highlight the need for more research and clinical trials to further assess the efficacy of this approach in head and neck cancers. In this review, we explore the scientific rationale, current clinical evidence, and key debated topics, including the evaluation of pathological and radiological responses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94378,"journal":{"name":"Oral Oncology Reports","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100683"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Epigenetic alterations play an important aspect in the pathogenesis of oral cancer, affecting gene regulation occurs without altering the DNA sequence itself. These alterations include processes like DNA methylation, histone modification, and the regulation mediated by non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), contribute to the initiation, progression, and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This review comprehensively examines the major epigenetic mechanisms implicated in oral cancer, elucidates potential biomarkers for early detection and prognosis, and explores emerging epigenetic therapies with significant potential for targeted treatment. The reversible characteristics of epigenetic modifications render them promising therapeutic targets and offers hope for improved clinical outcomes. We also discuss the current limitations in research and suggest future directions for developing effective epigenetic-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
表观遗传学改变在口腔癌的发病机制中起着重要作用，它在不改变 DNA 序列本身的情况下影响基因调控。这些改变包括 DNA 甲基化、组蛋白修饰和非编码 RNA（ncRNA）介导的调控等过程，有助于口腔鳞状细胞癌（OSCC）的发生、发展和转移。这篇综述全面探讨了与口腔癌有关的主要表观遗传机制，阐明了用于早期检测和预后判断的潜在生物标志物，并探索了具有显著靶向治疗潜力的新兴表观遗传疗法。表观遗传修饰的可逆性使其成为有前景的治疗目标，并为改善临床结果带来了希望。我们还讨论了当前研究的局限性，并提出了开发基于表观遗传的有效诊断和治疗策略的未来方向。
{"title":"Epigenetic alterations in oral cancer: Mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets","authors":"Madhan Krishnan , Sharan Basappa , Shyamaladevi Babu","doi":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100681","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100681","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Epigenetic alterations play an important aspect in the pathogenesis of oral cancer, affecting gene regulation occurs without altering the DNA sequence itself. These alterations include processes like DNA methylation, histone modification, and the regulation mediated by non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), contribute to the initiation, progression, and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This review comprehensively examines the major epigenetic mechanisms implicated in oral cancer, elucidates potential biomarkers for early detection and prognosis, and explores emerging epigenetic therapies with significant potential for targeted treatment. The reversible characteristics of epigenetic modifications render them promising therapeutic targets and offers hope for improved clinical outcomes. We also discuss the current limitations in research and suggest future directions for developing effective epigenetic-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94378,"journal":{"name":"Oral Oncology Reports","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100681"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100682
Jason Semprini , Kiran Marla
Background
Following decades of policies increasing access to high-quality cancer treatment, the COVID-19 pandemic upended the U.S. healthcare system. The pandemic's disruption likely affected an often-overlooked dimension of quality cancer treatment: timely initiation. Timely treatment initiation is especially critical for head and neck cancer (HNC). We aimed to assess how the treatment interval (diagnosis to treatment initiation) changed in 2021 for different types of HNCs and treatment modalities.
Methodology
We analyzed Surveillance, Epidemiological, End Results (SEER) case data for years 2007–2021. Using ICD site codes, cancers were restricted to oropharynx, oral cavity, other pharynx, larynx. Oropharynx cancers were stratified by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) subtype based on p16-positivity codes. The outcome of interest was a variable measuring the number of days from diagnosis to treatment initiation. Cases were stratified by site and whether they received surgery as first course of treatment. To overcome validity threats from skewed treatment interval data and unobserved heterogeneity, we constructed an unconditional quantile regression model to estimate the effect of treatment in 2021 across the distribution of the treatment interval.
Results
155,273 patients in SEER initiated HNC treatment between 2007 and 2021. The median treatment interval was 29 days (Interquartile Range = 2–48). Among patients not receiving surgery, 2021 was associated with delayed treatment for all sites except oral cavity. For patients receiving surgery, 2021 was only associated with delayed treatment for p16+ Oropharynx cancer.
Discussion
HNC patients overall, but HPV+ Oropharynx cancer patients especially, experienced treatment delays in 2021. These delays, and their consequences, warrant policymaking attention.
{"title":"Head and neck cancer treatment delays in 2021: Estimating distributional effects by site, surgery, and p16-positivity","authors":"Jason Semprini , Kiran Marla","doi":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100682","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100682","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Following decades of policies increasing access to high-quality cancer treatment, the COVID-19 pandemic upended the U.S. healthcare system. The pandemic's disruption likely affected an often-overlooked dimension of quality cancer treatment: timely initiation. Timely treatment initiation is especially critical for head and neck cancer (HNC). We aimed to assess how the treatment interval (diagnosis to treatment initiation) changed in 2021 for different types of HNCs and treatment modalities.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>We analyzed Surveillance, Epidemiological, End Results (SEER) case data for years 2007–2021. Using ICD site codes, cancers were restricted to oropharynx, oral cavity, other pharynx, larynx. Oropharynx cancers were stratified by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) subtype based on p16-positivity codes. The outcome of interest was a variable measuring the number of days from diagnosis to treatment initiation. Cases were stratified by site and whether they received surgery as first course of treatment. To overcome validity threats from skewed treatment interval data and unobserved heterogeneity, we constructed an unconditional quantile regression model to estimate the effect of treatment in 2021 across the distribution of the treatment interval.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>155,273 patients in SEER initiated HNC treatment between 2007 and 2021. The median treatment interval was 29 days (Interquartile Range = 2–48). Among patients not receiving surgery, 2021 was associated with delayed treatment for all sites except oral cavity. For patients receiving surgery, 2021 was only associated with delayed treatment for p16+ Oropharynx cancer.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>HNC patients overall, but HPV+ Oropharynx cancer patients especially, experienced treatment delays in 2021. These delays, and their consequences, warrant policymaking attention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94378,"journal":{"name":"Oral Oncology Reports","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100682"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142653553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
DNA isolation from biological materials is the initial step in several bioanalytical processes, including the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This procedure works best with pure DNA devoid of potential amplification reaction inhibitors. Since the quantity and quality of biological samples are limited, it is essential to extract as much DNA as possible from the original sample. The solid-phase extraction technique is frequently used to purify DNA. In this process, the DNA is adsorbed onto a solid support, any contaminants from the reaction are eliminated by washing, and the purified DNA is then eluted from the support. The quality and concentration of DNA have a direct effect on the gene analysis procedure. Therefore, before interpreting the results of PCR-based diagnostic assays, it is imperative to confirm the DNA preparation and integrity, particularly if no pathogenic DNA is identified.
Methods
A comparative study was carried out using two standardized protocols for DNA synthesis in comparison with a test protocol incorporating carrier RNA and proteinase K from a viral detection kit. The quality and quantity of the synthesized DNA are assessed by qPCR analysis for gene amplification of metastasis suppressor genes NDRG1, RhoGDI, and KISS 1.
Results and conclusion
The test protocol showed higher yields of DNA in comparison to the standard protocol. The concentration of DNA obtained was validated by the concentration of gene expressed from q PCR analysis. The gene expression was significantly higher when the test protocol method was followed for DNA synthesis. Thus the study validates the potential of nucleic acid carrier RNA molecules to improve DNA extraction processes used in tissue samples for gene analysis procedures.
背景从生物材料中分离 DNA 是包括聚合酶链反应 (PCR) 在内的多个生物分析过程的第一步。这一过程的最佳条件是DNA纯净，没有潜在的扩增反应抑制剂。由于生物样本的数量和质量有限，因此必须从原始样本中提取尽可能多的 DNA。固相萃取技术常用于纯化 DNA。在这一过程中，DNA 被吸附在固体支持物上，通过洗涤去除反应中的污染物，然后从支持物中洗脱出纯化的 DNA。DNA 的质量和浓度对基因分析程序有直接影响。因此，在解释基于 PCR 的诊断检测结果之前，必须确认 DNA 的制备和完整性，尤其是在未鉴定出病原体 DNA 的情况下。方法：我们使用两种标准化的 DNA 合成方案与使用病毒检测试剂盒中的载体 RNA 和蛋白酶 K 的测试方案进行了比较研究。通过对转移抑制基因 NDRG1、RhoGDI 和 KISS 1 的基因扩增进行 qPCR 分析，评估合成 DNA 的质量和数量。通过 q PCR 分析得出的基因表达浓度验证了 DNA 的浓度。采用测试方案合成 DNA 时，基因表达量明显更高。因此，这项研究验证了核酸载体 RNA 分子在改进用于基因分析程序的组织样本 DNA 提取过程方面的潜力。
{"title":"Comparative evaluation of DNA synthesis for qPCR analysis from oral squamous cell carcinoma tissues - A rapid and robust isolation technique for gene expression studies","authors":"Ramya Mahalingam , Vivek Narayanan , Magesh Karuppur Thiagarajan , T. Jayaprakash , K.V. Leela","doi":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100677","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100677","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>DNA isolation from biological materials is the initial step in several bioanalytical processes, including the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This procedure works best with pure DNA devoid of potential amplification reaction inhibitors. Since the quantity and quality of biological samples are limited, it is essential to extract as much DNA as possible from the original sample. The solid-phase extraction technique is frequently used to purify DNA. In this process, the DNA is adsorbed onto a solid support, any contaminants from the reaction are eliminated by washing, and the purified DNA is then eluted from the support. The quality and concentration of DNA have a direct effect on the gene analysis procedure. Therefore, before interpreting the results of PCR-based diagnostic assays, it is imperative to confirm the DNA preparation and integrity, particularly if no pathogenic DNA is identified.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A comparative study was carried out using two standardized protocols for DNA synthesis in comparison with a test protocol incorporating carrier RNA and proteinase K from a viral detection kit. The quality and quantity of the synthesized DNA are assessed by qPCR analysis for gene amplification of metastasis suppressor genes NDRG1, RhoGDI, and KISS 1.</div></div><div><h3>Results and conclusion</h3><div>The test protocol showed higher yields of DNA in comparison to the standard protocol. The concentration of DNA obtained was validated by the concentration of gene expressed from q PCR analysis. The gene expression was significantly higher when the test protocol method was followed for DNA synthesis. Thus the study validates the potential of nucleic acid carrier RNA molecules to improve DNA extraction processes used in tissue samples for gene analysis procedures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94378,"journal":{"name":"Oral Oncology Reports","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100677"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142561289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a distinct type of cancer that affects the head and neck region, and it is notably linked to infection with the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), particularly in endemic regions such as Southeast Asia and Southern China. Despite advances in the conventional care for NPC, including radiation and chemotherapy, the prognosis remains poor for individuals with relapsed or metastatic stages of the disease. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), particularly those targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, have emerged as an optimistic therapeutic option. PD-L1 overexpression in NPC contributes to immune avoidance and correlates in relation to these immunotherapies. This review comprehensively explores PD-L1 expression in NPC and its role in tumor immune escape, along with a detailed analysis of clinical trials investigating PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. While PD-L1 overexpression is associated with better responses to ICIs, resistance mechanisms and the complex tumor microenvironment (TME) limit their overall efficacy. We will address these barriers and highlight future directions for improving outcomes, including combination therapies, novel biomarkers, and personalized approaches to treatment. With ongoing research and clinical trials, immune checkpoint inhibition holds great potential to revolutionize NPC therapy, offering hope for improved sustained survival rates and overall well-being for individuals.
{"title":"Immune checkpoint inhibition in NPC: A comprehensive review of PD-L1 overexpression and treatment responses","authors":"Madhan Krishnan , Sharan Basappa , M.V. Vinaya Kumar , Gayathri Sekar","doi":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oor.2024.100680","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a distinct type of cancer that affects the head and neck region, and it is notably linked to infection with the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), particularly in endemic regions such as Southeast Asia and Southern China. Despite advances in the conventional care for NPC, including radiation and chemotherapy, the prognosis remains poor for individuals with relapsed or metastatic stages of the disease. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), particularly those targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, have emerged as an optimistic therapeutic option. PD-L1 overexpression in NPC contributes to immune avoidance and correlates in relation to these immunotherapies. This review comprehensively explores PD-L1 expression in NPC and its role in tumor immune escape, along with a detailed analysis of clinical trials investigating PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. While PD-L1 overexpression is associated with better responses to ICIs, resistance mechanisms and the complex tumor microenvironment (TME) limit their overall efficacy. We will address these barriers and highlight future directions for improving outcomes, including combination therapies, novel biomarkers, and personalized approaches to treatment. With ongoing research and clinical trials, immune checkpoint inhibition holds great potential to revolutionize NPC therapy, offering hope for improved sustained survival rates and overall well-being for individuals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94378,"journal":{"name":"Oral Oncology Reports","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100680"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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