{"title":"Salinity Response, Distribution, and Possible Dispersal of a Barrier Island Strand Glycophyte, Strophostyles umbellata (Fabaceae)","authors":"David L. Erickson, D. Young","doi":"10.2307/2996447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996447","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":"122 1","pages":"95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996447","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68407453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
OSWALD, B. P. (Department of Plant and Soil Science, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL 35762) AND L. F. NEUENSCHWANDER (College of Forestry, Wildlife and Range Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843). Mortality of westem larch seedlings in relation to seedbed characteristics at the dry end of its ecological range. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 122: 101-108. 1995.-The effects of different seedbeds on westem larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) germination and seedling mortality were assessed in a grand fir/ninebark (Abies grandis ((Dougl. ex. D.Don) Lindl.))/(Physocarpus malvaceus((Greene) Kuntze)) habitat type in northem Idaho, U.S.A. Two plots were established on each of four sites, and 150 westem larch seeds (66% viable) were distributed on each of 16 randomly applied seedbed modification combinations (bumed or mechanical scarified, mineral soil or duff, shaded or non-shaded, caged or non-caged for protection from predation). Germination percentages and seedling development were significantly greater (4-10 times) on caged units than on uncaged units by midJuly. Shading did not significantly affect germination percentage or initial seedling establishment. No significant differences occurred in germination or initial seedling establishment between bumed and unbumed treatments. Mortality of seedlings, most likely caused by a month-long dry period with high temperatures, resulted in no significant differences in seedling numbers among treatments by mid-August the first year after seed dispersal. On the dry end of this species' range, there does not appear to be any difference in seedling survival from seedbed modification.
OSWALD, b.p.(阿拉巴马农工大学植物与土壤科学系，师范，AL 35762) and L. F. NEUENSCHWANDER(爱达荷大学林业、野生动物与牧场科学学院，莫斯科，ID 83843)。生态范围干端西部落叶松幼苗死亡率与苗床特征的关系。公牛。托。机器人。俱乐部122:101-108。1995.研究了不同苗床对西部落叶松(Larix occidentalis Nutt.)发芽和幼苗死亡率的影响。例d.p don Lindl.) /(Physocarpus malvaceus((Greene) Kuntze)))在美国爱达荷州北部的生境类型，在4个地点各建立2个样地，在16种随机施用的苗床改良组合(焚烧或机械沙化、矿质土或沙土、遮荫或不遮荫、笼养或不笼养以防止捕食)上各分配150颗西部落叶松种子(66%存活率)。到7月中旬，笼内单位的发芽率和幼苗发育显著高于非笼内单位(4-10倍)。遮荫对发芽率和幼苗建立没有显著影响。在发芽率和初苗建立方面，烧过和未烧过的处理没有显著差异。幼苗的死亡很可能是由于长达一个月的干旱和高温造成的，到种子传播后第一年的8月中旬，不同处理的幼苗数量没有显著差异。在该物种分布范围的干端，苗床改造对幼苗存活率似乎没有任何影响。
{"title":"Mortality of western larch seedlings in relation to seedbed characteristics at the dry end of its ecological range","authors":"B. Oswald, L. Neuenschwander, L. Neuenschwander","doi":"10.2307/2996448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996448","url":null,"abstract":"OSWALD, B. P. (Department of Plant and Soil Science, Alabama A&M University, Normal, AL 35762) AND L. F. NEUENSCHWANDER (College of Forestry, Wildlife and Range Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843). Mortality of westem larch seedlings in relation to seedbed characteristics at the dry end of its ecological range. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 122: 101-108. 1995.-The effects of different seedbeds on westem larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) germination and seedling mortality were assessed in a grand fir/ninebark (Abies grandis ((Dougl. ex. D.Don) Lindl.))/(Physocarpus malvaceus((Greene) Kuntze)) habitat type in northem Idaho, U.S.A. Two plots were established on each of four sites, and 150 westem larch seeds (66% viable) were distributed on each of 16 randomly applied seedbed modification combinations (bumed or mechanical scarified, mineral soil or duff, shaded or non-shaded, caged or non-caged for protection from predation). Germination percentages and seedling development were significantly greater (4-10 times) on caged units than on uncaged units by midJuly. Shading did not significantly affect germination percentage or initial seedling establishment. No significant differences occurred in germination or initial seedling establishment between bumed and unbumed treatments. Mortality of seedlings, most likely caused by a month-long dry period with high temperatures, resulted in no significant differences in seedling numbers among treatments by mid-August the first year after seed dispersal. On the dry end of this species' range, there does not appear to be any difference in seedling survival from seedbed modification.","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":"122 1","pages":"101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996448","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68407500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
HEDMAN, CRAUG W. (Southlands Experiment Forest, International Paper, Bainbridge, GA 31717) AND DAvID H. VAN LEAR (Department of Forest Resources, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-1003). Vegetative structure and composition of Southern Appalachian riparian forests. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 122: 134-144. 1995.-Vegetative characteristics of twelve Southern Appalachian riparian forests were sampled as part of a larger study which examined functional attributes of riparian zones. Riparian forests were representative of the mixed mesophytic forest, eastern hemlock forest, and transitions between these types. Earlyand mid-successional stages were generally dominated by an overstory of pioneering shade-intolerant species and had an even-aged structure. The diameter distribution of these relatively young stands of mixed species was typically inverse J-shaped. Late-successional and old-growth stages were dominated by shade-tolerant or moderately tolerant overstory species and were uneven-aged. Diameter distribution in these older stands approximated a rotated sigmoid curve. Rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum L.) was the dominant understory species and controlled understory and midstory composition. Characterization of riparian forests in different stages of succession will help understanding of vegetative processes and forms the basis of subsequent ecological studies of riparian functional dynamics.
HEDMAN, CRAUG W. (Southlands实验森林，International Paper, Bainbridge, GA 31717)和DAvID H. VAN LEAR (Clemson University森林资源系，Clemson, SC 29634-1003)。南阿巴拉契亚河岸森林的营养结构和组成。公牛。托里机器人。俱乐部122:134-144。1995.- 12个南阿巴拉契亚河岸森林的植被特征作为一个更大的研究的一部分，该研究检查了河岸带的功能属性。河岸林是中生植物混交林、东部铁杉林及其过渡类型的代表。演替早期和中期一般以不耐阴的先锋种的上层层为主，具有均匀的年龄结构。这些相对年轻的混交种林分直径分布呈典型的反j型。演替后期和老生长期以耐阴或中等耐阴的上层植物为主，树龄不均匀。这些老林分的直径分布近似于旋转的s型曲线。杜鹃花(Rhododendron maximum L.)是林下优势种，控制林下和中层组成。不同演替阶段的河岸林特征将有助于理解植被过程，并为后续的河岸功能动态生态学研究奠定基础。
{"title":"VEGETATIVE STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN RIPARIAN FORESTS","authors":"C. Hedman, D. V. Lear","doi":"10.2307/2996452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996452","url":null,"abstract":"HEDMAN, CRAUG W. (Southlands Experiment Forest, International Paper, Bainbridge, GA 31717) AND DAvID H. VAN LEAR (Department of Forest Resources, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-1003). Vegetative structure and composition of Southern Appalachian riparian forests. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 122: 134-144. 1995.-Vegetative characteristics of twelve Southern Appalachian riparian forests were sampled as part of a larger study which examined functional attributes of riparian zones. Riparian forests were representative of the mixed mesophytic forest, eastern hemlock forest, and transitions between these types. Earlyand mid-successional stages were generally dominated by an overstory of pioneering shade-intolerant species and had an even-aged structure. The diameter distribution of these relatively young stands of mixed species was typically inverse J-shaped. Late-successional and old-growth stages were dominated by shade-tolerant or moderately tolerant overstory species and were uneven-aged. Diameter distribution in these older stands approximated a rotated sigmoid curve. Rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum L.) was the dominant understory species and controlled understory and midstory composition. Characterization of riparian forests in different stages of succession will help understanding of vegetative processes and forms the basis of subsequent ecological studies of riparian functional dynamics.","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":"122 1","pages":"134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996452","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68407124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alan J. Kimball, J. Witham, James L. Rudnicky, Alan S. White, M. Hunter
{"title":"Harvest-created and natural canopy gaps in an oak-pine forest in Maine","authors":"Alan J. Kimball, J. Witham, James L. Rudnicky, Alan S. White, M. Hunter","doi":"10.2307/2996450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996450","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":"122 1","pages":"115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996450","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68407575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
community were investigated. Expansion rates of G. baccata clones were determined by measuring the diameters of clones on 1975 aerial photographs and in the field in 1990. Data were collected on the cover, maximum height and stem density of G. baccata, as well as the presence of other species, in 0.25 m2 quadrats placed along radial transects within and outside clones. G. baccata clones nearly doubled in area from 1975 to 1990. Clone expansion was accompanied by an increase in G. baccata cover, height and stem density, and a corresponding decrease in species richness. The frequencies of other plant species displayed three different patterns along a transect into G. baccata clones: no change, a gradual decrease, and a sharp decrease in frequency at the clone edge.
{"title":"Effect of expanding clones of Gaylussacia baccata (black huckleberry) on species composition in sandplain grassland on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts","authors":"K. Harper, K. Koch","doi":"10.2307/2996451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996451","url":null,"abstract":"community were investigated. Expansion rates of G. baccata clones were determined by measuring the diameters of clones on 1975 aerial photographs and in the field in 1990. Data were collected on the cover, maximum height and stem density of G. baccata, as well as the presence of other species, in 0.25 m2 quadrats placed along radial transects within and outside clones. G. baccata clones nearly doubled in area from 1975 to 1990. Clone expansion was accompanied by an increase in G. baccata cover, height and stem density, and a corresponding decrease in species richness. The frequencies of other plant species displayed three different patterns along a transect into G. baccata clones: no change, a gradual decrease, and a sharp decrease in frequency at the clone edge.","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":"122 1","pages":"124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996451","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68407108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fifteen-Year Population and Habitat Changes in a Narrow Idaho Endemic, Phlox idahonis Wherry","authors":"R. Moseley, Rex C. Crawford","doi":"10.2307/2996449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996449","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":"122 1","pages":"109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996449","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68407514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-2498-3
A. Lugo, C. Lowe
{"title":"Tropical Forests: Management and Ecology","authors":"A. Lugo, C. Lowe","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4612-2498-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2498-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":"63 8","pages":"168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-1-4612-2498-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50952475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
VAITKUS, M. R. AND K. W. McLEOD (Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802). Photosynthesis and water-use efficiency of two sandhill oaks following additions of water and nutrients. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 122: 30-39. 1995.-Water and nutrients are considered the primary factors limiting vegetative growth in many plant communities. We examined the effects of added water and nutrients on photosynthesis and water use efficiency (WUE) of juveniles of Quercus hemisphaerica and Quercus laevis growing together in a sandhill community in South Carolina. Supplemental water and nutrients were added in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Diurnal photosynthesis was determined approximately biweekly from June to October and integrated long-term WUE was evaluated using carbon isotope discrimination at the end of this period. Analysis of diurnal photosynthesis curves indicated no significant differences between species, but differences within species were significant between day of sampling, time of measurement, and treatment. Net photosynthesis of Q. hemisphaerica in watered treatments was significantly greater than photosynthesis in unwatered treatments, primarily at midday on days with high temperatures following prolonged drought. Neither nutrients nor water significantly affected the photosynthesis of Q. laevis, regardless of environmental conditions. Fertilization was found to differentially affect WUE of Q. hemisphaerica and Q. laevis, possibly confounding WUE differences between these two species. Because Q. hemisphaerica is often found in more mesic environments than Q. laevis, and because it responded to the addition of water with an increase in photosynthesis, we concluded that in a sandhill community Q. hemisphaerica juveniles are limited primarily by water rather than by low fertility. Our results indicated that juveniles of Q. laevis, the community dominant, are not as plastic as Q. hemisphaerica in their response to fertilizer and water additions.
{"title":"Photosynthesis and water-use efficiency of two sandhill oaks following additions of water and nutrients","authors":"M. Vaitkus, K. McLeod","doi":"10.2307/2996401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996401","url":null,"abstract":"VAITKUS, M. R. AND K. W. McLEOD (Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, P.O. Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29802). Photosynthesis and water-use efficiency of two sandhill oaks following additions of water and nutrients. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 122: 30-39. 1995.-Water and nutrients are considered the primary factors limiting vegetative growth in many plant communities. We examined the effects of added water and nutrients on photosynthesis and water use efficiency (WUE) of juveniles of Quercus hemisphaerica and Quercus laevis growing together in a sandhill community in South Carolina. Supplemental water and nutrients were added in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Diurnal photosynthesis was determined approximately biweekly from June to October and integrated long-term WUE was evaluated using carbon isotope discrimination at the end of this period. Analysis of diurnal photosynthesis curves indicated no significant differences between species, but differences within species were significant between day of sampling, time of measurement, and treatment. Net photosynthesis of Q. hemisphaerica in watered treatments was significantly greater than photosynthesis in unwatered treatments, primarily at midday on days with high temperatures following prolonged drought. Neither nutrients nor water significantly affected the photosynthesis of Q. laevis, regardless of environmental conditions. Fertilization was found to differentially affect WUE of Q. hemisphaerica and Q. laevis, possibly confounding WUE differences between these two species. Because Q. hemisphaerica is often found in more mesic environments than Q. laevis, and because it responded to the addition of water with an increase in photosynthesis, we concluded that in a sandhill community Q. hemisphaerica juveniles are limited primarily by water rather than by low fertility. Our results indicated that juveniles of Q. laevis, the community dominant, are not as plastic as Q. hemisphaerica in their response to fertilizer and water additions.","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":"78 1","pages":"30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996401","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68406683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Greller, L. McDade, K. Bawa, H. Hespenheide, G. Hartshorn
La Selva, a nature reserve and field station in Costa Rica, is one of the most intensively studied and best-understood tropical field sites in the world. For over 30 years, La Selva has been a major focus of research on rainforest ecology, flora and fauna. This volume provides a comprehensive review of this research, covering La Selva's geographical history and physical setting, its plant and animal life, and agricultural development and land use. Drawing together a wealth of information, "La Selva" offers a substantive treatment of the ecology of a rainforest. Part 1 summarizes research on the physical setting and environment of the rainforest, as well as the history of the research station. Some chapters in this part focus on climate, geomorphology and aquatic systems, while others look at soils, nutrient acquisition and cycles of energy. Part 2 synthesizes what is known about the plant community. It begins with chapters on vegetation types and plant diversity, and also explores plant demography, spatial patterns of trees, and the impact of treefall gaps on forest structure and dynamics. Other chapters address plant physiological ecology, as well as plant reproductive systems. Part 3 covers the animal community, summarizing information on the six best-known animal taxa of the region: fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals and butterflies. This part includes an overview of faunal studies at La Selva and a chapter on animal population biology, which examines animal demography and abundance, and interactions between predators and prey. Part 4 addresses interactions between plants and animals and the effects of these interactions on species diversity. Part 5 considers the impact of land use and agricultural development on La Selva and other areas of Costa Rica. One chapter examines land colonization and conservation in Sarapiqui, another covers subsistence and commercial agricultural development in the Atlantic lowlands region, and a third looks at the forest industry in north-eastern Costa Rica. This part also assesses the role and research priorities of La Selva. "La Selva" provides an introduction to tropical ecology for students and researchers at La Selva, a major source of comparative information for biologists working in other tropical areas, and a resource for conservationists.
La Selva是哥斯达黎加的一个自然保护区和野外观测站，是世界上研究最深入、了解最透彻的热带野外观测点之一。30多年来，La Selva一直是热带雨林生态、动植物研究的主要焦点。本卷提供了这一研究的全面回顾，涵盖拉塞尔瓦的地理历史和自然环境，其植物和动物的生活，农业发展和土地利用。“La Selva”汇集了丰富的信息，对热带雨林的生态进行了实质性的处理。第一部分概述了对热带雨林的物理设置和环境的研究，以及研究站的历史。本部分的一些章节侧重于气候、地貌和水生系统，而其他章节则着眼于土壤、养分获取和能量循环。第2部分综合了对植物群落的了解。它以植被类型和植物多样性章节开始，还探讨了植物人口统计学，树木的空间格局，以及树木砍伐间隙对森林结构和动态的影响。其他章节讨论植物生理生态学，以及植物生殖系统。第3部分介绍了动物群落，总结了该地区六个最著名的动物分类群的信息:鱼类、两栖动物、爬行动物、鸟类、哺乳动物和蝴蝶。这一部分包括对La Selva的动物研究的概述，以及动物种群生物学的一章，该章研究了动物的种群数量和丰度，以及捕食者和猎物之间的相互作用。第4部分讨论了植物和动物之间的相互作用以及这些相互作用对物种多样性的影响。第5部分考虑了土地利用和农业发展对La Selva和哥斯达黎加其他地区的影响。其中一章考察了Sarapiqui的土地殖民化和保护，另一章涉及大西洋低地地区的生存和商业农业发展，第三章考察了哥斯达黎加东北部的森林工业。这一部分还评估了La Selva的作用和研究重点。“La Selva”为La Selva的学生和研究人员提供了热带生态学的介绍，是在其他热带地区工作的生物学家比较信息的主要来源，也是自然资源保护主义者的资源。
{"title":"La Selva: ecology and natural history of a neotropical rain forest.","authors":"A. Greller, L. McDade, K. Bawa, H. Hespenheide, G. Hartshorn","doi":"10.2307/2996404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996404","url":null,"abstract":"La Selva, a nature reserve and field station in Costa Rica, is one of the most intensively studied and best-understood tropical field sites in the world. For over 30 years, La Selva has been a major focus of research on rainforest ecology, flora and fauna. This volume provides a comprehensive review of this research, covering La Selva's geographical history and physical setting, its plant and animal life, and agricultural development and land use. Drawing together a wealth of information, \"La Selva\" offers a substantive treatment of the ecology of a rainforest. Part 1 summarizes research on the physical setting and environment of the rainforest, as well as the history of the research station. Some chapters in this part focus on climate, geomorphology and aquatic systems, while others look at soils, nutrient acquisition and cycles of energy. Part 2 synthesizes what is known about the plant community. It begins with chapters on vegetation types and plant diversity, and also explores plant demography, spatial patterns of trees, and the impact of treefall gaps on forest structure and dynamics. Other chapters address plant physiological ecology, as well as plant reproductive systems. Part 3 covers the animal community, summarizing information on the six best-known animal taxa of the region: fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals and butterflies. This part includes an overview of faunal studies at La Selva and a chapter on animal population biology, which examines animal demography and abundance, and interactions between predators and prey. Part 4 addresses interactions between plants and animals and the effects of these interactions on species diversity. Part 5 considers the impact of land use and agricultural development on La Selva and other areas of Costa Rica. One chapter examines land colonization and conservation in Sarapiqui, another covers subsistence and commercial agricultural development in the Atlantic lowlands region, and a third looks at the forest industry in north-eastern Costa Rica. This part also assesses the role and research priorities of La Selva. \"La Selva\" provides an introduction to tropical ecology for students and researchers at La Selva, a major source of comparative information for biologists working in other tropical areas, and a resource for conservationists.","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":"122 1","pages":"69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996404","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68406803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
York. The small, dark purple flowers open in the morning and remain open for approximately 7 days. Although a heavy, fruity, unpleasant scent is emitted throughout the day and night, it is strongest during the day. The first flowers appear in mid-May, but peak flowering occurs in mid- to late-June, tapering off in early July. The flowers are autogamous, with 4.2% of 167 bagged flowers setting fruits with viable seeds, as compared to 1 1. 1% of 72 unbagged flowers. In addition, the plants are clonal, with deep roots and rhizomes. Of 50 seeds tested in September (without a period of dormancy) 14 germinated, versus 20 of 50 that had overwintered. Of seeds from unbagged flowers, 49% germinated versus 40% of those produced by autogamy. Although more than 14 species of flies visited the flowers of V. nigrum, only six species, representing four families, carried V. nigrum pollinia. Flies pick up pollinia on their proboscises as they probe for nectar. A large territorial fly, Sarcophaga sp., defends flowers from visits by other flies.
{"title":"The reproductive biology of Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench (Asclepiadaceae), a Mediterranean weed in New York State.","authors":"Cecile Lumer, Susan E. Yost","doi":"10.2307/2996399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2996399","url":null,"abstract":"York. The small, dark purple flowers open in the morning and remain open for approximately 7 days. Although a heavy, fruity, unpleasant scent is emitted throughout the day and night, it is strongest during the day. The first flowers appear in mid-May, but peak flowering occurs in mid- to late-June, tapering off in early July. The flowers are autogamous, with 4.2% of 167 bagged flowers setting fruits with viable seeds, as compared to 1 1. 1% of 72 unbagged flowers. In addition, the plants are clonal, with deep roots and rhizomes. Of 50 seeds tested in September (without a period of dormancy) 14 germinated, versus 20 of 50 that had overwintered. Of seeds from unbagged flowers, 49% germinated versus 40% of those produced by autogamy. Although more than 14 species of flies visited the flowers of V. nigrum, only six species, representing four families, carried V. nigrum pollinia. Flies pick up pollinia on their proboscises as they probe for nectar. A large territorial fly, Sarcophaga sp., defends flowers from visits by other flies.","PeriodicalId":9453,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club","volume":"122 1","pages":"15-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/2996399","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68406620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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