Pub Date : 1999-06-01DOI: 10.1017/S0041977X00017432
R. Pankhurst
Richard Pankhurst's contribution to The Peoples of Africa series will be a useful tool for students and general readers who are new to Ethiopian history. It is written in a readable style and the text is accompanied by illustrations, maps, a serviceable bibliography and a particularly helpful table of dates. It offers a comprehensive account of Ethiopia's past from the earliest times to the victory of the Ethiopian Peoples' Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) over Mangestu's regime in 1990. In the case of Ethiopia, beginning with the earliest times means just that. The Ethiopian Rift Valley is believed to be the cradle of humanity and the first chapter accordingly opens with an overview of hominid evolution. There are also brief sections on the geographical setting, the languages and religions of Ethiopia and early foreign contacts. The next chapter outlines what is known of the region in ancient times and charts the major events of the Aksumite era, including the conversion to Christianity in the fourth century. The eventual decline of the Aksumite state and the rise of a new dynasty, known as the Zagwe, are events so poorly documented that this period is frequently referred to as the Ethiopian Dark Ages. It is not known precisely when or why Aksum ceased to exist as a political entity and the chronology of the Zagwe era is one of the most controversial issues in Ethiopian history. The view presented here is the conventional one, which dates the rise of the Zagwe to the early twelfth century and regards this as a usurpation. The third chapter offers a brief account of the main events and achievements of the Zagwe period and the eventual overthrow of the dynasty in 1270, a turning-point that is still referred to as the Solomonic ' Restoration'. From this time on historical sources for Ethiopia increase and the next four chapters provide more detailed information, including accounts of the growing conflict between Christian Ethiopia and the Muslim states flanking its southern and eastern borders, which culminated in the early sixteenth century in the near destruction of the Christian kingdom; conflict with the Oromo people who began to migrate into Ethiopia at about the same time; the strengthening of diplomatic ties with Portugal, which resulted in a doomed Jesuit mission to convert Ethiopia to Roman Catholicism; and the founding of a new capital at Gondar. Chapter viii deals with the rise of Tewodros II (1855—68), who attempted to unify Ethiopia after the disintegration of centralized government which marked the decline of the Gondarine era in the later eighteenth century. With Tewodros we move into modern times and it is in these later sections that the book is particularly good, outlining clearly and concisely the increasingly convoluted relations between Ethiopia and the colonial powers of Europe. In particular, the account of the struggle to maintain Ethiopian independence against the aggressive encroachments of Italy, first during the re
{"title":"Africa","authors":"R. Pankhurst","doi":"10.1017/S0041977X00017432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00017432","url":null,"abstract":"Richard Pankhurst's contribution to The Peoples of Africa series will be a useful tool for students and general readers who are new to Ethiopian history. It is written in a readable style and the text is accompanied by illustrations, maps, a serviceable bibliography and a particularly helpful table of dates. It offers a comprehensive account of Ethiopia's past from the earliest times to the victory of the Ethiopian Peoples' Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) over Mangestu's regime in 1990. In the case of Ethiopia, beginning with the earliest times means just that. The Ethiopian Rift Valley is believed to be the cradle of humanity and the first chapter accordingly opens with an overview of hominid evolution. There are also brief sections on the geographical setting, the languages and religions of Ethiopia and early foreign contacts. The next chapter outlines what is known of the region in ancient times and charts the major events of the Aksumite era, including the conversion to Christianity in the fourth century. The eventual decline of the Aksumite state and the rise of a new dynasty, known as the Zagwe, are events so poorly documented that this period is frequently referred to as the Ethiopian Dark Ages. It is not known precisely when or why Aksum ceased to exist as a political entity and the chronology of the Zagwe era is one of the most controversial issues in Ethiopian history. The view presented here is the conventional one, which dates the rise of the Zagwe to the early twelfth century and regards this as a usurpation. The third chapter offers a brief account of the main events and achievements of the Zagwe period and the eventual overthrow of the dynasty in 1270, a turning-point that is still referred to as the Solomonic ' Restoration'. From this time on historical sources for Ethiopia increase and the next four chapters provide more detailed information, including accounts of the growing conflict between Christian Ethiopia and the Muslim states flanking its southern and eastern borders, which culminated in the early sixteenth century in the near destruction of the Christian kingdom; conflict with the Oromo people who began to migrate into Ethiopia at about the same time; the strengthening of diplomatic ties with Portugal, which resulted in a doomed Jesuit mission to convert Ethiopia to Roman Catholicism; and the founding of a new capital at Gondar. Chapter viii deals with the rise of Tewodros II (1855—68), who attempted to unify Ethiopia after the disintegration of centralized government which marked the decline of the Gondarine era in the later eighteenth century. With Tewodros we move into modern times and it is in these later sections that the book is particularly good, outlining clearly and concisely the increasingly convoluted relations between Ethiopia and the colonial powers of Europe. In particular, the account of the struggle to maintain Ethiopian independence against the aggressive encroachments of Italy, first during the re","PeriodicalId":9459,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies","volume":"181 1","pages":"410 - 411"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90872313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-01-01DOI: 10.1017/S0041977X0001836X
J. Yang, R. Parkes-Ratanshi, C. Brayne, DF Fuhr, V. Simms, A. Lescano
Background Determinants of health in a population are related to numerous factors beyond health services. However, means to provide access to and the actual shape of health services are important for planetary health. Ability to benefit from these services is essential in order to foster sustainable development. Universal health coverage (UHC), which is embedded within the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, is defined by the World Health Organization as all individuals and communities having access to any health services they need, of sufficient quality to be effective, without suffering financial hardship. Effective strategies for financing healthcare are critical in achieving this goal yet remain a challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In this respect, the aim of this review is to determine the extent of research in the published literature that examine health financing approaches and strategies for UHC in SSA. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines. On 19 July 2019, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Global Health Database, the Cochrane Library, Scopus and JSTOR were searched for literature published from 2005. Studies that described health financing approaches and strategies for UHC in SSA were eligible for inclusion. For selected papers, reference lists were searched through the snowballing procedure for further studies. The systematic review protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) on 14 August 2019 (registration number CRD42019142895). Results Of the records screened, 39 papers were selected for inclusion and analysis. The results indicate that a majority of health care revenue in SSA is from direct out-of-pocket payments. Another common health financing mechanism throughout the region was donor funding, which was reported by most of the studies. Overall, many countries are starting to develop national health insurance schemes, while others have structures in place despite low population coverage of these schemes. On average, the quality score of all studies combined was 80.4%, indicating a high appraisal score across the selected studies. Discussion Appropriate health financing strategies underpin sustainable health services and the attainment of UHC is inherently linked to planetary health. It is evident from the systematic review that existing health financing strategies in SSA are inadequate and innovative solutions are needed. Thus, establishing evidence-based, multi-sectoral strategies and sustainable solutions tailored to country contexts remains imperative.
人口健康的决定因素与卫生服务以外的许多因素有关。然而，提供获得保健服务的途径和保健服务的实际形式对地球健康很重要。为了促进可持续发展，从这些服务中获益的能力是必不可少的。全民健康覆盖是联合国可持续发展目标的一部分，世界卫生组织对全民健康覆盖的定义是，所有个人和社区都能获得他们所需的任何卫生服务，质量足以有效，而不会遭受经济困难。有效的卫生保健筹资战略对于实现这一目标至关重要，但在撒哈拉以南非洲仍是一项挑战。在这方面，本综述的目的是确定审查SSA全民健康覆盖的卫生筹资方法和战略的已发表文献的研究程度。方法按照系统评价和荟萃分析的首选报告项目(PRISMA)报告指南进行系统文献综述。2019年7月19日，检索MEDLINE、EMBASE、Web of Science、全球健康数据库、Cochrane图书馆、Scopus和JSTOR，检索2005年以来发表的文献。描述SSA全民健康覆盖卫生筹资方法和战略的研究符合纳入条件。对于选定的论文，通过滚雪球程序检索参考文献列表，以便进一步研究。该系统评价方案已于2019年8月14日在国际前瞻性系统评价登记册(PROSPERO)注册(注册号CRD42019142895)。结果从筛选的文献中筛选出39篇纳入分析。结果表明，大部分的卫生保健收入的社会保障是直接自付。整个区域另一个共同的卫生筹资机制是捐助者供资，大多数研究报告都提到了这一点。总体而言，许多国家正在开始制定国家健康保险计划，而另一些国家尽管这些计划的人口覆盖率较低，但已经建立了相应的结构。平均而言，所有研究的综合质量得分为80.4%，表明所选研究的评价得分较高。适当的卫生筹资战略是可持续卫生服务的基础，实现全民健康覆盖与全球健康有着内在联系。从系统审查中可以明显看出，SSA现有的卫生筹资战略不足，需要创新的解决办法。因此，制定基于证据的多部门战略和适合各国国情的可持续解决方案仍然是当务之急。
{"title":"Africa","authors":"J. Yang, R. Parkes-Ratanshi, C. Brayne, DF Fuhr, V. Simms, A. Lescano","doi":"10.1017/S0041977X0001836X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X0001836X","url":null,"abstract":"Background Determinants of health in a population are related to numerous factors beyond health services. However, means to provide access to and the actual shape of health services are important for planetary health. Ability to benefit from these services is essential in order to foster sustainable development. Universal health coverage (UHC), which is embedded within the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, is defined by the World Health Organization as all individuals and communities having access to any health services they need, of sufficient quality to be effective, without suffering financial hardship. Effective strategies for financing healthcare are critical in achieving this goal yet remain a challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In this respect, the aim of this review is to determine the extent of research in the published literature that examine health financing approaches and strategies for UHC in SSA. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines. On 19 July 2019, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Global Health Database, the Cochrane Library, Scopus and JSTOR were searched for literature published from 2005. Studies that described health financing approaches and strategies for UHC in SSA were eligible for inclusion. For selected papers, reference lists were searched through the snowballing procedure for further studies. The systematic review protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) on 14 August 2019 (registration number CRD42019142895). Results Of the records screened, 39 papers were selected for inclusion and analysis. The results indicate that a majority of health care revenue in SSA is from direct out-of-pocket payments. Another common health financing mechanism throughout the region was donor funding, which was reported by most of the studies. Overall, many countries are starting to develop national health insurance schemes, while others have structures in place despite low population coverage of these schemes. On average, the quality score of all studies combined was 80.4%, indicating a high appraisal score across the selected studies. Discussion Appropriate health financing strategies underpin sustainable health services and the attainment of UHC is inherently linked to planetary health. It is evident from the systematic review that existing health financing strategies in SSA are inadequate and innovative solutions are needed. Thus, establishing evidence-based, multi-sectoral strategies and sustainable solutions tailored to country contexts remains imperative.","PeriodicalId":9459,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies","volume":"27 1","pages":"198 - 199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75070596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-01-01DOI: 10.1017/S0041977X00017900
R. Gethin
The author further argues that Vedic hymns can be understood only in relation to writing, which means we should dismiss the idea that originally they were committed only to memory. He tries to show this especially in the Rbhu hymn 1,161. Rbhus, presumably the priests of the Indus civilization, supposedly invented the Indus script under the influence of the Sumerian script. He also finds the antiquity of the Vedas confirmed by astrological hints in them and by similar hints on Indus seals. The Indus civilization was not destroyed by invaders, but declined as a result of catastrophic floods, partly caused by the neglect of defences against annual inundations. The civilization was then reestablished around 1500 B.C. as the Vedic one.
{"title":"South Asia","authors":"R. Gethin","doi":"10.1017/S0041977X00017900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00017900","url":null,"abstract":"The author further argues that Vedic hymns can be understood only in relation to writing, which means we should dismiss the idea that originally they were committed only to memory. He tries to show this especially in the Rbhu hymn 1,161. Rbhus, presumably the priests of the Indus civilization, supposedly invented the Indus script under the influence of the Sumerian script. He also finds the antiquity of the Vedas confirmed by astrological hints in them and by similar hints on Indus seals. The Indus civilization was not destroyed by invaders, but declined as a result of catastrophic floods, partly caused by the neglect of defences against annual inundations. The civilization was then reestablished around 1500 B.C. as the Vedic one.","PeriodicalId":9459,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies","volume":"06 1","pages":"152 - 153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86485369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-10-01DOI: 10.1017/S0041977X00020073
Nana Wilson‐Tagoe, A. Kaye
tion for and tension with metropolitan forms; a distinct Afro-Caribbean ethos; the heterogeneity of a Caribbean environment and culture; the foregrounding of women's perspectives and the politics of gender. The inclusion of other crucial material would have enhanced such cross-connections: parts of Omeros, Walcott's essay on mimicry, several of Harris's essays. These pieces are not over-anthologized and would certainly have deepened the new critical configurations that the anthology fosters. We are constantly shown throughout the anthology that Caribbean literature has developed from acts of cross-cultural negotiation. Such a formulation may seem logical in a concept of Caribbean literature as a cultural entity within a certain geographic space. It becomes alarming when it is extended to project a vision of the literature in the 1990s as a literature without a centre, without even a geographic base. The editors see this dispersal as part of a Caribbean experience of mobility, pluralism and relativity over the centuries. This is just where they may be overstating their speculation and running risks (which they have eschewed) of subsuming a unique and diverse literature within a postmodern/postcolonial framework without frontiers. The re-centring of Caribbean literature in a global academy is not the completion but the continuation of a cycle already familiar to the Caribbean. There may yet be a neo-nationalist phase in which the literature may be redefined not in global theoretical terms but as part of a variety of dynamic cultural expressions with a solid base in the region of the Caribbean. The editors appear to envisage such a possibility though they do not state it categorically.
{"title":"General","authors":"Nana Wilson‐Tagoe, A. Kaye","doi":"10.1017/S0041977X00020073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00020073","url":null,"abstract":"tion for and tension with metropolitan forms; a distinct Afro-Caribbean ethos; the heterogeneity of a Caribbean environment and culture; the foregrounding of women's perspectives and the politics of gender. The inclusion of other crucial material would have enhanced such cross-connections: parts of Omeros, Walcott's essay on mimicry, several of Harris's essays. These pieces are not over-anthologized and would certainly have deepened the new critical configurations that the anthology fosters. We are constantly shown throughout the anthology that Caribbean literature has developed from acts of cross-cultural negotiation. Such a formulation may seem logical in a concept of Caribbean literature as a cultural entity within a certain geographic space. It becomes alarming when it is extended to project a vision of the literature in the 1990s as a literature without a centre, without even a geographic base. The editors see this dispersal as part of a Caribbean experience of mobility, pluralism and relativity over the centuries. This is just where they may be overstating their speculation and running risks (which they have eschewed) of subsuming a unique and diverse literature within a postmodern/postcolonial framework without frontiers. The re-centring of Caribbean literature in a global academy is not the completion but the continuation of a cycle already familiar to the Caribbean. There may yet be a neo-nationalist phase in which the literature may be redefined not in global theoretical terms but as part of a variety of dynamic cultural expressions with a solid base in the region of the Caribbean. The editors appear to envisage such a possibility though they do not state it categorically.","PeriodicalId":9459,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies","volume":"31 1","pages":"609 - 610"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88259031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1998-06-01DOI: 10.1017/S0041977X00014555
D. O’Brien
{"title":"Africa","authors":"D. O’Brien","doi":"10.1017/S0041977X00014555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00014555","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9459,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"398 - 398"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79916566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1979-10-01DOI: 10.1017/S0041977X00135852
C. Beckingham
{"title":"Edward W. Said: Orientalism . xi, 368 pp. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978. £8.95.","authors":"C. Beckingham","doi":"10.1017/S0041977X00135852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00135852","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9459,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies","volume":"26 1","pages":"562 - 564"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87175719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1973-12-01DOI: 10.1017/S0041977X00018425
Christopher T. Begg, Bradley C. Gregory, A. J. Moss, Frederick E. Greenspahn, William J. Urbrock, Thomas Hieke, Jaime A. Banister
language of our own: the genesis of Michif Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). Some contributors found that the cases they looked at did not appear to be cases of grammaticalization. Van Rossem finds no evidence that the Negerhollands affix ' -so' was ever a lexical item. According to Smith there is more evidence to suggest that a grammatical marker in Saramaccan (focus marking we) was transferred from Fon (one of the source languages) rather than being the result of grammaticalization of the English word ' well'. Syea finds that a clitic (la) in Mauritian Creole represents a case of degrammaticalization as opposed to grammaticalization, since it evolved from an affix. The majority of contributors found evidence of grammaticalization, but we also see differences. Huber, Poplack and Tagliamonte, Baker, and Muhlhauser show evidence of grammaticalization in pidgins as opposed to borrowings from one of the source languages. Grant and Mufwene show that nature of the grammaticalization can differ even amongst closely related contact languages. Grant looks at Grand Ronde Chinook Jargon, which is reported as having many more cases of grammaticalization than other varieties of Chinook Jargon. Mufwene looks at a number of Englishbased Creoles and shows that they do not always select the same morphemes for the same grammatical functions and that grammaticalization proceeds at different rates. Kouwenberg considers the conventionalization of one of a number of variants in Berbice Dutch Creole as grammaticalization. Bruyn tries to bring order to what could be described as chaos by proposing three types of grammaticalization. Namely, ordinary (gradual and language internal), instantaneous (much faster than the ordinary) and apparent (transfer after grammaticalization in another language) (p. 42). These categorizations are workable if we are sure that we are dealing with essentially completed processes, but Kihm, and Poplack and Tagliamonte show data which indicate that some of the processes may not be complete. Kihm describes a problematic reflexive in Kriyol as a case of half-hearted grammaticalization. Maybe it is not half-hearted, just incomplete. Poplack and Tagliamonte, after an interesting statistical analysis of past time marking in Nigerian Pidgin English, conclude that although there is evidence of grammaticalization over the past couple of centuries, the forms considered have not yet fully attained the status of grammatical markers. The findings reported in the articles are almost as varied as the types of contact languages. This makes the issue more intriguing and underlines the need for analyses of data from other contact languages. We may eventually find that grammaticalization in contact languages is not as different from that in noncontact languages as we now suspect, but only time and further research will tell. One blot on the otherwise high quality of the book is the level of personal critical comments that occur in two articles. There is
我们自己的语言:米奇夫的起源牛津:牛津大学出版社，1996)。一些撰稿人发现，他们研究的案例似乎并不是语法化的案例。范·罗森姆没有发现任何证据表明荷兰语的词缀“-so”曾经是一个词汇项。根据史密斯的说法，有更多的证据表明，Saramaccan(重点标记我们)中的语法标记是从Fon(源语言之一)转移过来的，而不是英语单词well的语法化的结果。Syea发现毛里求斯克里奥尔语中的一个定语(la)代表了一个反语法化的例子，而不是语法化，因为它是从一个词缀演变而来的。大多数贡献者发现了语法化的证据，但我们也看到了差异。Huber, Poplack和Tagliamonte, Baker和Muhlhauser展示了在洋泾浜中语法化的证据，而不是从源语言中借用。Grant和Mufwene表明，即使在密切相关的接触语言中，语法化的性质也会有所不同。格兰特着眼于大朗德奇努克行话，据报道，它比其他种类的奇努克行话有更多的语法化情况。Mufwene研究了一些以英语为基础的克里奥尔语，并表明他们并不总是为相同的语法功能选择相同的语素，语法化的速度也不同。Kouwenberg认为贝比斯荷兰克里奥尔语的一种变体的惯例化是语法化。布鲁恩试图通过提出三种类型的语法化来为混乱带来秩序。即普通的(渐进的和语言内部的)，瞬时的(比普通的快得多)和明显的(语法化后在另一种语言中的迁移)(第42页)。如果我们确信我们处理的是基本完成的过程，这些分类是可行的，但Kihm、Poplack和Tagliamonte的数据表明，有些过程可能还没有完成。Kihm将Kriyol中的一个有问题的反身性描述为半心半意的语法化。也许不是三心二意，只是不完整。Poplack和Tagliamonte在对尼日利亚洋泾浜英语中过去的时间标记进行了有趣的统计分析后得出结论，尽管在过去的几个世纪里有语法化的证据，但所考虑的形式还没有完全达到语法标记的地位。文章中报道的研究结果几乎和交流语言的类型一样多样。这使得这个问题更加有趣，并强调需要分析来自其他接触语言的数据。我们最终可能会发现，接触语言的语法化与非接触语言的语法化并不像我们现在怀疑的那样不同，但只有时间和进一步的研究才能证明这一点。这本书在其他方面的高质量的一个污点是出现在两篇文章中的个人批评评论的水平。甚至有一个不合理的指控，即错误的转录没有被编辑，因为它被认为是有效的一般观点(n. 6, p. 160)。我认为一般的观点可以用一般的方式来表达。应该鼓励健康的辩论，但我们应该辩论问题而不是个人。然而，这并不减损这篇精心编辑的文章的高质量，应该推荐给任何人，甚至是对接触语言问题间接感兴趣的人。这本书对语言学家来说是最容易理解的，但也可能对其他学者和学生感兴趣。
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