Mary Ruth McDonald, D. Speranzini, Christoph Kessel, Ivan P. O'Halloran, Y. Audette, Deanna D Németh
Excess phosphorus (P) loading has been identified as an important cause of poor water quality in Lake Simcoe. A small (~ 4%) but important source of P is the marshland that was developed for agriculture in and near the Holland Marsh. Applying the optimum rate of P fertilizer is an economical and environmentally friendly approach to crop management. In Ontario, P fertilizer recommendations are made based on the Olsen P soil test that is accredited by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA). The current study was a response to concern about high application rates of P fertilizer and grower and industry suggestions that the recommended rates for P were too low. The marketable yield of yellow cooking onions was assessed in relation to different rates of P fertilizer in high organic matter (muck) soils. Organic matter ranged from 38- 86%. Small (6 site-years) and large-scale (21 site-years) field trials were conducted in the Holland Marsh area from 2009 to 2011 on muck soils that varied in pre-plant P (17 - 312 mg L-1). The study demonstrated that there was more plant-available P in the soil than was required for optimum yield in most fields, thus P fertilizer applications had no effect on marketable yield of the onions. These results supported the OMAFRA P recommendations for onion production on muck soils, especially for soil test P levels over 61 mg L-1 where a response to applied P is rated as ‘low, rare or no response’.
{"title":"Yield of yellow cooking onions is not affected by added phosphorous fertilizer in muck soils with high soil test phosphorus in Ontario","authors":"Mary Ruth McDonald, D. Speranzini, Christoph Kessel, Ivan P. O'Halloran, Y. Audette, Deanna D Németh","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2023-0045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2023-0045","url":null,"abstract":"Excess phosphorus (P) loading has been identified as an important cause of poor water quality in Lake Simcoe. A small (~ 4%) but important source of P is the marshland that was developed for agriculture in and near the Holland Marsh. Applying the optimum rate of P fertilizer is an economical and environmentally friendly approach to crop management. In Ontario, P fertilizer recommendations are made based on the Olsen P soil test that is accredited by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA). The current study was a response to concern about high application rates of P fertilizer and grower and industry suggestions that the recommended rates for P were too low. The marketable yield of yellow cooking onions was assessed in relation to different rates of P fertilizer in high organic matter (muck) soils. Organic matter ranged from 38- 86%. Small (6 site-years) and large-scale (21 site-years) field trials were conducted in the Holland Marsh area from 2009 to 2011 on muck soils that varied in pre-plant P (17 - 312 mg L-1). The study demonstrated that there was more plant-available P in the soil than was required for optimum yield in most fields, thus P fertilizer applications had no effect on marketable yield of the onions. These results supported the OMAFRA P recommendations for onion production on muck soils, especially for soil test P levels over 61 mg L-1 where a response to applied P is rated as ‘low, rare or no response’.","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141108397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xueming Yang, Craig F. Drury, W. D. Reynolds, Mary-Anne Reeb
The economic viability of using summer-seeded legume cover crops (crimson clover, red clover, hairy vetch) as a primary nitrogen (N) source for an organic corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)-winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation was determined on a sandy loam soil in southwestern Ontario, Canada, by comparing gross profit for organic production (organic sources of N and phosphorus, no herbicides) to conventional production (no cover crops, synthetic fertilizers and herbicides added). Profits were determined for the initial three-year transition period from conventional to organic production (2015-2017), and for five years of certified organic production (2018-2022). During the transition period when conventional crop prices applied to both production systems, organic production profits (CAD $1148-1869 ha-1 per rotation) were lower than conventional profits (CAD $2126 ha-1 per rotation). During the certified organic period when price premiums were applied, organic soybean and corn profits (CAD $1995-2274 ha-1 and $2819-3195 ha-1 per year, respectively) were significantly greater than conventional soybean and corn profits (CAD $536 ha-1 and $1926 per ha-1, respectively). Winter wheat profits were slightly higher for organic production (CAD $426 to $825 ha-1 per year) than for conventional production (CAD $371 ha-1 per year). During the certified organic production period, profits from the three year rotations were CAD $5533-6153 ha-1 for organic production, and CAD $2860 ha-1 for conventional production. It was concluded that an organic rotation of corn-soybean-winter wheat/legume cover crop can be economically viable and more profitable than conventional production on sandy loam soil in southwestern Ontario.
{"title":"Comparison of the economic performance of organic and conventional corn-soybean-winter wheat rotations in southwestern Ontario, Canada","authors":"Xueming Yang, Craig F. Drury, W. D. Reynolds, Mary-Anne Reeb","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2024-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2024-0007","url":null,"abstract":"The economic viability of using summer-seeded legume cover crops (crimson clover, red clover, hairy vetch) as a primary nitrogen (N) source for an organic corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)-winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation was determined on a sandy loam soil in southwestern Ontario, Canada, by comparing gross profit for organic production (organic sources of N and phosphorus, no herbicides) to conventional production (no cover crops, synthetic fertilizers and herbicides added). Profits were determined for the initial three-year transition period from conventional to organic production (2015-2017), and for five years of certified organic production (2018-2022). During the transition period when conventional crop prices applied to both production systems, organic production profits (CAD $1148-1869 ha-1 per rotation) were lower than conventional profits (CAD $2126 ha-1 per rotation). During the certified organic period when price premiums were applied, organic soybean and corn profits (CAD $1995-2274 ha-1 and $2819-3195 ha-1 per year, respectively) were significantly greater than conventional soybean and corn profits (CAD $536 ha-1 and $1926 per ha-1, respectively). Winter wheat profits were slightly higher for organic production (CAD $426 to $825 ha-1 per year) than for conventional production (CAD $371 ha-1 per year). During the certified organic production period, profits from the three year rotations were CAD $5533-6153 ha-1 for organic production, and CAD $2860 ha-1 for conventional production. It was concluded that an organic rotation of corn-soybean-winter wheat/legume cover crop can be economically viable and more profitable than conventional production on sandy loam soil in southwestern Ontario.","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141112285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhijie Wang, Maya Subedi, R. Mohr, C. Geddes, R. Aboukhaddour, C. Willenborg, B. Tidemann, T. Turkington, Hiroshi Kubota, B. Beres
Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a highly competitive crop with the potential to enhance on-farm revenue and reduce reliance on crop protection inputs. The adoption of winter wheat in the Canadian Prairies has varied significantly over recent decades; however, improved weed and disease management practices could facilitate stability of hectares cultivated. To assess current and alternative pesticide management practices, we conducted a study across 15 site-years at four locations over four years (2018-2022). Experimental treatments included pre-plant weed management (glyphosate vs. glyphosate mixed with pyroxasulfone+carfentrazone-ethyl), in-crop weed management (no in-crop herbicide vs. fall-applied 2,4-D vs. fall-applied 2,4-D+spring-applied site-year-specific herbicides) and in-crop fungicide management (no in-crop fungicide vs. one prothioconazole+tebuconazole application at ZGS60 vs. two prothioconazole+tebuconazole applications at ZGS32 and ZGS60). Pre-plant glyphosate alone and glyphosate tank-mixed with pyroxasulfone+carfentrazone-ethyl exhibited comparable effects on grain yield, quality parameters, and agronomic characteristics. In-crop weed management had no significant influence on these factors compared to the no in-crop herbicide control, suggesting that in-crop herbicide applications are unnecessary due to the high competitiveness of winter wheat against weeds. However, disease mitigation was prudent as single and double application of fungicide increased grain yield while maintaining grain protein concentration levels. A high-yielding, stable system for optimal grain yield typically required pre-plant weed management coupled with two fungicide applications. These observations confirm herbicide inputs can be reduced in a winter wheat cropping system but disease pressure requires careful cultivar selection with an emphasis on disease resistance as multiple applications of fungicides were needed to optimize grain yield.
冬小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）是一种极具竞争力的作物，具有增加农场收入和减少对作物保护投入的依赖的潜力。近几十年来，加拿大草原地区采用冬小麦的情况大不相同；然而，改进杂草和疾病管理方法可促进种植面积的稳定。为了评估当前和替代农药管理方法，我们在四个地点开展了一项为期四年（2018-2022 年）、跨越 15 个地点年的研究。实验处理包括播种前杂草管理（草甘膦与草甘膦混合吡嘧磺隆+乙基呋喃唑酮）、作物期杂草管理（无作物期除草剂与秋季施用 2,4-D 与秋季施用 2,4-D）。秋季施用 2,4-D，春季施用因地制宜的除草剂）和作物杀真菌剂管理（不施用作物杀真菌剂 vs. 在 ZGS60 施用一次丙硫菌唑+戊唑醇 vs. 在 ZGS32 和 ZGS60 施用两次丙硫菌唑+戊唑醇）。播种前单独施用草甘膦和草甘膦与吡唑醚菌酯+戊唑醇混合施用对谷物产量、质量参数和农艺特性的影响相当。与不使用作物内除草剂的对照组相比，作物内杂草管理对这些因素没有显著影响，这表明由于冬小麦对杂草具有很强的竞争力，因此没有必要在作物内施用除草剂。然而，由于单次和两次施用杀菌剂可提高谷物产量，同时保持谷物蛋白质浓度水平，因此减轻病害是谨慎之举。一个高产、稳定的系统要获得最佳谷物产量，通常需要在播种前进行杂草管理，同时施用两次杀菌剂。这些观察结果证实，在冬小麦种植系统中可以减少除草剂的投入，但病害压力要求谨慎选择栽培品种，重点是抗病性，因为需要多次施用杀菌剂才能优化谷物产量。
{"title":"Effects of reduced pesticide use on winter wheat production in the Canadian Prairies","authors":"Zhijie Wang, Maya Subedi, R. Mohr, C. Geddes, R. Aboukhaddour, C. Willenborg, B. Tidemann, T. Turkington, Hiroshi Kubota, B. Beres","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2024-0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2024-0043","url":null,"abstract":"Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a highly competitive crop with the potential to enhance on-farm revenue and reduce reliance on crop protection inputs. The adoption of winter wheat in the Canadian Prairies has varied significantly over recent decades; however, improved weed and disease management practices could facilitate stability of hectares cultivated. To assess current and alternative pesticide management practices, we conducted a study across 15 site-years at four locations over four years (2018-2022). Experimental treatments included pre-plant weed management (glyphosate vs. glyphosate mixed with pyroxasulfone+carfentrazone-ethyl), in-crop weed management (no in-crop herbicide vs. fall-applied 2,4-D vs. fall-applied 2,4-D+spring-applied site-year-specific herbicides) and in-crop fungicide management (no in-crop fungicide vs. one prothioconazole+tebuconazole application at ZGS60 vs. two prothioconazole+tebuconazole applications at ZGS32 and ZGS60). Pre-plant glyphosate alone and glyphosate tank-mixed with pyroxasulfone+carfentrazone-ethyl exhibited comparable effects on grain yield, quality parameters, and agronomic characteristics. In-crop weed management had no significant influence on these factors compared to the no in-crop herbicide control, suggesting that in-crop herbicide applications are unnecessary due to the high competitiveness of winter wheat against weeds. However, disease mitigation was prudent as single and double application of fungicide increased grain yield while maintaining grain protein concentration levels. A high-yielding, stable system for optimal grain yield typically required pre-plant weed management coupled with two fungicide applications. These observations confirm herbicide inputs can be reduced in a winter wheat cropping system but disease pressure requires careful cultivar selection with an emphasis on disease resistance as multiple applications of fungicides were needed to optimize grain yield.","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140981351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Theodore Chastko, D. Benaragama, J. Leeson, C. Willenborg
Increased adoption of no-till and extensive cultivation of herbicide-resistant (HR) crops in low diversity rotations are some of the transformations that occurred during the 1970s-2000s in western Canada. How these transformations in canola-based crop rotations impacted weed communities are not comprehensively studied. Historical data analysis of weed survey data ( Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Alberta) in canola crops and a canola rotation field experiment were used to understand how tillage, herbicide-resistant cropping systems, and frequency of canola in the rotation can impact weed abundance, composition, and diversity in the Canadian prairies. Weed survey data revealed that the frequency of many weed species declined in years after 1995 compared with before 1995, the year HR cultivars were introduced. Gallium spurium (false cleavers) and volunteer wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were the only species showing a continuous increase in frequency throughout the surveyed years. Species richness showed no trajectories but varied depending on climatic conditions. Glyphosate-resistant (G.R.) systems were associated with green foxtail irrespective of their frequency in the rotation. Wild oat was predominant in the longer rotations with glufosinate and imidazolinone-resistant canola. In the field study, weeds associated with pre-herbicide weed control timing were relatively controlled when herbicides were applied (glyphosate and glufosinate), except for foxtail barley (Hordium Jubatum L), which was not controlled in most HR systems. Overall, both weed survey data and field experiment data revealed greater control of most weed species due to growing of HR canola cultivars.
{"title":"The impact of herbicide-resistant canola systems on the weed community dynamics in the Canadian Prairies","authors":"Theodore Chastko, D. Benaragama, J. Leeson, C. Willenborg","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2023-0158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2023-0158","url":null,"abstract":"Increased adoption of no-till and extensive cultivation of herbicide-resistant (HR) crops in low diversity rotations are some of the transformations that occurred during the 1970s-2000s in western Canada. How these transformations in canola-based crop rotations impacted weed communities are not comprehensively studied. Historical data analysis of weed survey data ( Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Alberta) in canola crops and a canola rotation field experiment were used to understand how tillage, herbicide-resistant cropping systems, and frequency of canola in the rotation can impact weed abundance, composition, and diversity in the Canadian prairies. Weed survey data revealed that the frequency of many weed species declined in years after 1995 compared with before 1995, the year HR cultivars were introduced. Gallium spurium (false cleavers) and volunteer wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were the only species showing a continuous increase in frequency throughout the surveyed years. Species richness showed no trajectories but varied depending on climatic conditions. Glyphosate-resistant (G.R.) systems were associated with green foxtail irrespective of their frequency in the rotation. Wild oat was predominant in the longer rotations with glufosinate and imidazolinone-resistant canola. In the field study, weeds associated with pre-herbicide weed control timing were relatively controlled when herbicides were applied (glyphosate and glufosinate), except for foxtail barley (Hordium Jubatum L), which was not controlled in most HR systems. Overall, both weed survey data and field experiment data revealed greater control of most weed species due to growing of HR canola cultivars.","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140992885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Herbicide-resistant weeds threaten contemporary agriculture by reducing crop yields and quality. Monitoring of herbicide-resistant weeds is essential to the development of informed integrated weed management (IWM) strategies. In 2019 and 2020, a randomized-stratified preharvest survey of 419 fields in Saskatchewan, Canada, was conducted to determine the distribution, frequency of occurrence, and impact of herbicide-resistant weeds. Mature seeds were collected from uncontrolled weeds in each field. The samples were tested for resistance to acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) and/or acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides using whole-plant bioassays under a controlled-environment. In 2019/2020, herbicide-resistant weeds occupied 72% of the surveyed fields, corresponding to an estimated 6.2 million ha of annual cropland and a total field area of 11.4 million ha. Herbicide-resistant weeds cost Saskatchewan farmers an estimated $343 million CAD annually in reduced crop yields and quality, and increased weed control expenditures. Wild oat (Avena fatua L.) had the greatest impact among grass weeds, with ACCase inhibitor resistance documented in 77% and ALS inhibitor resistance in 30% of fields where the weed seeds were collected and tested (47% and 18% of all fields surveyed, respectively). Multiple herbicide (ACCase and ALS inhibitor)-resistant wild oat were documented in 26% of the tested fields. Kochia [Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott] had the greatest impact among broadleaf weeds, where 100% of the samples tested were ALS inhibitor-resistant (39% of all fields surveyed). The growing prevalence of herbicide-resistant weeds in Saskatchewan warrants further adoption of IWM where non-chemical tactics play an important role in stewardship of the remaining effective herbicides.
{"title":"Distribution, frequency and impact of herbicide-resistant weeds in Saskatchewan","authors":"C. Geddes, M. Pittman, S. Sharpe, J. Leeson","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2024-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2024-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Herbicide-resistant weeds threaten contemporary agriculture by reducing crop yields and quality. Monitoring of herbicide-resistant weeds is essential to the development of informed integrated weed management (IWM) strategies. In 2019 and 2020, a randomized-stratified preharvest survey of 419 fields in Saskatchewan, Canada, was conducted to determine the distribution, frequency of occurrence, and impact of herbicide-resistant weeds. Mature seeds were collected from uncontrolled weeds in each field. The samples were tested for resistance to acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) and/or acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides using whole-plant bioassays under a controlled-environment. In 2019/2020, herbicide-resistant weeds occupied 72% of the surveyed fields, corresponding to an estimated 6.2 million ha of annual cropland and a total field area of 11.4 million ha. Herbicide-resistant weeds cost Saskatchewan farmers an estimated $343 million CAD annually in reduced crop yields and quality, and increased weed control expenditures. Wild oat (Avena fatua L.) had the greatest impact among grass weeds, with ACCase inhibitor resistance documented in 77% and ALS inhibitor resistance in 30% of fields where the weed seeds were collected and tested (47% and 18% of all fields surveyed, respectively). Multiple herbicide (ACCase and ALS inhibitor)-resistant wild oat were documented in 26% of the tested fields. Kochia [Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott] had the greatest impact among broadleaf weeds, where 100% of the samples tested were ALS inhibitor-resistant (39% of all fields surveyed). The growing prevalence of herbicide-resistant weeds in Saskatchewan warrants further adoption of IWM where non-chemical tactics play an important role in stewardship of the remaining effective herbicides.","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141008201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Eynck, A. Zatylny, H. Klein-Gebbinck, Kevin C. Falk
Camelina (Camelina sativa) elite germplasm C17-833 was developed at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Saskatoon Research and Development Centre. It was developed through hybridization of camelina cultivar AAC 10CS0048 and F4 line 11CS0231-24-10 and subsequent pedigree selection. C17-833 yields significantly higher (114%) than the check cultivar AAC 10CS0048. It also has significantly higher seed oil content (42.6 vs. 41.9%) and significantly larger seeds (126%). C17-833 has very good resistance to downy mildew disease caused by Hyalonospora camelinae and is adapted to all soil zones of the Canadian Prairies.
{"title":"C17-833 camelina","authors":"C. Eynck, A. Zatylny, H. Klein-Gebbinck, Kevin C. Falk","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2024-0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2024-0035","url":null,"abstract":"Camelina (Camelina sativa) elite germplasm C17-833 was developed at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Saskatoon Research and Development Centre. It was developed through hybridization of camelina cultivar AAC 10CS0048 and F4 line 11CS0231-24-10 and subsequent pedigree selection. C17-833 yields significantly higher (114%) than the check cultivar AAC 10CS0048. It also has significantly higher seed oil content (42.6 vs. 41.9%) and significantly larger seeds (126%). C17-833 has very good resistance to downy mildew disease caused by Hyalonospora camelinae and is adapted to all soil zones of the Canadian Prairies.","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141007891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rongzhen Suo, K. Sandhu, Frank You, Robert Conner, E. Cober, Mingjiu Wang, Anfu Hou
Cold and excess moisture pose a serious threat to soybean production especially during seed germination in short-season environments. In this study, the effects of low temperature and excess moisture stress on seed germination were investigated in 187 soybean accessions originating from 18 countries. The experiment used a combination of three temperature conditions (i.e., 20°C/14°C d/night, 14°C/10°C, 10°C/10°C) and two moisture levels (i.e., normal and excess). The seed germinability traits measured included germination rate, germination index, germination time, germination uniformity, and coefficient of velocity of germination. Overall, germination rate was lowest in the ‘20°C/14°C + excess moisture’ and germination time was longest in the ‘10°C/10°C + excess moisture’. When compared with ‘20°C/14°C + normal moisture’ treatment, germination rate at ‘10°C/10°C + excess moisture’ decreased by 38%; germination time increased by 20 days; seed viability decreased by 83%; germination uniformity decreased by 70%; and germination speed decreased by 73%. Differences in germination rate, germination index and germination velocity under different treatments were affected by temperature, moisture and their interaction. Variation in germination time uniformity was determined by temperature, with no significant effects of moisture conditions and the interaction of temperature and moisture. It was shown that the temperature-excess moisture interaction led to a sharp decrease in seed germination. Two genotypes including PI 603147 and PI 507702 were identified with a GR over 90% at ‘10°C/10°C + excess moisture’. This study generated new knowledge and data to further the understanding of genetic resistance to cold and excess moisture stress in soybeans
{"title":"Low temperature and excess moisture affect seed germination of soybean (Glycine max L.) under controlled environments","authors":"Rongzhen Suo, K. Sandhu, Frank You, Robert Conner, E. Cober, Mingjiu Wang, Anfu Hou","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2023-0162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2023-0162","url":null,"abstract":"Cold and excess moisture pose a serious threat to soybean production especially during seed germination in short-season environments. In this study, the effects of low temperature and excess moisture stress on seed germination were investigated in 187 soybean accessions originating from 18 countries. The experiment used a combination of three temperature conditions (i.e., 20°C/14°C d/night, 14°C/10°C, 10°C/10°C) and two moisture levels (i.e., normal and excess). The seed germinability traits measured included germination rate, germination index, germination time, germination uniformity, and coefficient of velocity of germination. Overall, germination rate was lowest in the ‘20°C/14°C + excess moisture’ and germination time was longest in the ‘10°C/10°C + excess moisture’. When compared with ‘20°C/14°C + normal moisture’ treatment, germination rate at ‘10°C/10°C + excess moisture’ decreased by 38%; germination time increased by 20 days; seed viability decreased by 83%; germination uniformity decreased by 70%; and germination speed decreased by 73%. Differences in germination rate, germination index and germination velocity under different treatments were affected by temperature, moisture and their interaction. Variation in germination time uniformity was determined by temperature, with no significant effects of moisture conditions and the interaction of temperature and moisture. It was shown that the temperature-excess moisture interaction led to a sharp decrease in seed germination. Two genotypes including PI 603147 and PI 507702 were identified with a GR over 90% at ‘10°C/10°C + excess moisture’. This study generated new knowledge and data to further the understanding of genetic resistance to cold and excess moisture stress in soybeans","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140372230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The evolution and spread of herbicide-resistant weeds threatens long-term sustainability of Canadian agro-ecosystems. Herbicide-resistant weeds increase management inputs and costs, increases off-target and environmental exposure to pesticides, reduces yield quality and quantity, and impedes harvest efficiency. Amaranthus species including Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) and waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J.D. Sauer] are particularly concerning due to both their propensity towards herbicide resistance evolution, their history of invasion, and their spread in agro-ecosystems. A biovigilance approach is taken to build awareness of these pigweeds initial invasion and spread in the USA. Characteristics of their identification, potential hybridization, and known herbicide resistance evolution are reviewed. Fourteen species of Amaranthus are found in Canada, nine of which (including waterhemp) possess herbicide-resistant biotypes. A total of forty-five hybrids between various Canadian Amaranthus species with each other or Palmer amaranth have been noted. Hybrids have been experimentally produced or observed from herbarium specimens, with three cases of herbicide resistance transfer notably with Palmer amaranth or waterhemp. Mitigation strategies will depend on successful species identification and herbicide resistance status determination. Common pathways for Palmer amaranth introductions in the northern USA include both animal feed systems with grain screenings and crop production systems including seed and equipment contamination. Regional awareness campaigns will be critical to support Canadian farmers in identifying and quickly mitigating invasions of Palmer amaranth and waterhemp to prevent establishment and spread of infestations into new areas.
抗除草剂杂草的演变和蔓延威胁着加拿大农业生态系统的长期可持续性。抗除草剂杂草增加了管理投入和成本，增加了农药的非目标暴露和环境暴露，降低了产量质量和数量，妨碍了收获效率。包括帕尔默苋（Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.）和水麻[Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J.D. Sauer]在内的苋属（Amaranthus）物种尤其令人担忧，因为它们具有抗除草剂进化的倾向、入侵历史以及在农业生态系统中的蔓延。我们采用生物警戒的方法来提高人们对这些猪笼草最初入侵和在美国蔓延的认识。本文回顾了这些猪笼草的识别特征、潜在杂交以及已知的除草剂抗性演变。加拿大有十四种苋属植物，其中九种（包括水麻）具有抗除草剂生物型。加拿大各种苋属植物之间或与帕尔默苋之间共有 45 种杂交种。杂交种是通过实验产生的，或从标本馆标本中观察到的，其中有三例是帕尔默苋或水麻的除草剂抗性转移。缓解策略将取决于成功的物种鉴定和除草剂抗药性状况的确定。帕尔默苋引入美国北部的常见途径包括谷物筛选的动物饲料系统和包括种子和设备污染在内的作物生产系统。地区宣传活动对于支持加拿大农民识别并迅速减轻帕尔默苋和水麻的入侵以防止其在新地区建立和蔓延至关重要。
{"title":"Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) and Waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J.D. Sauer] Biovigilance in Canadian Agro-ecosystems.","authors":"S. Sharpe, S. L. Martin, Eric Page, C. Geddes","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2023-0193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2023-0193","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution and spread of herbicide-resistant weeds threatens long-term sustainability of Canadian agro-ecosystems. Herbicide-resistant weeds increase management inputs and costs, increases off-target and environmental exposure to pesticides, reduces yield quality and quantity, and impedes harvest efficiency. Amaranthus species including Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) and waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J.D. Sauer] are particularly concerning due to both their propensity towards herbicide resistance evolution, their history of invasion, and their spread in agro-ecosystems. A biovigilance approach is taken to build awareness of these pigweeds initial invasion and spread in the USA. Characteristics of their identification, potential hybridization, and known herbicide resistance evolution are reviewed. Fourteen species of Amaranthus are found in Canada, nine of which (including waterhemp) possess herbicide-resistant biotypes. A total of forty-five hybrids between various Canadian Amaranthus species with each other or Palmer amaranth have been noted. Hybrids have been experimentally produced or observed from herbarium specimens, with three cases of herbicide resistance transfer notably with Palmer amaranth or waterhemp. Mitigation strategies will depend on successful species identification and herbicide resistance status determination. Common pathways for Palmer amaranth introductions in the northern USA include both animal feed systems with grain screenings and crop production systems including seed and equipment contamination. Regional awareness campaigns will be critical to support Canadian farmers in identifying and quickly mitigating invasions of Palmer amaranth and waterhemp to prevent establishment and spread of infestations into new areas.","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140212917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chunxiao Yang, R. Fredua-Agyeman, S. Hwang, Linda Y. Gorim, S. Strelkov
A semi-hydroponic system was developed to assess canola ( Brassica napus L.) root architectural traits. Four cultivars were grown under controlled conditions in germination paper rolls immersed in half-strength Hoagland’s solution. Eight parameters, including total root length, total root surface area, average root diameter, tip number, total primary root length, total lateral root length, total tertiary root length, and basal link length, were analyzed using the WinRHIZO software after 7, 14, and 21 days. The results suggested that 14 days in the semi-hydroponic system were optimal for accurate root trait assessment, as clear differences were observed while maintaining ease of handling and scanning.
{"title":"Optimizing the evaluation of root system architectural traits in Brassica napus","authors":"Chunxiao Yang, R. Fredua-Agyeman, S. Hwang, Linda Y. Gorim, S. Strelkov","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2023-0169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2023-0169","url":null,"abstract":"A semi-hydroponic system was developed to assess canola ( Brassica napus L.) root architectural traits. Four cultivars were grown under controlled conditions in germination paper rolls immersed in half-strength Hoagland’s solution. Eight parameters, including total root length, total root surface area, average root diameter, tip number, total primary root length, total lateral root length, total tertiary root length, and basal link length, were analyzed using the WinRHIZO software after 7, 14, and 21 days. The results suggested that 14 days in the semi-hydroponic system were optimal for accurate root trait assessment, as clear differences were observed while maintaining ease of handling and scanning.","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140245967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sung-Jong Lee, Maria Eckhardt, Mathieu Dusabenyagasani, Marta Izydorczyk, T. Demeke, Daniel Perry, S. Walkowiak
Barley is a major grain crop in Canada and is used for generating malt, in addition to being used as human food and animal feed. Differentiating barley varieties is important for malt quality assurance and grain handling. Here, we present a DNA-based testing method for the identification of Canadian barley varieties. The method uses 24 custom TaqMan genotyping assays, which are analyzed using the high-throughput SmartChip system (Takara Bio Inc.). Using this method, we are able to distinguish 124 barley varieties commonly grown in Canada.
大麦是加拿大的主要粮食作物，除用作人类食物和动物饲料外，还用于生产麦芽。区分大麦品种对于麦芽质量保证和谷物处理非常重要。在此，我们介绍一种基于 DNA 的加拿大大麦品种鉴定测试方法。该方法使用 24 种定制的 TaqMan 基因分型测定，并使用高通量 SmartChip 系统（Takara Bio 公司）进行分析。利用这种方法，我们能够区分加拿大通常种植的 124 个大麦品种。
{"title":"Identification of Canadian Barley Varieties by High-throughput SNP Genotyping","authors":"Sung-Jong Lee, Maria Eckhardt, Mathieu Dusabenyagasani, Marta Izydorczyk, T. Demeke, Daniel Perry, S. Walkowiak","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2023-0187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2023-0187","url":null,"abstract":"Barley is a major grain crop in Canada and is used for generating malt, in addition to being used as human food and animal feed. Differentiating barley varieties is important for malt quality assurance and grain handling. Here, we present a DNA-based testing method for the identification of Canadian barley varieties. The method uses 24 custom TaqMan genotyping assays, which are analyzed using the high-throughput SmartChip system (Takara Bio Inc.). Using this method, we are able to distinguish 124 barley varieties commonly grown in Canada.","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140250738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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