Prairie cropping systems face several challenges including high input costs and climate change. Research to address these challenges has focused on above-ground agronomic parameters while completely ignoring the role roots play below ground. The objectives of this review study are to: (i) synthesize past root studies carried out in the Canadian prairies, (ii) provide a context for prairie root research, and (iii) identify gaps for future research. This review reports that root architectural traits of major crops have been assessed under field and greenhouse conditions in soil, artificial media, and a mixture of both soil and media, mostly under natural/well-watered and drought conditions. Several root traits have been compared for major crops grown with respect to moisture levels and nutrient uptake. A dearth of research exists on the complex relationship between root traits, soil microbiome, nutrient uptake, carbon sequestration, and photosynthetic efficiency. No studies were found relating root traits, fertilizer placement and nitrogen and water use efficiencies, carbon sequestration, soil microbiome dynamics, and common root diseases. This review also reports that more research and funding are needed to exploit the benefits that root research will bring to further sustainability goals and ensure food security in the Canadian prairies.
{"title":"An intellectual gap in root research on major crops of the Canadian Prairies","authors":"L. Gorim","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2023-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2023-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Prairie cropping systems face several challenges including high input costs and climate change. Research to address these challenges has focused on above-ground agronomic parameters while completely ignoring the role roots play below ground. The objectives of this review study are to: (i) synthesize past root studies carried out in the Canadian prairies, (ii) provide a context for prairie root research, and (iii) identify gaps for future research. This review reports that root architectural traits of major crops have been assessed under field and greenhouse conditions in soil, artificial media, and a mixture of both soil and media, mostly under natural/well-watered and drought conditions. Several root traits have been compared for major crops grown with respect to moisture levels and nutrient uptake. A dearth of research exists on the complex relationship between root traits, soil microbiome, nutrient uptake, carbon sequestration, and photosynthetic efficiency. No studies were found relating root traits, fertilizer placement and nitrogen and water use efficiencies, carbon sequestration, soil microbiome dynamics, and common root diseases. This review also reports that more research and funding are needed to exploit the benefits that root research will bring to further sustainability goals and ensure food security in the Canadian prairies.","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":"13 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138951802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The inclusion of pulse crops in Canadian rotations has the potential to improve cropping system efficiencies, reduce the overall amount of applied nitrogen, provide economic opportunities for producers, and reduce the overall carbon footprint of the cropping system. Although primarily grown in western Canada, many pulse species – field pea in particular, are well suited to temperate growing conditions in the Maritime region of Canada. A study was conducted over two years at Harrington, Prince Edward Island, and consisted of four field pea varieties including of two yellow varieties (AAC Lacombe and CDC Saffron) and two green varieties (CDC Limerick and CDC Raezer) were planted at three plant population densities - 75, 100 and 125 plants m-2. The study also measured the effects of nitrogen fertilizer applied pre-plant (0 vs. 15 kg ha-1) and applied plant available sulfur (0 vs. 25 kg ha-1). Overall, yellow pea varieties were higher yielding than green pea varieties, and there was a linear increase in yield with increased seeding rate. There were no significant effects of pre-plant nitrogen fertilizer on yield, although it did slightly increase seed protein. Applied sulfur had a positive effect on yield and a slightly negative effect on thousand seed weight. This experiment provides a recommendation for the optimal seeding rate (100 plants m-2) and fertility recommendations to achieve profitable yields growing field pea in the Maritime region of Canada.
在加拿大的轮作中加入脉冲作物有可能提高种植系统的效率，减少施氮总量，为生产者提供经济机会，并减少种植系统的总体碳足迹。虽然主要在加拿大西部种植，但许多豌豆品种，尤其是大田豌豆，非常适合加拿大滨海地区的温带生长条件。在爱德华王子岛的哈灵顿进行了一项为期两年的研究，包括四个大田豌豆品种，其中有两个黄色品种（AAC Lacombe 和 CDC Saffron）和两个绿色品种（CDC Limerick 和 CDC Raezer），种植密度分别为 75、100 和 125 株/平方米。研究还测量了播种前施用氮肥（0 vs. 15 kg ha-1）和施用植物可用硫（0 vs. 25 kg ha-1）的影响。总体而言，黄豌豆品种的产量高于绿豌豆品种，而且随着播种率的增加，产量也呈线性增长。播种前施用氮肥对产量没有明显影响，但氮肥能略微增加种子蛋白质。施用硫肥对产量有积极影响，对种子千粒重略有消极影响。这项试验为加拿大滨海地区大田豌豆的最佳播种率（100 株/米-2）和肥力建议提供了建议，以实现有利可图的产量。
{"title":"Seeding rate and sulfur drive field pea yields in the Maritime region of Canada","authors":"Aaron Mills, Sherry Fillmore","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2023-0124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2023-0124","url":null,"abstract":"The inclusion of pulse crops in Canadian rotations has the potential to improve cropping system efficiencies, reduce the overall amount of applied nitrogen, provide economic opportunities for producers, and reduce the overall carbon footprint of the cropping system. Although primarily grown in western Canada, many pulse species – field pea in particular, are well suited to temperate growing conditions in the Maritime region of Canada. A study was conducted over two years at Harrington, Prince Edward Island, and consisted of four field pea varieties including of two yellow varieties (AAC Lacombe and CDC Saffron) and two green varieties (CDC Limerick and CDC Raezer) were planted at three plant population densities - 75, 100 and 125 plants m-2. The study also measured the effects of nitrogen fertilizer applied pre-plant (0 vs. 15 kg ha-1) and applied plant available sulfur (0 vs. 25 kg ha-1). Overall, yellow pea varieties were higher yielding than green pea varieties, and there was a linear increase in yield with increased seeding rate. There were no significant effects of pre-plant nitrogen fertilizer on yield, although it did slightly increase seed protein. Applied sulfur had a positive effect on yield and a slightly negative effect on thousand seed weight. This experiment provides a recommendation for the optimal seeding rate (100 plants m-2) and fertility recommendations to achieve profitable yields growing field pea in the Maritime region of Canada.","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139169530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Studies documenting the consequences of harvest traffic in alfalfa production have addressed soil and plant growth parameters. One response was larger leaf/stem ratios in plants that were trafficked which suggests higher quality. To fully understand how harvest traffic affects alfalfa quality a need for further analysis is warranted. Our objectives were to quantify differences in plant quality between trafficked and non-trafficked plants through four years of alfalfa production and to determine when these differences occur. The experimental units were furrow-irrigated raised beds with four harvests per year in Youngston clay loam soil in Fruita, Colorado. A John Deere 2280 swather and a John Deere 2955 tractor, driven over the alfalfa seven days after swathing, were used to create four traffic treatments; plants that were never trafficked, plants trafficked only by the swather, plants trafficked only by the tractor, and plants trafficked by both the swather and the tractor. Quality was determined by measuring relative feed value, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and crude protein using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Alfalfa trafficked by the tractor had increased quality throughout the four years of production.
{"title":"Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) quality is improved from tractor traffic implemented during harvest","authors":"E. Rechel, David Miller, Rick Ott","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2023-0088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2023-0088","url":null,"abstract":"Studies documenting the consequences of harvest traffic in alfalfa production have addressed soil and plant growth parameters. One response was larger leaf/stem ratios in plants that were trafficked which suggests higher quality. To fully understand how harvest traffic affects alfalfa quality a need for further analysis is warranted. Our objectives were to quantify differences in plant quality between trafficked and non-trafficked plants through four years of alfalfa production and to determine when these differences occur. The experimental units were furrow-irrigated raised beds with four harvests per year in Youngston clay loam soil in Fruita, Colorado. A John Deere 2280 swather and a John Deere 2955 tractor, driven over the alfalfa seven days after swathing, were used to create four traffic treatments; plants that were never trafficked, plants trafficked only by the swather, plants trafficked only by the tractor, and plants trafficked by both the swather and the tractor. Quality was determined by measuring relative feed value, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and crude protein using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Alfalfa trafficked by the tractor had increased quality throughout the four years of production.","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":"207 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139175195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. McKenzie‐Gopsill, Ashley Nicolle MacDonald, Laura Anderson, Scott Neil White, Christine Noronha
Harvest weed seed control (HWSC), an evolving strategy in weed management, is highly effective for control of a variety of weed species in North American cropping systems. Previous devices for weed seed devitalization at harvest have been limited to tow-behind and integrated combine systems. The potato vine crusher (PVC) is a harvester-mounted set of rollers originally designed for crushing and control of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) larvae during potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) harvest. To evaluate potential of the PVC for HWSC, we conducted stationary testing of spring tension and roller speed settings to maximize devitalization of lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), the most problematic weed species in Canadian potato production. In addition, we evaluated efficacy of the PVC for devitalization of several pernicious weed species under controlled conditions and during a simulated harvest. Increasing PVC spring tension reduced devitalization of lambsquarters seed, whereas roller speed had minimal effect. In contrast, maximized spring tension and minimized roller speed reduced lambsquarters emergence (53%) in soil. Hypocotyl and radicle elongation was observed from lambsquarters seed fragments under controlled conditions, potentially contributing to increased control in soil through fatal germination. High levels of seed devitalization (65 – 94%) was observed for all species under controlled conditions. During simulated harvest, control of large weed seeds (50 – 63%) was observed whereas smaller seeds were not impacted signifying the importance of seed size for PVC efficacy. These studies demonstrate the PVC as a promising new tool for HWSC in Canadian potato production systems.
{"title":"The potato vine crusher: a new tool for harvest weed seed control","authors":"A. McKenzie‐Gopsill, Ashley Nicolle MacDonald, Laura Anderson, Scott Neil White, Christine Noronha","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2023-0114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2023-0114","url":null,"abstract":"Harvest weed seed control (HWSC), an evolving strategy in weed management, is highly effective for control of a variety of weed species in North American cropping systems. Previous devices for weed seed devitalization at harvest have been limited to tow-behind and integrated combine systems. The potato vine crusher (PVC) is a harvester-mounted set of rollers originally designed for crushing and control of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) larvae during potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) harvest. To evaluate potential of the PVC for HWSC, we conducted stationary testing of spring tension and roller speed settings to maximize devitalization of lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), the most problematic weed species in Canadian potato production. In addition, we evaluated efficacy of the PVC for devitalization of several pernicious weed species under controlled conditions and during a simulated harvest. Increasing PVC spring tension reduced devitalization of lambsquarters seed, whereas roller speed had minimal effect. In contrast, maximized spring tension and minimized roller speed reduced lambsquarters emergence (53%) in soil. Hypocotyl and radicle elongation was observed from lambsquarters seed fragments under controlled conditions, potentially contributing to increased control in soil through fatal germination. High levels of seed devitalization (65 – 94%) was observed for all species under controlled conditions. During simulated harvest, control of large weed seeds (50 – 63%) was observed whereas smaller seeds were not impacted signifying the importance of seed size for PVC efficacy. These studies demonstrate the PVC as a promising new tool for HWSC in Canadian potato production systems.","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":"56 48","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138995542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sequential mesotrione applications of 72 g a.i. ha-1 gave similar control of narrow-leaved goldenrod as sequential applications of 144 g a.i. ha-1. This use pattern is recommended for narrow-leaved goldenrod management in lowbush blueberry. Early POST tolpyralate applications exhibited good crop tolerance and could be considered as part of a sequential herbicide program for lowbush blueberry.
连续施用 72 g a.i. ha-1 的甲霜灵与连续施用 144 g a.i. ha-1 的甲霜灵对窄叶金线莲的控制效果相似。建议在低丛蓝莓的窄叶金线莲管理中采用这种施药模式。早期施用托吡酯表现出良好的作物耐受性，可考虑将其作为低丛蓝莓连续除草剂计划的一部分。
{"title":"Evaluation of sequential mesotrione application rates and sequential tolpyralate and mesotrione applications for narrow-leaved goldenrod management in lowbush blueberry","authors":"Scott Neil White","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2023-0109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2023-0109","url":null,"abstract":"Sequential mesotrione applications of 72 g a.i. ha-1 gave similar control of narrow-leaved goldenrod as sequential applications of 144 g a.i. ha-1. This use pattern is recommended for narrow-leaved goldenrod management in lowbush blueberry. Early POST tolpyralate applications exhibited good crop tolerance and could be considered as part of a sequential herbicide program for lowbush blueberry.","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138967343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yan Zhao, Nan Xiao, Yanxing Long, Jie Luo, Xiaozhu Liu, Xuewen Zhang
Sesquiterpene lactone artemisinin is one of the main agents used to treat malaria. Artemisinin is produced in the glandular secretory trichomes (GSTs) of Artemisia annua. The plant hormones and metabolic pathways regulate the artemisinin content of A. annua. It was possible to examine the functions of auxin, an important plant hormone, in the development of GSTs in A. annua by enhancing the expression of iaaM, which encodes a tryptophan monooxygenase involved in the biosynthesis of auxin. Additionally, the effects of co-overexpression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 ( ALDH1), P450 monooxygenase ( CYP71AV1), and iaaM on the density, length, and width of GSTs and the contents of artemisinin were further investigated. Results indicated that overexpression of iaaM might increase the density, length, and width of GSTs by enhancing auxin biosynthesis. This study also proved the key regulatory role of ALDH1 in the biosynthesis of artemisinin. Moreover, co-overexpression of ALDH1, CYP71AV1, and iaaM successfully increased the density, length, and width of GSTs and improved the artemisinin content in A. annua. Therefore, we established a theoretical basis for modifying artemisinin accumulation in this study by regulating the expression of auxin and artemisinin synthesis-related genes using a metabolic engineering method.
{"title":"Effects of co-overexpression of ALDH1, CYP71AV1, and iaaM on the density, length, and width of glandular secretory trichomes and the contents of artemisinin in Artemisia annua","authors":"Yan Zhao, Nan Xiao, Yanxing Long, Jie Luo, Xiaozhu Liu, Xuewen Zhang","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2023-0119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2023-0119","url":null,"abstract":"Sesquiterpene lactone artemisinin is one of the main agents used to treat malaria. Artemisinin is produced in the glandular secretory trichomes (GSTs) of Artemisia annua. The plant hormones and metabolic pathways regulate the artemisinin content of A. annua. It was possible to examine the functions of auxin, an important plant hormone, in the development of GSTs in A. annua by enhancing the expression of iaaM, which encodes a tryptophan monooxygenase involved in the biosynthesis of auxin. Additionally, the effects of co-overexpression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 ( ALDH1), P450 monooxygenase ( CYP71AV1), and iaaM on the density, length, and width of GSTs and the contents of artemisinin were further investigated. Results indicated that overexpression of iaaM might increase the density, length, and width of GSTs by enhancing auxin biosynthesis. This study also proved the key regulatory role of ALDH1 in the biosynthesis of artemisinin. Moreover, co-overexpression of ALDH1, CYP71AV1, and iaaM successfully increased the density, length, and width of GSTs and improved the artemisinin content in A. annua. Therefore, we established a theoretical basis for modifying artemisinin accumulation in this study by regulating the expression of auxin and artemisinin synthesis-related genes using a metabolic engineering method.","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":"80 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139001232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Cuvaca, E. Borgato, Randall Currie, Anserd Foster, K. Roozeboom, Jack Fry, Pat Geier, M. Jugulam
Palmer amaranth germination and emergence occur throughout the growing season; however, little is known about the impact of late-emerging Palmer amaranth on sorghum, a major crop in Kansas. Field studies were conducted in 2016 and 2017, to measure grain sorghum and late-emerging Palmer amaranth’s response to sorghum population density and nitrogen rate. Treatments comprised weed-free and weedy sorghum as main plots, three sorghum population densities as sub-plots, and three nitrogen rates as sub-sub-plot treatments laid in a randomized complete block design with a split-split-plot arrangement. Weedy sorghum consisted of late-emerging Palmer amaranth only. Weed-free sorghum out-yielded its weedy counterpart by 68 and 45% in 2016 and 2017, respectively. At high sorghum population density (296,400 plants ha-1), applying 112 kg N ha-1 did not improve sorghum grain yield or decrease Palmer amaranth number and height but increased sorghum head number and height, and reduced Palmer amaranth biomass by 65%. Altogether, our findings suggest that while there is an opportunity to maintain grain sorghum yield and achieve some Palmer amaranth control with the integration of high sorghum population density (296,400 plants ha-1) and nitrogen rate (224 kg ha-1) in an irrigated environment, late emerging Palmer amaranth can still cause significant yield reduction (>55%).
{"title":"Grain Sorghum and Late-emerging Palmer amaranth Response to Sorghum Density and Nitrogen Rate in an Irrigated Environment","authors":"I. Cuvaca, E. Borgato, Randall Currie, Anserd Foster, K. Roozeboom, Jack Fry, Pat Geier, M. Jugulam","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2023-0058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2023-0058","url":null,"abstract":"Palmer amaranth germination and emergence occur throughout the growing season; however, little is known about the impact of late-emerging Palmer amaranth on sorghum, a major crop in Kansas. Field studies were conducted in 2016 and 2017, to measure grain sorghum and late-emerging Palmer amaranth’s response to sorghum population density and nitrogen rate. Treatments comprised weed-free and weedy sorghum as main plots, three sorghum population densities as sub-plots, and three nitrogen rates as sub-sub-plot treatments laid in a randomized complete block design with a split-split-plot arrangement. Weedy sorghum consisted of late-emerging Palmer amaranth only. Weed-free sorghum out-yielded its weedy counterpart by 68 and 45% in 2016 and 2017, respectively. At high sorghum population density (296,400 plants ha-1), applying 112 kg N ha-1 did not improve sorghum grain yield or decrease Palmer amaranth number and height but increased sorghum head number and height, and reduced Palmer amaranth biomass by 65%. Altogether, our findings suggest that while there is an opportunity to maintain grain sorghum yield and achieve some Palmer amaranth control with the integration of high sorghum population density (296,400 plants ha-1) and nitrogen rate (224 kg ha-1) in an irrigated environment, late emerging Palmer amaranth can still cause significant yield reduction (>55%).","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139238687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elham Fathidarehnijeh, Muhammad Nadeem, M. Cheema, Raymond Thomas, M. Krishnapillai, L. Galagedara
Hydroponics, a soilless cultivation technique using nutrient solutions under controlled conditions, is used for growing vegetables, high-value crops and flowers. It produces significantly higher yields compared to conventional agriculture despite its higher energy consumption. The success of a hydroponic system relies on the composition of the nutrient solution, which contains all the essential mineral elements necessary for optimal plant growth and high yield. This review delves into the discussion of enhancing nutrient solution management strategies across different hydroponic systems. The aim of this review is to discuss various techniques for monitoring nutrient solutions in order to improve nutrient use efficiency (NUE) and water use efficiency (WUE). The conventional approach of monitoring the hydroponic nutrient solution using electrical conductivity (EC) measurement may not provide precise information about ion concentrations, potentially resulting in poor yields or excessive fertilizer usage. To overcome these limitations, alternative management strategies have been developed to enable more accurate monitoring and efficient management. One such strategy is the nitrogen-based approach, where nitrogen concentration becomes the primary controlled element in the nutrient solution and leads to WUE and NUE development by prolonging nutrient solution recirculation. Furthermore, various methods have been devised to improve nutrient solution strategies. These include using ion-selective electrodes to measure individual ions in the hydroponic nutrient solution, using sensors to monitor substrate moisture content, estimating water requirements, and implementing programmed nutrient addition methods. In addition to introducing different management techniques to optimize hydroponic performance, this review provides a better understanding of hydroponic systems.
{"title":"Current perspective on nutrient solution management strategies to improve the nutrient and water use efficiency in hydroponic systems","authors":"Elham Fathidarehnijeh, Muhammad Nadeem, M. Cheema, Raymond Thomas, M. Krishnapillai, L. Galagedara","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2023-0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2023-0034","url":null,"abstract":"Hydroponics, a soilless cultivation technique using nutrient solutions under controlled conditions, is used for growing vegetables, high-value crops and flowers. It produces significantly higher yields compared to conventional agriculture despite its higher energy consumption. The success of a hydroponic system relies on the composition of the nutrient solution, which contains all the essential mineral elements necessary for optimal plant growth and high yield. This review delves into the discussion of enhancing nutrient solution management strategies across different hydroponic systems. The aim of this review is to discuss various techniques for monitoring nutrient solutions in order to improve nutrient use efficiency (NUE) and water use efficiency (WUE). The conventional approach of monitoring the hydroponic nutrient solution using electrical conductivity (EC) measurement may not provide precise information about ion concentrations, potentially resulting in poor yields or excessive fertilizer usage. To overcome these limitations, alternative management strategies have been developed to enable more accurate monitoring and efficient management. One such strategy is the nitrogen-based approach, where nitrogen concentration becomes the primary controlled element in the nutrient solution and leads to WUE and NUE development by prolonging nutrient solution recirculation. Furthermore, various methods have been devised to improve nutrient solution strategies. These include using ion-selective electrodes to measure individual ions in the hydroponic nutrient solution, using sensors to monitor substrate moisture content, estimating water requirements, and implementing programmed nutrient addition methods. In addition to introducing different management techniques to optimize hydroponic performance, this review provides a better understanding of hydroponic systems.","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":"141 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139270481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adam Fast, Sheri Strydhorst, Zhijie Wang, Guillermo Hernandez-Ramirez, Xiying Hao, Greg Semach, Laurel Thompson, Christopher Holzapfel, Jessica Enns, Dean Spaner, Brian L Beres
Granular urea fertilizer applied at planting is prone to nitrogen (N)N losses in certain environments. Enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs) are developed to mitigate losses and optimize plant uptake. To determine the benefits of EEFs in grain yield and quality enhancement in Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat, an experiment was conducted from 2019 to 2022 at eight sites in Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada. The effects of five N sources [urea; urea + urease inhibitor, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT); urea + nitrification inhibitor, Nitrapyrin; urea + dual-inhibitor, (NBPT + Ddicyandiamide); and polymer-coated urea, ESN® (Environmentally Smart Nitrogen®)] and four N rates (60, 120, 180, and 240 kg N ha-1) on CWRS wheat production were examined. Results indicated that N source affected grain yield in Dark Brown Chernozem soils but not in Black Chernozem or Dark Grey Luvisol soils. In Dark Brown Chernozem soils, a dual-inhibitor increased grain yield by 3.1% and 3.9% relative to urea and polymer-coated urea, respectively, while all other EEFs attained similar results. The use of a dual-inhibitor EEFs led to greater net returns compared to urea and polymer-coated urea in the Dark Brown Chernozem soils. Grain protein concentration increased linearly with increasing N rate from 60 to 240 kg N ha-1. Generally, a rate of 120 kg N ha-1 was optimal for CWRS wheat grown in Canadian prairie conditions when coupled with EEFs, particularly a dual-inhibitor, and grain yield and protein were often responsive.
种植时施用颗粒尿素在一定环境下容易造成氮素(N)N的损失。增效肥料(EEFs)的开发是为了减轻损失和优化植物吸收。为确定EEFs对加拿大西部红泉小麦(CWRS)产量和品质的提高效益，于2019年至2022年在加拿大阿尔伯塔省和萨斯喀彻温省的8个地点进行了试验。5种氮源[尿素]的影响;尿素+脲酶抑制剂N-(正丁基)硫磷三酰胺(NBPT);尿素+硝化抑制剂Nitrapyrin;尿素+双抑制剂(NBPT +双氰胺);研究了聚合物包膜尿素、ESN®(环保智能氮肥®)和4种施氮量(60、120、180和240 kg N ha-1)对CWRS小麦产量的影响。结果表明，氮素源对黑钙土和黑钙土的产量影响不大，对黑钙土和深灰色土的产量影响不大。在黑黝黝土壤中，与尿素和聚合物包膜尿素相比，双抑制剂分别提高了3.1%和3.9%的粮食产量，而所有其他EEFs均取得了相似的结果。在黑黝黝土壤中，与尿素和聚合物包覆尿素相比，使用双抑制剂EEFs的净收益更高。在60 ~ 240 kg N ha-1范围内，籽粒蛋白质浓度随施氮量的增加呈线性增加。一般来说，在加拿大草原条件下，当施用EEFs(特别是双抑制剂)时，120 kg N ha-1是CWRS小麦的最佳施氮量，而且籽粒产量和蛋白质通常是响应的。
{"title":"Integrating enhanced efficiency fertilizers and nitrogen rates to improve Canada Western Red Spring wheat","authors":"Adam Fast, Sheri Strydhorst, Zhijie Wang, Guillermo Hernandez-Ramirez, Xiying Hao, Greg Semach, Laurel Thompson, Christopher Holzapfel, Jessica Enns, Dean Spaner, Brian L Beres","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2023-0095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2023-0095","url":null,"abstract":"Granular urea fertilizer applied at planting is prone to nitrogen (N)N losses in certain environments. Enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs) are developed to mitigate losses and optimize plant uptake. To determine the benefits of EEFs in grain yield and quality enhancement in Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat, an experiment was conducted from 2019 to 2022 at eight sites in Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada. The effects of five N sources [urea; urea + urease inhibitor, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT); urea + nitrification inhibitor, Nitrapyrin; urea + dual-inhibitor, (NBPT + Ddicyandiamide); and polymer-coated urea, ESN® (Environmentally Smart Nitrogen®)] and four N rates (60, 120, 180, and 240 kg N ha-1) on CWRS wheat production were examined. Results indicated that N source affected grain yield in Dark Brown Chernozem soils but not in Black Chernozem or Dark Grey Luvisol soils. In Dark Brown Chernozem soils, a dual-inhibitor increased grain yield by 3.1% and 3.9% relative to urea and polymer-coated urea, respectively, while all other EEFs attained similar results. The use of a dual-inhibitor EEFs led to greater net returns compared to urea and polymer-coated urea in the Dark Brown Chernozem soils. Grain protein concentration increased linearly with increasing N rate from 60 to 240 kg N ha-1. Generally, a rate of 120 kg N ha-1 was optimal for CWRS wheat grown in Canadian prairie conditions when coupled with EEFs, particularly a dual-inhibitor, and grain yield and protein were often responsive.","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":"10 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134954571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Younyoung Lee, Anita Brule-Babel, Yvonne Lawley, Maria Antonia Henriquez
Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance in wheat is often associated with undesirable agronomic traits such as tall plant height and a propensity for lodging. Plant height in wheat is genetically controlled by some semi-dwarfing alleles that alter the plant’s sensitivity to gibberellins (GAs). The presence of semi-dwarfing alleles increases the frequency of anther retention which may contribute to FHB susceptibility by providing an initiation site for infection. The application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) may enable farmers to grow the most resistant cultivars while controlling plant height to minimize lodging risk. In this study, five spring wheat cultivars that differed in level of FHB resistance, height, and semi-dwarfing alleles were tested to determine the effect of PGRs, specifically Manipulator™ and Ethrel™, on plant height, anther retention and FHB resistance level and the interactions between them in Winnipeg and Carman, Manitoba in 2019 and 2020. Combined field results showed that Ethrel™ significantly reduced plant height. Both PGRs did not affect anther retention and FHB resistance level of tested cultivars under dry conditions. There were significant interactions between variables, but they were relatively small compared to the main treatment and cultivars. Based on the results of this study, producers could benefit from the higher levels of FHB resistance often associated with tall cultivars and use PGRs to manage plant height and lodging without increased risk of FHB.
{"title":"Assessing the Impact of Plant Growth Regulators on Anther Retention and Fusarium Head Blight in Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) infected by Fusarium graminearum in Field conditions","authors":"Younyoung Lee, Anita Brule-Babel, Yvonne Lawley, Maria Antonia Henriquez","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2023-0059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2023-0059","url":null,"abstract":"Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance in wheat is often associated with undesirable agronomic traits such as tall plant height and a propensity for lodging. Plant height in wheat is genetically controlled by some semi-dwarfing alleles that alter the plant’s sensitivity to gibberellins (GAs). The presence of semi-dwarfing alleles increases the frequency of anther retention which may contribute to FHB susceptibility by providing an initiation site for infection. The application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) may enable farmers to grow the most resistant cultivars while controlling plant height to minimize lodging risk. In this study, five spring wheat cultivars that differed in level of FHB resistance, height, and semi-dwarfing alleles were tested to determine the effect of PGRs, specifically Manipulator™ and Ethrel™, on plant height, anther retention and FHB resistance level and the interactions between them in Winnipeg and Carman, Manitoba in 2019 and 2020. Combined field results showed that Ethrel™ significantly reduced plant height. Both PGRs did not affect anther retention and FHB resistance level of tested cultivars under dry conditions. There were significant interactions between variables, but they were relatively small compared to the main treatment and cultivars. Based on the results of this study, producers could benefit from the higher levels of FHB resistance often associated with tall cultivars and use PGRs to manage plant height and lodging without increased risk of FHB.
","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":" 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135241271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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