Yumei Zhou, Ming Yang, Jifeng Deng, Z. Tai, D. Luan, Siyi Zhu, Jingjing Jia, Zhuo Yang, Yuxin Luo, Wen Wu
Abstract A major concern with container seedlings is root circling and deformation that will affect post-planting performance and stability. To improve root quality, 3-year-old Begonia (Malus × micromalus) plants were grown in the containers treated on interior surfaces with different concentrations of copper hydroxide (Cu(OH)2) (0, 40, 80, 120, 160, and 200 g L−1) for 1 year. Compared with the standard container control (SC) and carrier asphalt container control (AC), the number of terminal lateral roots and lateral root volume were increased by 21% and 13% at 80 and 120 g L−1 Cu(OH)2 but decreased by 8% and 10% at 200 g L−1 Cu(OH)2. Only 80 g L−1 Cu(OH)2 increased the plant height and root weight, while other concentrations of Cu(OH)2 resulted in the declines. Phosphorus and potassium were improved with lower concentrations of Cu(OH)2 but decreased with 160 and 200 g L−1 Cu(OH)2. No significant difference in the concentrations of soluble protein and sugars in leaves was observed between Cu(OH)2 treatments and the controls. AC decreased nitrogen concentration in leaves by 12% over the SC across the whole growing season and increased taproot diameter by 17%. Our results indicate that 80 g L−1 Cu(OH)2 was the optimum concentration for root pruning and the maintenance of physiological function. Disadvantages in growth and physiology gradually showed up with increased concentrations.
摘要对容器苗来说，最主要的问题是根系的缠绕和变形，这将影响种植后的性能和稳定性。为了提高根系质量，将3年生海棠(Malus × micromalus)植株置于不同浓度的氢氧化铜(Cu(OH)2)(0、40、80、120、160和200 g L−1)处理过的容器中生长1年。与标准容器对照(SC)和载体沥青容器对照(AC)相比，在80和120 g L−1 Cu(OH)2条件下，侧根数量和侧根体积分别增加了21%和13%，而在200 g L−1 Cu(OH)2条件下，侧根体积分别减少了8%和10%。只有80 g L−1 Cu(OH)2处理能提高植株的株高和根重，而其他浓度的Cu(OH)2处理能降低植株的株高和根重。当Cu(OH)2浓度较低时，磷和钾含量提高，但当Cu(OH)2浓度为160和200 g L−1时，磷和钾含量降低。Cu(OH)2处理与对照叶片中可溶性蛋白和糖类含量无显著差异。在整个生长季中，AC使叶片氮浓度比SC降低了12%，使主根直径增加了17%。结果表明，80 g L−1 Cu(OH)2是根修剪和生理功能维持的最佳浓度。随着浓度的增加，生长和生理上的不利因素逐渐显现。
{"title":"Root morphology, growth, and physiology in Begonia (Malus × micromalus) grown in copper hydroxide containers","authors":"Yumei Zhou, Ming Yang, Jifeng Deng, Z. Tai, D. Luan, Siyi Zhu, Jingjing Jia, Zhuo Yang, Yuxin Luo, Wen Wu","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2022-0090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2022-0090","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A major concern with container seedlings is root circling and deformation that will affect post-planting performance and stability. To improve root quality, 3-year-old Begonia (Malus × micromalus) plants were grown in the containers treated on interior surfaces with different concentrations of copper hydroxide (Cu(OH)2) (0, 40, 80, 120, 160, and 200 g L−1) for 1 year. Compared with the standard container control (SC) and carrier asphalt container control (AC), the number of terminal lateral roots and lateral root volume were increased by 21% and 13% at 80 and 120 g L−1 Cu(OH)2 but decreased by 8% and 10% at 200 g L−1 Cu(OH)2. Only 80 g L−1 Cu(OH)2 increased the plant height and root weight, while other concentrations of Cu(OH)2 resulted in the declines. Phosphorus and potassium were improved with lower concentrations of Cu(OH)2 but decreased with 160 and 200 g L−1 Cu(OH)2. No significant difference in the concentrations of soluble protein and sugars in leaves was observed between Cu(OH)2 treatments and the controls. AC decreased nitrogen concentration in leaves by 12% over the SC across the whole growing season and increased taproot diameter by 17%. Our results indicate that 80 g L−1 Cu(OH)2 was the optimum concentration for root pruning and the maintenance of physiological function. Disadvantages in growth and physiology gradually showed up with increased concentrations.","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":"103 1","pages":"101 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43506329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, PsMYB2 was successfully cloned by using cDNA from Potentilla sericea as a template, with which we constructed the plant overexpression vector pBI121-PsMYB2-GFP and then the vector was transferred into Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type plants. We studied the gene function using real-time quantitative PCR and performed a preliminary characterization and analysis of the function of PsMYB2 under abiotic stresses. This study observed that under cadmium stress, the gene expression of PsMYB2 gene in roots, stems and leaves was up to 3-6 times higher than the control. The germination rate of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana T3 generation seeds reached more than 95%. The O2·-, H2O2 and MDA contents of the transgenic Potentilla sericea plant lines were increased but lower than those of the wild-type strain. The SOD, POD, and CAT activities were increased in both wild-type and transgenic strains, and the transgenic strains showed higher enzyme activities than the wild-type. We concluded that PsMYB2 could improve plant resistance to cadmium, which provides a theoretical basis for using transgenic plants to remediate cadmium-contaminated soil and for sustainable land use.
{"title":"Cloning and Function study of PsMYB2 transcription factor of Potentilla sericea under Cadmium Stress","authors":"Bing Gao, Weifang Fan, Zhenghong Feng, Pengfei Gao, Jianhui Wu","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2022-0051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2022-0051","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, PsMYB2 was successfully cloned by using cDNA from Potentilla sericea as a template, with which we constructed the plant overexpression vector pBI121-PsMYB2-GFP and then the vector was transferred into Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type plants. We studied the gene function using real-time quantitative PCR and performed a preliminary characterization and analysis of the function of PsMYB2 under abiotic stresses. This study observed that under cadmium stress, the gene expression of PsMYB2 gene in roots, stems and leaves was up to 3-6 times higher than the control. The germination rate of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana T3 generation seeds reached more than 95%. The O2·-, H2O2 and MDA contents of the transgenic Potentilla sericea plant lines were increased but lower than those of the wild-type strain. The SOD, POD, and CAT activities were increased in both wild-type and transgenic strains, and the transgenic strains showed higher enzyme activities than the wild-type. We concluded that PsMYB2 could improve plant resistance to cadmium, which provides a theoretical basis for using transgenic plants to remediate cadmium-contaminated soil and for sustainable land use.","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44265732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Serotiny results in aerial seedbanks that enable persistence of some plant species by evading decay, predation, or lethal germination in the soil seedbank. Although more common in forestry, this concept has received little focus in weed science. On average, kochia [Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott] retained 2091 seeds plant−1 (∼18.5% of seeds) in aerial seedbanks among 109 sample sites in spring, 7–8 months after senescence and following subsequent cohort emergence from the short-lived soil seedbank. Therefore, asynchronous seedling recruitment of kochia persisting in simultaneous aerial and soil seedbanks could represent an adaptive bet-hedging strategy for successful establishment in high-stress drought-prone environments.
{"title":"Serotiny facilitates kochia (Bassia scoparia) persistence via aerial seedbanks","authors":"C. Geddes, M. Pittman","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2022-0178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2022-0178","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Serotiny results in aerial seedbanks that enable persistence of some plant species by evading decay, predation, or lethal germination in the soil seedbank. Although more common in forestry, this concept has received little focus in weed science. On average, kochia [Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott] retained 2091 seeds plant−1 (∼18.5% of seeds) in aerial seedbanks among 109 sample sites in spring, 7–8 months after senescence and following subsequent cohort emergence from the short-lived soil seedbank. Therefore, asynchronous seedling recruitment of kochia persisting in simultaneous aerial and soil seedbanks could represent an adaptive bet-hedging strategy for successful establishment in high-stress drought-prone environments.","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":"103 1","pages":"324 - 328"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48831297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Soybean has been widely grown by Canadian farmers for more than 80 years, especially in southern Ontario. In recent decades, the Canadian growing region has expanded east and north. An average of 1% soybean yield improvement is achieved annually, thanks to efforts by public and private soybean breeding programs. However, to meet future food demands, an average 2.4% annual increase in soybean yield is required. Soybean breeders are mostly dealing with complex traits that are under control by several intrinsic and extrinsic factors, so sufficient information about past and current breeding efforts is required to modify future breeding programs accordingly. Here, we review public soybean breeding efforts over the past 25 years in southern Ontario, one of the most productive regions for Canadian soybean growers. Furthermore, we explain how recent advances could facilitate soybean breeding programs by reducing the time and cost and increasing selection accuracy in a large breeding population. Finally, we summarize future directions in three important sections, that is, multi-omics, environmental, and data-driven approaches, and provide a vision for future soybean breeding programs.
{"title":"Six decades of soybean breeding in Ontario, Canada: a tradition of innovation","authors":"M. Yoosefzadeh-Najafabadi, I. Rajcan","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2022-0183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2022-0183","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Soybean has been widely grown by Canadian farmers for more than 80 years, especially in southern Ontario. In recent decades, the Canadian growing region has expanded east and north. An average of 1% soybean yield improvement is achieved annually, thanks to efforts by public and private soybean breeding programs. However, to meet future food demands, an average 2.4% annual increase in soybean yield is required. Soybean breeders are mostly dealing with complex traits that are under control by several intrinsic and extrinsic factors, so sufficient information about past and current breeding efforts is required to modify future breeding programs accordingly. Here, we review public soybean breeding efforts over the past 25 years in southern Ontario, one of the most productive regions for Canadian soybean growers. Furthermore, we explain how recent advances could facilitate soybean breeding programs by reducing the time and cost and increasing selection accuracy in a large breeding population. Finally, we summarize future directions in three important sections, that is, multi-omics, environmental, and data-driven approaches, and provide a vision for future soybean breeding programs.","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":"103 1","pages":"333 - 352"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48609190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Soybean seeding rates in the cool growing environment of Atlantic Canada are much higher than other regions impacting economic return. Recent studies across North America have suggested that soybean seeding rates can be lowered to maximize profitability. Seed treatments have been shown to improve abiotic stress tolerance and may be another mechanism to reduce seeding rates. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to (i) determine the economically optimal seeding rate (EOSR) for conventional soybean in Atlantic Canada and (ii) determine if fungicide seed treatments can reduce this rate. Field studies were conducted in 2020 and 2021 to evaluate the effects of four seeding rates and four fungicide seed treatments on soybean stand establishment, growth, resource use efficiency, yield, and profitability. Price received had a dramatic effect on producer return and the EOSR which ranged from 24 3000 seeds ha−1 under a low price received scenario ($0.45 kg−1) up to 613 000 seeds ha−1 under a high price received scenario ($0.82 kg−1). In contrast, seed and pesticide costs had a minimal impact on expected returns. Soybean resource use efficiency was not impacted by seeding rate or by seed treatments. Further seed treatments did not impact soybean stand establishment or profitability. Soybean yield increased with seeding rate and plateaued at a seeding rate of 741 000 seeds ha−1, whereas individual plant yield dramatically declined as seeding rate increased. Results of this study suggest that soybean producers in Atlantic Canada should base their seeding rates on contracted or expected price received to maximize profitability.
摘要加拿大大西洋地区阴凉生长环境下的大豆播种率远高于其他地区，影响经济效益。最近在北美进行的研究表明，大豆播种率可以降低，以实现利润最大化。种子处理已被证明可以提高非生物胁迫的耐受性，这可能是另一种降低出苗率的机制。因此，本研究的目的是(i)确定加拿大大西洋地区传统大豆的经济最佳播种率(EOSR)， (ii)确定杀菌剂种子处理是否可以降低这一比率。在2020年和2021年进行了实地研究，评估了四种播种率和四种杀菌剂种子处理对大豆林分建立、生长、资源利用效率、产量和盈利能力的影响。收到的价格对生产者的回报和EOSR产生了巨大影响，其范围从低价格收到情景下的243000种子ha - 1 (0.45 kg - 1美元)到高价格收到情景下的613000种子ha - 1 (0.82 kg - 1美元)。相比之下，种子和农药成本对预期收益的影响微乎其微。大豆资源利用效率不受播量和种子处理的影响。进一步的种子处理不影响大豆林分建立或盈利能力。大豆产量随播种量的增加而增加，并在播种量为74.1万粒ha - 1时趋于平稳，单株产量随播种量的增加而急剧下降。这项研究的结果表明，加拿大大西洋地区的大豆生产者应该根据合同价格或预期价格来确定播种率，以实现利润最大化。
{"title":"Investigating the effects of seed treatments on the economically optimal seeding rate of conventional soybean in Atlantic Canada","authors":"A. McKenzie‐Gopsill, Alec Beaton, A. Foster","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2022-0197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2022-0197","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Soybean seeding rates in the cool growing environment of Atlantic Canada are much higher than other regions impacting economic return. Recent studies across North America have suggested that soybean seeding rates can be lowered to maximize profitability. Seed treatments have been shown to improve abiotic stress tolerance and may be another mechanism to reduce seeding rates. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to (i) determine the economically optimal seeding rate (EOSR) for conventional soybean in Atlantic Canada and (ii) determine if fungicide seed treatments can reduce this rate. Field studies were conducted in 2020 and 2021 to evaluate the effects of four seeding rates and four fungicide seed treatments on soybean stand establishment, growth, resource use efficiency, yield, and profitability. Price received had a dramatic effect on producer return and the EOSR which ranged from 24 3000 seeds ha−1 under a low price received scenario ($0.45 kg−1) up to 613 000 seeds ha−1 under a high price received scenario ($0.82 kg−1). In contrast, seed and pesticide costs had a minimal impact on expected returns. Soybean resource use efficiency was not impacted by seeding rate or by seed treatments. Further seed treatments did not impact soybean stand establishment or profitability. Soybean yield increased with seeding rate and plateaued at a seeding rate of 741 000 seeds ha−1, whereas individual plant yield dramatically declined as seeding rate increased. Results of this study suggest that soybean producers in Atlantic Canada should base their seeding rates on contracted or expected price received to maximize profitability.","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":"103 1","pages":"201 - 213"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42373781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Badea, W. Legge, J. Tucker, T. Fetch, J. Menzies, T. K. Turkington, R. Khanal, B. Blackwell
Abstract AAC Prairie is a hulled two-row spring malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar widely adapted to western Canada. It was developed from the cross CDC Kindersley/TR08204 made in 2008 and it was evaluated in the Western Cooperative Two-row Barley Registration Test (2017–2018) as well as the Collaborative Malting Barley Trials (2018–2019) conducted by the malting and brewing industry before being registered in 2021. AAC Prairie’s good combination of agronomic and disease resistance traits as well as a desired malting quality profile should make it a useful cultivar for the barley industry.
{"title":"AAC Prairie barley","authors":"A. Badea, W. Legge, J. Tucker, T. Fetch, J. Menzies, T. K. Turkington, R. Khanal, B. Blackwell","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2022-0236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2022-0236","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract AAC Prairie is a hulled two-row spring malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar widely adapted to western Canada. It was developed from the cross CDC Kindersley/TR08204 made in 2008 and it was evaluated in the Western Cooperative Two-row Barley Registration Test (2017–2018) as well as the Collaborative Malting Barley Trials (2018–2019) conducted by the malting and brewing industry before being registered in 2021. AAC Prairie’s good combination of agronomic and disease resistance traits as well as a desired malting quality profile should make it a useful cultivar for the barley industry.","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":"103 1","pages":"138 - 144"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46296385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Qian, Ward N. Smith, Q. Jing, Yong Min Kim, G. Jégo, B. Grant, S. Duguid, Ken Hester, A. Nelson
Abstract The soybean industry in Canada aimed to extensively expand soybean production to benefit from new early-maturing varieties and the warming climate. However, setbacks in the soybean industry since 2017 demonstrated the impacts of climate risk and global market uncertainty. Therefore, a better understanding of future climate conditions that will impact soybean growth in Canada is needed for decision-making in the sector, such as prioritizing regions for expansion and developing climate change adaptation strategies through either agronomic management practices or breeding new cultivars. Based on climate projections from a set of global climate models, we analyzed climate conditions for growing soybeans, including growing season start, crop heat units, precipitation, precipitation deficits and climate extremes, in the near-term (2030s), the mid-term (2050s) and the distant future (2070s). We found that a future warmer climate with an increase of 1.6, 2.8 and 4.1 °C in the growing season (May–September) mean temperature averaged over Canada’s land area in the near-term, mid-term and distant future under SSP3-7.0 would favour the expansion of soybean production further north and west. However, an increase of approximately 200 mm in precipitation deficits on the semiarid Canadian Prairies in the mid-term would constrain soybean production unless irrigation could be introduced. Heat- and drought-tolerant cultivars should be developed to adapt soybean production to a changing climate, in addition to the adoption of late-maturing cultivars that would benefit from the lengthened growing season and increased crop heat units.
{"title":"Climate conditions in the near-term, mid-term and distant future for growing soybeans in Canada","authors":"B. Qian, Ward N. Smith, Q. Jing, Yong Min Kim, G. Jégo, B. Grant, S. Duguid, Ken Hester, A. Nelson","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2022-0233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2022-0233","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The soybean industry in Canada aimed to extensively expand soybean production to benefit from new early-maturing varieties and the warming climate. However, setbacks in the soybean industry since 2017 demonstrated the impacts of climate risk and global market uncertainty. Therefore, a better understanding of future climate conditions that will impact soybean growth in Canada is needed for decision-making in the sector, such as prioritizing regions for expansion and developing climate change adaptation strategies through either agronomic management practices or breeding new cultivars. Based on climate projections from a set of global climate models, we analyzed climate conditions for growing soybeans, including growing season start, crop heat units, precipitation, precipitation deficits and climate extremes, in the near-term (2030s), the mid-term (2050s) and the distant future (2070s). We found that a future warmer climate with an increase of 1.6, 2.8 and 4.1 °C in the growing season (May–September) mean temperature averaged over Canada’s land area in the near-term, mid-term and distant future under SSP3-7.0 would favour the expansion of soybean production further north and west. However, an increase of approximately 200 mm in precipitation deficits on the semiarid Canadian Prairies in the mid-term would constrain soybean production unless irrigation could be introduced. Heat- and drought-tolerant cultivars should be developed to adapt soybean production to a changing climate, in addition to the adoption of late-maturing cultivars that would benefit from the lengthened growing season and increased crop heat units.","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":"103 1","pages":"161 - 174"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41427815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Geddes, M. Pittman, L. Hall, A. K. Topinka, S. Sharpe, J. Leeson, H. Beckie
Abstract Multiple herbicide-resistant kochia [Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott] is a growing weed management concern for farmers in the Canadian prairies. A randomized–stratified survey of 319 sites in Alberta was conducted in 2021 to determine the frequency and incidence of glyphosate, fluroxypyr, and dicamba resistance in kochia samples four and nine years after the previous rounds of surveys. Kochia samples exhibiting resistance to glyphosate, fluroxypyr, and dicamba were found at 78%, 44%, and 28% of the sites, respectively. Triple herbicide-resistant kochia samples, resistant to acetolactate synthase inhibitors, glyphosate, and at least one synthetic auxin, were found at 45% of the sites.
{"title":"Increasing frequency of multiple herbicide-resistant kochia (Bassia scoparia) in Alberta","authors":"C. Geddes, M. Pittman, L. Hall, A. K. Topinka, S. Sharpe, J. Leeson, H. Beckie","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2022-0224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2022-0224","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Multiple herbicide-resistant kochia [Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott] is a growing weed management concern for farmers in the Canadian prairies. A randomized–stratified survey of 319 sites in Alberta was conducted in 2021 to determine the frequency and incidence of glyphosate, fluroxypyr, and dicamba resistance in kochia samples four and nine years after the previous rounds of surveys. Kochia samples exhibiting resistance to glyphosate, fluroxypyr, and dicamba were found at 78%, 44%, and 28% of the sites, respectively. Triple herbicide-resistant kochia samples, resistant to acetolactate synthase inhibitors, glyphosate, and at least one synthetic auxin, were found at 45% of the sites.","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":"103 1","pages":"233 - 237"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42418238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Dormancy in canola (Brassica napus L.) is a complicated process due to many overlapping and interacting factors affecting the absolute dormancy levels. It is unknown if seed dormancy plays a role in the poor stand establishment of planted canola but given that germination and dormancy are two ends of the same continuum, it has been suggested that dormancy may be a culprit of poor establishment. This review synthesizes literature pertaining to secondary dormancy in B. napus and the interaction of genetic, physiological, environmental, and agronomic factors. Seed germination and vigour and the interaction with dormancy are also addressed. The persistence of volunteer canola seed in the soil seedbank is a result of the induction of canola seed into secondary dormancy under adverse environmental conditions such as low temperature or low light. Genetics is a major influencing factor on absolute secondary dormancy (∼50%) in canola. Plant hormones abscisic acid and gibberellic acid and their interactions also influence dormancy with highly dormant genotypes having increased abscisic acid concentration in the seed. Seed sugars, seed storage proteins, glucosinolate content, and growth habit are all additional factors affecting absolute dormancy in B. napus. Furthermore, maternal environmental conditions affect dormancy levels. In addition to genetic, physiological, and environmental factors, farming practices such as harvest timing, and tillage regimes can influence secondary dormancy of canola seed that has entered the seedbank unintentionally. Given the documented high heritability of secondary dormancy, it is feasible to reduce secondary dormancy in canola cultivars; however, consideration of all interacting factors must be given.
{"title":"A review of the genetic, physiological, and agronomic factors influencing secondary dormancy levels and seed vigour in Brassica napus L.","authors":"Caroline Brown, R. Gulden, S. Shirtliffe, S. Vail","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2022-0155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2022-0155","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Dormancy in canola (Brassica napus L.) is a complicated process due to many overlapping and interacting factors affecting the absolute dormancy levels. It is unknown if seed dormancy plays a role in the poor stand establishment of planted canola but given that germination and dormancy are two ends of the same continuum, it has been suggested that dormancy may be a culprit of poor establishment. This review synthesizes literature pertaining to secondary dormancy in B. napus and the interaction of genetic, physiological, environmental, and agronomic factors. Seed germination and vigour and the interaction with dormancy are also addressed. The persistence of volunteer canola seed in the soil seedbank is a result of the induction of canola seed into secondary dormancy under adverse environmental conditions such as low temperature or low light. Genetics is a major influencing factor on absolute secondary dormancy (∼50%) in canola. Plant hormones abscisic acid and gibberellic acid and their interactions also influence dormancy with highly dormant genotypes having increased abscisic acid concentration in the seed. Seed sugars, seed storage proteins, glucosinolate content, and growth habit are all additional factors affecting absolute dormancy in B. napus. Furthermore, maternal environmental conditions affect dormancy levels. In addition to genetic, physiological, and environmental factors, farming practices such as harvest timing, and tillage regimes can influence secondary dormancy of canola seed that has entered the seedbank unintentionally. Given the documented high heritability of secondary dormancy, it is feasible to reduce secondary dormancy in canola cultivars; however, consideration of all interacting factors must be given.","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":"103 1","pages":"149 - 160"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49086653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Red sorrel is a common herbaceous perennial weed species in lowbush blueberry fields that may be managed with acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides. Greenhouse and field experiments were established to determine the crop tolerance and potential efficacy on red sorrel of tribenuron-methyl, nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron, foramsulfuron, flazasulfuron, pyroxsulam, and halosulfuron-methyl. Ramet density of greenhouse-grown red sorrel plants established from root fragments was reduced by tribenuron-methyl, flazasulfuron, and pyroxsulam, though tribenuron-methyl and flazasulfuron were the most consistently effective herbicides under field conditions. Spring non-bearing year tribenuron-methyl and flazasulfuron applications reduced both non-bearing and bearing year total red sorrel ramet density and reduced non-bearing year red sorrel flowering ramet and seedling density without injuring lowbush blueberry. Fall non-bearing year tribenuron-methyl and flazasulfuron applications reduced bearing year red sorrel total and flowering ramet density, and this application timing should be evaluated further to improve understanding of crop injury risks. Fall bearing year tribenuron-methyl and flazasulfuron applications reduced non-bearing year red sorrel total and flowering ramet density but did not reduce seedling density. Nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron, foramsulfuron, pyroxsulam, and halosulfuron-methyl efficacy on red sorrel were inconsistent or limited, and these herbicides are not recommended for red sorrel management in lowbush blueberry.
{"title":"Evaluation of acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides for red sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.) management in lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton)","authors":"S. White","doi":"10.1139/cjps-2022-0136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2022-0136","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Red sorrel is a common herbaceous perennial weed species in lowbush blueberry fields that may be managed with acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides. Greenhouse and field experiments were established to determine the crop tolerance and potential efficacy on red sorrel of tribenuron-methyl, nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron, foramsulfuron, flazasulfuron, pyroxsulam, and halosulfuron-methyl. Ramet density of greenhouse-grown red sorrel plants established from root fragments was reduced by tribenuron-methyl, flazasulfuron, and pyroxsulam, though tribenuron-methyl and flazasulfuron were the most consistently effective herbicides under field conditions. Spring non-bearing year tribenuron-methyl and flazasulfuron applications reduced both non-bearing and bearing year total red sorrel ramet density and reduced non-bearing year red sorrel flowering ramet and seedling density without injuring lowbush blueberry. Fall non-bearing year tribenuron-methyl and flazasulfuron applications reduced bearing year red sorrel total and flowering ramet density, and this application timing should be evaluated further to improve understanding of crop injury risks. Fall bearing year tribenuron-methyl and flazasulfuron applications reduced non-bearing year red sorrel total and flowering ramet density but did not reduce seedling density. Nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron, foramsulfuron, pyroxsulam, and halosulfuron-methyl efficacy on red sorrel were inconsistent or limited, and these herbicides are not recommended for red sorrel management in lowbush blueberry.","PeriodicalId":9530,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Plant Science","volume":"103 1","pages":"111 - 122"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42055658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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