Mirmahmood Seyedvalizadeh, H. Lahijani, S. M. Siadatmousavi
The Caspian Sea as the largest land-locked water body is very sensitive to the environmental changes. The rise and fall of the Caspian Sea level has significant impact on the environment and coastal communities. Using extensive deep water measurements in the south Caspian Sea, we have examined the role of sea level changes on the vertical water exchange. While the deep water ventilation happened during sea level fall (70s of 20 century), coastal lagoon expansion and marine stagnant circulation state were the major impacts during rapid sea level rise (1980-1995). The marine environment however benefits the rapid sea level fall. During sea level fall, vertical circulation penetrates deeper and faster which distributes oxygen and nutrient more effectively in the water column. It provides the condition for enhanced bio-productivity. However, the current global warming could prevent the impact of lowstand to faster circulation. The present rapid sea level fall displays new impacts on the marine environment, reflecting as hypoxia.
{"title":"South Caspian vertical circulation during rapid sea level rise and fall","authors":"Mirmahmood Seyedvalizadeh, H. Lahijani, S. M. Siadatmousavi","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2021.4304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2021.4304","url":null,"abstract":"The Caspian Sea as the largest land-locked water body is very sensitive to the environmental changes. The rise and fall of the Caspian Sea level has significant impact on the environment and coastal communities. Using extensive deep water measurements in the south Caspian Sea, we have examined the role of sea level changes on the vertical water exchange. While the deep water ventilation happened during sea level fall (70s of 20 century), coastal lagoon expansion and marine stagnant circulation state were the major impacts during rapid sea level rise (1980-1995). The marine environment however benefits the rapid sea level fall. During sea level fall, vertical circulation penetrates deeper and faster which distributes oxygen and nutrient more effectively in the water column. It provides the condition for enhanced bio-productivity. However, the current global warming could prevent the impact of lowstand to faster circulation. The present rapid sea level fall displays new impacts on the marine environment, reflecting as hypoxia.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"19-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68211792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to investigate the effects of different climatic conditions (arid vs. semi-arid) on patterns of species richness and plant diversity as well as plant composition in two over-grazed regions. The regions were located in the west of Iran, closed to each other and different in climatic conditions. Based on the aridity index of De Martonne climate classification, Rika (I = 9.94) and Dalab (I = 18.54) were categorized as arid and semi-arid regions, respectively. In each region, we collected plant vegetation data from a nested sampling design consisted of local (80 plots) and regional (8 sites) scales. Patterns of plant diversity and species richness in each region, and similarity of plant composition between the two regions were analyzed using multiplicative partitioning methods, species richness estimator and cluster analysis, respectively. The results showed that diversity components in all scales had significant difference with their expected values (p <0.000) resulted in non-random distribution of plant species among and within scales. In addition, the results showed that species richness in Rika region (arid, 89 species) was greater than Dalab region (semi-arid, 76 species). The results of cluster analysis suggested that Rika and Dalab regions had different plant species compositions. Based on our results, the role of seed dispersal might be more prominent in smaller scales (plot and sites) compared to region scale, since the highest possible amount of β-diversity was occurred between regions. Our results suggested that plant diversity in the largest scale (region) had the highest amount of diversity components where the rangeland manager should attend on this scale for conservation of plant diversity.
研究了不同气候条件(干旱和半干旱)对两个过度放牧区物种丰富度、植物多样性和植物组成格局的影响。这些地区位于伊朗西部，彼此靠近，气候条件不同。根据De marton气候分类的干旱指数，Rika (I = 9.94)和Dalab (I = 18.54)分别被划分为干旱区和半干旱区。在每个区域，我们通过巢式采样设计收集了当地(80个样地)和区域(8个样地)的植物植被数据。分别采用乘法划分法、物种丰富度估计法和聚类分析方法分析了各区域植物多样性和物种丰富度的格局，以及两区域植物组成的相似性。结果表明，各尺度的多样性成分与其期望值存在显著差异(p <0.000)，导致植物物种在尺度间和尺度内的非随机分布。此外，Rika地区物种丰富度(干旱，89种)高于Dalab地区(半干旱，76种)。聚类分析结果表明，Rika和Dalab地区具有不同的植物种类组成。基于我们的研究结果，与区域尺度相比，在较小的尺度(样地和立地)中，种子传播的作用可能更为突出，因为区域之间的β-多样性可能最多。研究结果表明，最大尺度(区域)的植物多样性成分含量最高，在该尺度上应引起管理者的重视。
{"title":"Climatic condition effects on the components of plant diversity in the western Iran grasslands using multiplicative partitioning methods","authors":"R. Omidipour, R. Erfanzadeh, M. Faramarzi","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2021.4302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2021.4302","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to investigate the effects of different climatic conditions (arid vs. semi-arid) on patterns of species richness and plant diversity as well as plant composition in two over-grazed regions. The regions were located in the west of Iran, closed to each other and different in climatic conditions. Based on the aridity index of De Martonne climate classification, Rika (I = 9.94) and Dalab (I = 18.54) were categorized as arid and semi-arid regions, respectively. In each region, we collected plant vegetation data from a nested sampling design consisted of local (80 plots) and regional (8 sites) scales. Patterns of plant diversity and species richness in each region, and similarity of plant composition between the two regions were analyzed using multiplicative partitioning methods, species richness estimator and cluster analysis, respectively. The results showed that diversity components in all scales had significant difference with their expected values (p <0.000) resulted in non-random distribution of plant species among and within scales. In addition, the results showed that species richness in Rika region (arid, 89 species) was greater than Dalab region (semi-arid, 76 species). The results of cluster analysis suggested that Rika and Dalab regions had different plant species compositions. Based on our results, the role of seed dispersal might be more prominent in smaller scales (plot and sites) compared to region scale, since the highest possible amount of β-diversity was occurred between regions. Our results suggested that plant diversity in the largest scale (region) had the highest amount of diversity components where the rangeland manager should attend on this scale for conservation of plant diversity.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68211754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Khoshravan, A. Naqinezhad, Tahereh Alinejad-Tabrizi, T. Yanina
Nowadays, climate change and sea level rise are serious threats to the social, economical and environmental vulnerability of the ocean coasts all around the world, and the Caspian Sea rapid fluctuations during the third millennium have set different conditions on the environmental structure of coastal areas. The main target of this study is to evaluate the coastline morphology behavior and the deformation of habitats and ecological condition of Boujagh National Park (BNP) due to Caspian Sea level changing during the progression and regression phases between 1978-2019. Initially, based on the available scientific documents, familiarity with the study area was carried out and the axes of measurements were defined. In field operations, sedimentation and erosion units of coastal zones and also different habitats were identified and geographically determined. In the next step, the rate of deformation of coastal habitats was calculated and classified using satellite images and GIS, and ultimately, validity of the results was verified with field evidence. The comparison of regression amount in BNP indicated that maximum negative shoreline displacement (892 m) has occurred in the east part of Sefid-rud River mouth during 1978-1995. So that, the shoreline negative changing has reached to 850 m in the north- western of central part of study area, while 738 m in north- eastern of central part in the period of 1995- 2019. The inundation zone extent has declined 104 ha between 1995 and 2019. Also the sea regression amount of area was 111 ha in the period of 1978- 1995, while changed to 380 ha during 1995-2019. During the last 24 years, there have been widespread environmental alterations in the studied area and a large part of the coastal wetlands has been dried up. The most important habitats affected by the Caspian Sea fluctuations include coastal lagoons, dry and wet sandy beach, fluvial meadow and river estuary.
如今，气候变化和海平面上升严重威胁着世界各地沿海地区的社会、经济和环境脆弱性，第三个千年里海的快速波动给沿海地区的环境结构带来了不同的条件。本研究的主要目的是评估1978-2019年里海水位变化对Boujagh国家公园(BNP)海岸线形态行为、栖息地变形和生态状况的影响。最初，在现有科学文献的基础上，对研究区域进行了熟悉，并确定了测量轴。在实地作业中，已查明并在地理上确定了沿海地区和不同生境的沉积和侵蚀单位。下一步，利用卫星影像和GIS对沿海生境的变形率进行了计算和分类，最后用现场证据验证了结果的有效性。BNP回归量的比较表明，1978-1995年期间，塞菲德鲁德河河口东部岸线负位移最大(892 m)。1995- 2019年，研究区中部西北部海岸线负变幅达850 m，中部东北部海岸线负变幅达738 m。1995年至2019年期间，淹没区面积减少了104公顷。1978- 1995年海区退潮面积为111 ha, 1995-2019年为380 ha。在过去的24年中，研究区发生了广泛的环境变化，大部分滨海湿地已经干涸。受里海波动影响最重要的生境包括沿海泻湖、干湿沙滩、河流草甸和河口。
{"title":"Effects of the Caspian Sea water level change on Boujagh National Park, southwest the Caspian Sea","authors":"H. Khoshravan, A. Naqinezhad, Tahereh Alinejad-Tabrizi, T. Yanina","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2021.4503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2021.4503","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, climate change and sea level rise are serious threats to the social, economical and environmental vulnerability of the ocean coasts all around the world, and the Caspian Sea rapid fluctuations during the third millennium have set different conditions on the environmental structure of coastal areas. The main target of this study is to evaluate the coastline morphology behavior and the deformation of habitats and ecological condition of Boujagh National Park (BNP) due to Caspian Sea level changing during the progression and regression phases between 1978-2019. Initially, based on the available scientific documents, familiarity with the study area was carried out and the axes of measurements were defined. In field operations, sedimentation and erosion units of coastal zones and also different habitats were identified and geographically determined. In the next step, the rate of deformation of coastal habitats was calculated and classified using satellite images and GIS, and ultimately, validity of the results was verified with field evidence. The comparison of regression amount in BNP indicated that maximum negative shoreline displacement (892 m) has occurred in the east part of Sefid-rud River mouth during 1978-1995. So that, the shoreline negative changing has reached to 850 m in the north- western of central part of study area, while 738 m in north- eastern of central part in the period of 1995- 2019. The inundation zone extent has declined 104 ha between 1995 and 2019. Also the sea regression amount of area was 111 ha in the period of 1978- 1995, while changed to 380 ha during 1995-2019. During the last 24 years, there have been widespread environmental alterations in the studied area and a large part of the coastal wetlands has been dried up. The most important habitats affected by the Caspian Sea fluctuations include coastal lagoons, dry and wet sandy beach, fluvial meadow and river estuary.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"127-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68212073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mahmood Soltaninejad, M. Jafari, A. Noroozi, Seyed Akbar Javadi
The face of the earth is always changing due to human activities and natural phenomena. Therefore, to optimize the management of the natural areas, knowledge of the trend, extent and estimation of land cover / use changes is considered necessary. Reviewing these changes through satellite images and evaluating their potential through modeling can help environmental planners and natural resource managers to make more informed decisions. In the present study, quantitative detection and evaluation of changes in vegetation were performed in the areas with combat desertification projects, Shahdad, Bam and Garmsar in Iran, during a 30-year period within 1987, 2002 and 2017. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and land use maps were produced using the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), Thematic Mapper (TM) and Operational Land Imager (OLI) satellite images in the three corresponding periods for the vegetation/non-vegetation, and agricultural lands. The Kappa coefficient of 0.83 to 0.86, 0.91 to 0.92, and 0.94 to 0.95 was calculated for 1987, 2002, and 2017 respectively, and the total accuracy was between 88 and 97. After providing the land use maps in different years, the monitoring of land use changes was investigated using the Change Detection method. According to the trend of changes during the periods, the results exhibited that the vegetated lands in these three areas had an increasing trend in average 31.33%, and the non-vegetated lands were turned to vegetated lands over time. In other words, they have declined by an average of 35%. Moreover, an increasing trend was found for the agricultural lands during the periods in average 4%. Eventually, the cost-effectiveness of projects implemented in the studied areas was calculated.
由于人类活动和自然现象，地球的表面总是在变化。因此，为了优化自然区域的管理，了解土地覆盖/利用变化的趋势、程度和估计是必要的。通过卫星图像审查这些变化，并通过建模评估其潜力，可以帮助环境规划者和自然资源管理者做出更明智的决定。在1987年、2002年和2017年的30年间，对伊朗沙赫达德(Shahdad)、巴姆(Bam)和加尔姆萨尔(Garmsar)等实施荒漠化防治项目的地区的植被变化进行了定量检测和评价。利用Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+)、Thematic Mapper (TM)和Operational land Imager (OLI)卫星影像，绘制了三个时段的植被/非植被和农业用地归一化植被指数(NDVI)和土地利用图。1987年、2002年和2017年的Kappa系数分别为0.83 ~ 0.86、0.91 ~ 0.92和0.94 ~ 0.95，总准确率在88 ~ 97之间。在提供不同年份土地利用图的基础上，采用变化检测方法对土地利用变化进行监测。结果表明:随着时间的推移，3个地区的植被用地面积平均增加了31.33%，非植被用地逐渐向植被用地转变;换句话说，它们平均下降了35%。此外，农业用地在此期间平均增加4%。最后，计算了在研究地区实施的项目的成本效益。
{"title":"Evaluation of vegetation changes in desertification projects using remote sensing techniques in Bam, Shahdad and Garmsar regions, Iran","authors":"Mahmood Soltaninejad, M. Jafari, A. Noroozi, Seyed Akbar Javadi","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2021.4306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2021.4306","url":null,"abstract":"The face of the earth is always changing due to human activities and natural phenomena. Therefore, to optimize the management of the natural areas, knowledge of the trend, extent and estimation of land cover / use changes is considered necessary. Reviewing these changes through satellite images and evaluating their potential through modeling can help environmental planners and natural resource managers to make more informed decisions. In the present study, quantitative detection and evaluation of changes in vegetation were performed in the areas with combat desertification projects, Shahdad, Bam and Garmsar in Iran, during a 30-year period within 1987, 2002 and 2017. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and land use maps were produced using the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), Thematic Mapper (TM) and Operational Land Imager (OLI) satellite images in the three corresponding periods for the vegetation/non-vegetation, and agricultural lands. The Kappa coefficient of 0.83 to 0.86, 0.91 to 0.92, and 0.94 to 0.95 was calculated for 1987, 2002, and 2017 respectively, and the total accuracy was between 88 and 97. After providing the land use maps in different years, the monitoring of land use changes was investigated using the Change Detection method. According to the trend of changes during the periods, the results exhibited that the vegetated lands in these three areas had an increasing trend in average 31.33%, and the non-vegetated lands were turned to vegetated lands over time. In other words, they have declined by an average of 35%. Moreover, an increasing trend was found for the agricultural lands during the periods in average 4%. Eventually, the cost-effectiveness of projects implemented in the studied areas was calculated.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"47-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68211842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Kouh-payeh with an area of 3000 km2 is located at 70 km east of Isfahan on the edge of central Kavir at longitude 52° 26ʹE and latitude 32° 43ʹN. In this study, the floristic richness, life form, geographical distribution and conservation status were assessed. All plant species were collected from Kouh-payeh area during 2014-2016. The collected species were identified, then life forms and chorology of each species were estimated. By examining a total of 200 collected plant species, 38 families and 137 genera were found. The dominant life forms were mainly identified as therophytes (45%) and hemicryptophytes (34%). Based on chorotype information, an Irano-Touranian distribution (60%) was generally observed in this area. Other chorotypes such as Irano-Touranian/Saharo-Sindian (6%) and Irano-Touranian/ Euro-Siberian (6%) were present in lower quantities. Among the identified species, 43 endemic species were also recognized. In terms of conservation status, there were Low Risk (77%), Vulnerable (15%) and Data Deficient (8%) needed some conservation policies. This study was performed for the first time in this area.
{"title":"Floristic studies, life forms and chorology of plants in Kouh-payeh area, Isfahan Province, Iran","authors":"F. Abolhasani, N. Kharazian, N. Jalilian","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2021.4307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2021.4307","url":null,"abstract":"The Kouh-payeh with an area of 3000 km2 is located at 70 km east of Isfahan on the edge of central Kavir at longitude 52° 26ʹE and latitude 32° 43ʹN. In this study, the floristic richness, life form, geographical distribution and conservation status were assessed. All plant species were collected from Kouh-payeh area during 2014-2016. The collected species were identified, then life forms and chorology of each species were estimated. By examining a total of 200 collected plant species, 38 families and 137 genera were found. The dominant life forms were mainly identified as therophytes (45%) and hemicryptophytes (34%). Based on chorotype information, an Irano-Touranian distribution (60%) was generally observed in this area. Other chorotypes such as Irano-Touranian/Saharo-Sindian (6%) and Irano-Touranian/ Euro-Siberian (6%) were present in lower quantities. Among the identified species, 43 endemic species were also recognized. In terms of conservation status, there were Low Risk (77%), Vulnerable (15%) and Data Deficient (8%) needed some conservation policies. This study was performed for the first time in this area.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"59-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68211853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. I. Golubev, Ju. V. Gracheva, S. Malikov, A. Chuchaev
An analysis of the statistics of registered environmental crimes indicates a clear disproportion between the real state of affairs in ecology and counteraction to such crimes. One of the reasons for this imbalance may be the difficulty in qualifying and proving the crimes in question. When applying the norms on environmental crimes, it should be borne in mind that the overwhelming majority of them are blanket. Along with the massiveness of environmental legislation, there are also actually criminal law issues that give rise to practical problems. These include determination of the form of guilt, the use of evaluative concepts, the need for qualifications in combination with other crimes, the establishment of a causal relationship. The most important are the following steps in the field of combating environmental crime: 1) when determining the form of guilt, along with the content of the act, the methods of its commission and other signs of the objective side, consider the sanction for their commission; 2) the spread of the practice of establishing specific rates for calculating the amount of damage instead of evaluative concepts to unify judicial practice and bring it to uniformity; 3) improvement of calculation methods and practice of compensation for damage resulting from environmental offenses; and 4) minimization of the practice of constructing truncated corpus delicti or concretizing the concept of "threat" in such structures.
{"title":"Environmental crimes: Law enforcement issues","authors":"S. I. Golubev, Ju. V. Gracheva, S. Malikov, A. Chuchaev","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2020.4483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2020.4483","url":null,"abstract":"An analysis of the statistics of registered environmental crimes indicates a clear disproportion between the real state of affairs in ecology and counteraction to such crimes. One of the reasons for this imbalance may be the difficulty in qualifying and proving the crimes in question. When applying the norms on environmental crimes, it should be borne in mind that the overwhelming majority of them are blanket. Along with the massiveness of environmental legislation, there are also actually criminal law issues that give rise to practical problems. These include determination of the form of guilt, the use of evaluative concepts, the need for qualifications in combination with other crimes, the establishment of a causal relationship. The most important are the following steps in the field of combating environmental crime: 1) when determining the form of guilt, along with the content of the act, the methods of its commission and other signs of the objective side, consider the sanction for their commission; 2) the spread of the practice of establishing specific rates for calculating the amount of damage instead of evaluative concepts to unify judicial practice and bring it to uniformity; 3) improvement of calculation methods and practice of compensation for damage resulting from environmental offenses; and 4) minimization of the practice of constructing truncated corpus delicti or concretizing the concept of \"threat\" in such structures.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":"533-540"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45474277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. O. Barinova, A. A. Murtazin, A. Katasev, I. Ismagilov, D. V. Kataseva
The environmental impact of transport is significant because transport is a significant user of energy, and burns most of the world's petroleum. This issue creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a substantial contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide. This article analyzes the Issue of Transport and the Environment, then solves the evaluation problem of the functional state of vehicle drivers based on the formation and use of a fuzzy knowledge base. The provided the classification of human functional state types. The expediency of using pupillometry as an objective method to analyze the pupillary reaction of a human eye to illumination change is pointed out to assess its functional state. The Analysis of the neural network approach is carried out to determine the functional state of a person's intoxication. It points out its main drawback associated with the impossibility of interpreting the solution obtained using a neural network. To eliminate this drawback and improve the efficiency of decision support to assess the functional state of vehicle drivers, it is proposed to use the mathematical apparatus of fuzzy neural networks to form fuzzy knowledge bases and provide their use in inference mechanisms. In this case, the solution to the problem will be a binary answer ("drunk", "not drunk") with the interpretation of the solution obtained in the form of a set of fuzzy rules written in a natural language understandable to humans. The tasks are set for the formation of a knowledge base to assess the functional state of drivers. The scheme of pupillogram initial data collection is described, as well as the stages of their preparation for Analysis. Pupillogram parameters that significantly characterize the pupillary response of a person to illumination change were identified by an expert method using the methods of correlation analysis: the minimum diameter of the pupil, the diameter of its half constriction, the amplitude of constriction and the time of half expansion. The structure of the generated data sample with the volume of 1000 records is described. A knowledge base was formed after their Analysis, consisting of 2632 fuzzy production rules. To assess the accuracy of determining the functional state of a person based on the knowledge base, a balanced test sample of 400 records (200 records of each class of functional state) was compiled. The test results showed that the number of type 1 errors was 1%, and the number of type 2 errors was 3%. The overall accuracy of determining the functional state of a person based on the generated knowledge base was 96%. The generated fuzzy knowledge base can be effectively used in decision support systems to assess the functional state of vehicle drivers when they undergo a pre-trip medical examination.
{"title":"Formation of a knowledge base to analyze the issue of transport and the environment","authors":"A. O. Barinova, A. A. Murtazin, A. Katasev, I. Ismagilov, D. V. Kataseva","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2020.4494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2020.4494","url":null,"abstract":"The environmental impact of transport is significant because transport is a significant user of energy, and burns most of the world's petroleum. This issue creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a substantial contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide. This article analyzes the Issue of Transport and the Environment, then solves the evaluation problem of the functional state of vehicle drivers based on the formation and use of a fuzzy knowledge base. The provided the classification of human functional state types. The expediency of using pupillometry as an objective method to analyze the pupillary reaction of a human eye to illumination change is pointed out to assess its functional state. The Analysis of the neural network approach is carried out to determine the functional state of a person's intoxication. It points out its main drawback associated with the impossibility of interpreting the solution obtained using a neural network. To eliminate this drawback and improve the efficiency of decision support to assess the functional state of vehicle drivers, it is proposed to use the mathematical apparatus of fuzzy neural networks to form fuzzy knowledge bases and provide their use in inference mechanisms. In this case, the solution to the problem will be a binary answer (\"drunk\", \"not drunk\") with the interpretation of the solution obtained in the form of a set of fuzzy rules written in a natural language understandable to humans. The tasks are set for the formation of a knowledge base to assess the functional state of drivers. The scheme of pupillogram initial data collection is described, as well as the stages of their preparation for Analysis. Pupillogram parameters that significantly characterize the pupillary response of a person to illumination change were identified by an expert method using the methods of correlation analysis: the minimum diameter of the pupil, the diameter of its half constriction, the amplitude of constriction and the time of half expansion. The structure of the generated data sample with the volume of 1000 records is described. A knowledge base was formed after their Analysis, consisting of 2632 fuzzy production rules. To assess the accuracy of determining the functional state of a person based on the knowledge base, a balanced test sample of 400 records (200 records of each class of functional state) was compiled. The test results showed that the number of type 1 errors was 1%, and the number of type 2 errors was 3%. The overall accuracy of determining the functional state of a person based on the generated knowledge base was 96%. The generated fuzzy knowledge base can be effectively used in decision support systems to assess the functional state of vehicle drivers when they undergo a pre-trip medical examination.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":"615-621"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46181511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Kuzmin, A. Kuzmina, I. Bukharina, K. Vedernikov, R. S. Zaripova
The study demonstrates the results of ecological and biochemical studies of Norway maple and ash-leaved maple growing in a large industrial center. High activity of ascorbinate oxidase was recorded in June, and a low one in August. The content of ascorbic acid decreases during the growing season in anthropogenic plantations. Under an increased air content of pollutants, representatives of the maple genus show an increase in the activity of polyphenol oxidase in comparison with the control plantations. It should be said that the content of condensed tannins in the leaves decreases. In the roadside plantations of Norway maple, under the most intense load, in July, the peroxidase activity in the leaves is lower than in the conventional control plantations, and in August it is higher than in control.
{"title":"Ecological and biochemical peculiarities of maple genus in the urban environment (Case study: Norway and Ash-leaved maple)","authors":"P. Kuzmin, A. Kuzmina, I. Bukharina, K. Vedernikov, R. S. Zaripova","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2020.4465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2020.4465","url":null,"abstract":"The study demonstrates the results of ecological and biochemical studies of Norway maple and ash-leaved maple growing in a large industrial center. High activity of ascorbinate oxidase was recorded in June, and a low one in August. The content of ascorbic acid decreases during the growing season in anthropogenic plantations. Under an increased air content of pollutants, representatives of the maple genus show an increase in the activity of polyphenol oxidase in comparison with the control plantations. It should be said that the content of condensed tannins in the leaves decreases. In the roadside plantations of Norway maple, under the most intense load, in July, the peroxidase activity in the leaves is lower than in the conventional control plantations, and in August it is higher than in control.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":"405-410"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44471785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Machine learning algorithms can permit the usage of frequently available 'big data' and contribute to utilizing ecosystem service models across scales, examining and predicting the issues of these services to disaggregated beneficiaries. Digitalization of public relations involves changing the way of processing information and the speed of its perception. The introduction of digital resources leads to the automation of a number of processes that were previously executed by people and required a significant amount of time. The practical implementation of the achievements of the scientific and technical method that was started in production reaches some spheres that seemed unachievable for artificial intelligence. Normative regulation has to take into account the need to use artificial intelligence algorithms. A particular interest is paid to the possibility of using such algorithms in the administration of justice as well as ecosystem services.
{"title":"Using artificial intelligence algorithms in legal proceedings in the ecosystem services and digital economy","authors":"D. Valeev, A. G. Nuriev, N. Makolkin","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2020.4490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2020.4490","url":null,"abstract":"Machine learning algorithms can permit the usage of frequently available 'big data' and contribute to utilizing ecosystem service models across scales, examining and predicting the issues of these services to disaggregated beneficiaries. Digitalization of public relations involves changing the way of processing information and the speed of its perception. The introduction of digital resources leads to the automation of a number of processes that were previously executed by people and required a significant amount of time. The practical implementation of the achievements of the scientific and technical method that was started in production reaches some spheres that seemed unachievable for artificial intelligence. Normative regulation has to take into account the need to use artificial intelligence algorithms. A particular interest is paid to the possibility of using such algorithms in the administration of justice as well as ecosystem services.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":"589-593"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42862571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. N. Vorob’ev, B. Khairutdinov, S. F. Kotov, V. V. Nikolenko, A. L. Mikhailov
The stimulating effect of lanthanides on the accumulation of rubber in the roots of dandelion Taraxacum hybernum (Krym-saghyz) was demonstrated along with its environmental consequences. The treatment of Krym-saghyz plants with nitrates of lanthanides led to the increase of poly (cis-1.4-isoprene) concentration by 80% compared to the untreated plants and by 45% compared to those treated with magnesium nitrate. The observed increase of rubber concentration in Krym-saghyz plants has been assumed to be related to the activation of photosynthesis (up to 40%) and the inclusion in the reactions of rubber synthesis of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) formed from methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) in green plastids.
{"title":"The effect of lanthanides on the accumulation of rubber (1,4-Cis-polyizoprene) in Dandelion Crimean-Sagyz (Taraxacum hybernum) Under adverse climate, and its environmental consequences","authors":"V. N. Vorob’ev, B. Khairutdinov, S. F. Kotov, V. V. Nikolenko, A. L. Mikhailov","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2020.4464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2020.4464","url":null,"abstract":"The stimulating effect of lanthanides on the accumulation of rubber in the roots of dandelion Taraxacum hybernum (Krym-saghyz) was demonstrated along with its environmental consequences. The treatment of Krym-saghyz plants with nitrates of lanthanides led to the increase of poly (cis-1.4-isoprene) concentration by 80% compared to the untreated plants and by 45% compared to those treated with magnesium nitrate. The observed increase of rubber concentration in Krym-saghyz plants has been assumed to be related to the activation of photosynthesis (up to 40%) and the inclusion in the reactions of rubber synthesis of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) formed from methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) in green plastids.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":"397-404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46796043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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