Ashagh Ataei, F. Kazemnezhad, M. E. Nimvari, A. Sheykholeslami
A comprehensive understanding of plant associations, especially in transition areas can be achieved by identification of vegetation and study of relationships between plant species and environment. Borders of ecotones and forest communities (Tiremrud basin in the southern part of Tonekabon, Iran) were found based on environmental factors such as elevation, slope and changes in floristic patterns. Totally, 44 plots (20 × 20 m) were collected by the transect method with at least one sample plot per contour line and 50 m interval. A total number of tree species was recorded separately in each sample plot. Herbaceous species were sampled based on the Brown-Blanket cover percentage and frequency of vegetative elements by 5 × 2 m2 micro plots in four corners and centre of each main plot. Four ecological groups were identified on altitudes 2070, 1236, 924, and 375 m above sea level with mean slopes of 43, 50, 40, and 59%, respectively. The first and fourth ecological groups were at the highest and the lowest elevations, respectively, while the second and third ones in the middle of the two groups. A comparison of ecological groups in terms of plant biodiversity indicated significant differences altogether. In terms of species diversity indices, Shannon-Wiener and Simpson-Pilo revealed that the first, fourth, and second ecological groups had maximum, minimum, and average values, respectively. According to findings of this study, ecological groups had significant differences in terms of altitude factor.
{"title":"Ecotones and forest communities along an elevation gradient in Hyrcanian forests, north of Iran","authors":"Ashagh Ataei, F. Kazemnezhad, M. E. Nimvari, A. Sheykholeslami","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2021.4605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2021.4605","url":null,"abstract":"A comprehensive understanding of plant associations, especially in transition areas can be achieved by identification of vegetation and study of relationships between plant species and environment. Borders of ecotones and forest communities (Tiremrud basin in the southern part of Tonekabon, Iran) were found based on environmental factors such as elevation, slope and changes in floristic patterns. Totally, 44 plots (20 × 20 m) were collected by the transect method with at least one sample plot per contour line and 50 m interval. A total number of tree species was recorded separately in each sample plot. Herbaceous species were sampled based on the Brown-Blanket cover percentage and frequency of vegetative elements by 5 × 2 m2 micro plots in four corners and centre of each main plot. Four ecological groups were identified on altitudes 2070, 1236, 924, and 375 m above sea level with mean slopes of 43, 50, 40, and 59%, respectively. The first and fourth ecological groups were at the highest and the lowest elevations, respectively, while the second and third ones in the middle of the two groups. A comparison of ecological groups in terms of plant biodiversity indicated significant differences altogether. In terms of species diversity indices, Shannon-Wiener and Simpson-Pilo revealed that the first, fourth, and second ecological groups had maximum, minimum, and average values, respectively. According to findings of this study, ecological groups had significant differences in terms of altitude factor.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47389815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study was to assess the abilities of European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) to adjudicate upon cases concerning violations to environment upraised from nuclear accidents. This was non-causal research, based on qualitative methods. With respect to information gathering, the document and library research process were employed, then qualitative method was applied to analyse the information, by which international rules governing the issue and related case law of ECtHR was studied, assessed and analysed. Findings indicated that ECtHR has accepted the environment rights by broad interpretation of article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). However, in the Court’s precedent, applications with no actual victim were not considered as violation in the convention. The latest approach taken by ECtHR, taking prevention principle into account, could improve its abilities to protect potential victims of violations caused by nuclear accidents due to environmental rights. In conclusion, despite some barriers against the complaint processes in the Court, new approach was recognised as a more protective one.
{"title":"Abilities of European Court of Human Rights to protect environment from nuclear accidents","authors":"Nader Mirzadeh Koohshahi, A. Goodarzi","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2021.4309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2021.4309","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to assess the abilities of European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) to adjudicate upon cases concerning violations to environment upraised from nuclear accidents. This was non-causal research, based on qualitative methods. With respect to information gathering, the document and library research process were employed, then qualitative method was applied to analyse the information, by which international rules governing the issue and related case law of ECtHR was studied, assessed and analysed. Findings indicated that ECtHR has accepted the environment rights by broad interpretation of article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). However, in the Court’s precedent, applications with no actual victim were not considered as violation in the convention. The latest approach taken by ECtHR, taking prevention principle into account, could improve its abilities to protect potential victims of violations caused by nuclear accidents due to environmental rights. In conclusion, despite some barriers against the complaint processes in the Court, new approach was recognised as a more protective one.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"85-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68211910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Maliki, H. Elmsellem, B. Hafez, A. E. Moussaoui, M. R. Kachmar, A. Ouahbi
The main objective of this work is to study the psychological impact (stress and depression) of the mandatory quarantine applied on the Moroccan population in order to limit the spread of the new coronavirus (COVID-19), then the study of the psychometric properties of the Arab BDI-II in the general Moroccan population. 263 respondents were asked to respond to a BDI-II and PSS-10 socio-demographic questionnaire conducted during the first month of quarantine. 55.9% of the respondents were in a normal state of stress and 36.1% in a moderate state. However, 38.4% and 27.8% exhibited minimal and severe depression respectively. The results of factor analysis with the varimax rotation method revealed three factors predicting 55.56% of the total variance of BDI-II, while two factors predicting 60.97% of the total variance of PSS-10. Cronbach's alpha values for BDI and PSS-10 were α = 0.93 and α = 0.58 respectively. In conclusion, the BDI-II is a reliable and valid assessment for measuring symptoms of depression in the general Moroccan population and also very important to pay more attention to the side effects of mandatory quarantine.
{"title":"The psychological properties of the Arabic BDI-II and the psychological state of the general moroccan population during the mandatory quarantine due to the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"I. Maliki, H. Elmsellem, B. Hafez, A. E. Moussaoui, M. R. Kachmar, A. Ouahbi","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2021.4504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2021.4504","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this work is to study the psychological impact (stress and depression) of the mandatory quarantine applied on the Moroccan population in order to limit the spread of the new coronavirus (COVID-19), then the study of the psychometric properties of the Arab BDI-II in the general Moroccan population. 263 respondents were asked to respond to a BDI-II and PSS-10 socio-demographic questionnaire conducted during the first month of quarantine. 55.9% of the respondents were in a normal state of stress and 36.1% in a moderate state. However, 38.4% and 27.8% exhibited minimal and severe depression respectively. The results of factor analysis with the varimax rotation method revealed three factors predicting 55.56% of the total variance of BDI-II, while two factors predicting 60.97% of the total variance of PSS-10. Cronbach's alpha values for BDI and PSS-10 were α = 0.93 and α = 0.58 respectively. In conclusion, the BDI-II is a reliable and valid assessment for measuring symptoms of depression in the general Moroccan population and also very important to pay more attention to the side effects of mandatory quarantine.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"139-150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68212087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
360 pieces of Persian sturgeon fingerlings (1.94 ± 0.75 g) were exposed to various sublethal doses of disinfecting chemicals commonly used in aquaculture such as sodium chloride and methylthioninium chloride in order to investigate their impacts on bacterial loads of skin, gill and surrounding water and to define the histopathological status of gill and liver tissues. The sublethal concentrations were determined after a pre-test, then the experiment was performed in four treatments with three replicates inside the glass aquariums with stocking density of 10 fish (1-3 g) per aquarium. The treatments included 5, 6.3, 8.06 and 10.23 mg L-1 sodium chloride and also 1, 1.56, 2.45 and 3.83 mg L-1 methylthioninium chloride. A control group (with no chemical added) was set up for each experiment. After exposure to treatments during 96 h, the microbial and histopathological examinations were carried out. Hemorrhage, elongation of secondary lamellae, adhesion of secondary lamellae, hypertrophy of supporter cartilage, mucus coagulation and secretion, hyperplasia, lamellar necrosis and clubbing of gill lamellae were observed on the fish gills. Biliary depression, hemorrhage, cell necrosis and degeneration of lipid were also found in liver. The severity of these effects was dose-dependent. Only the sublethal concentration of methylthioninium chloride significantly influenced bacterial load (CFU g-1) on skin, while other treatments of sodium chloride and methylthioninium chloride did not exhibit any significant effects. In conclusion, the sublethal doses of methylthioninium chloride and sodium chloride showed no obvious disinfecting effect on gill, skin and surrounding water of Persian sturgeon fingerling. Nevertheless, histopathological alterations were observed on fish gill, skin and also liver of all treatments.
{"title":"Effects of sodium chloride and methylthioninium chloride on Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus (Borodin, 1897): A histopathological and bacteriological study","authors":"R. Fathollahi, H. Khara, Z. Pajand, A. Shenavar","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2021.4308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2021.4308","url":null,"abstract":"360 pieces of Persian sturgeon fingerlings (1.94 ± 0.75 g) were exposed to various sublethal doses of disinfecting chemicals commonly used in aquaculture such as sodium chloride and methylthioninium chloride in order to investigate their impacts on bacterial loads of skin, gill and surrounding water and to define the histopathological status of gill and liver tissues. The sublethal concentrations were determined after a pre-test, then the experiment was performed in four treatments with three replicates inside the glass aquariums with stocking density of 10 fish (1-3 g) per aquarium. The treatments included 5, 6.3, 8.06 and 10.23 mg L-1 sodium chloride and also 1, 1.56, 2.45 and 3.83 mg L-1 methylthioninium chloride. A control group (with no chemical added) was set up for each experiment. After exposure to treatments during 96 h, the microbial and histopathological examinations were carried out. Hemorrhage, elongation of secondary lamellae, adhesion of secondary lamellae, hypertrophy of supporter cartilage, mucus coagulation and secretion, hyperplasia, lamellar necrosis and clubbing of gill lamellae were observed on the fish gills. Biliary depression, hemorrhage, cell necrosis and degeneration of lipid were also found in liver. The severity of these effects was dose-dependent. Only the sublethal concentration of methylthioninium chloride significantly influenced bacterial load (CFU g-1) on skin, while other treatments of sodium chloride and methylthioninium chloride did not exhibit any significant effects. In conclusion, the sublethal doses of methylthioninium chloride and sodium chloride showed no obvious disinfecting effect on gill, skin and surrounding water of Persian sturgeon fingerling. Nevertheless, histopathological alterations were observed on fish gill, skin and also liver of all treatments.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"75-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68211867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Fallah, A. P. Zefrehei, Seyyed Aliakbar Hedayati, T. Bagheri
Urgent is growing to have reliable information from the country's water resources. In recent years, data mining models such as artificial neural network (ANN), gene expression programming, Bayesian network, machine algorithms, such as a support vector machine (SVM), and Random Forest have found widespread use in the field of simulation and prediction of components in aquatic ecosystems. Variables vary greatly on water quality parameters (due to nonlinear and complex relationships). Therefore, conventional methods are not eligible to solve water resource quality management problems. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of simulating the spatial and temporal alterations in water quality parameters during the period 1985-2014 in Anzali Wetland using a SVM model. Based on principal components analysis (PCA), the parameters EC, TDS, pH and BOD5 were selected for analysis in this study. Spearman correlation was calculated to determine the inputs of the model and the correlation coefficient(CC) between the water quality parameters. According to the results of the correlation table analysis, 8 types of structures including different inputs were used to predict the parameters with machine vector. In the next stage, 70% of the data were used to train, while the rest were used for analyzing the models. Criteria for determination coefficient (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used for evaluation and model performance. The results revealed that in verification stage among different used models, the pH had the highest accuracy (0.95), while the lowest RMSE (0.20). Trend of alterations for optimal model of each parameter on a time scale, indicated an adequate estimation at most points. In general, the results exhibited the appropriate accuracy and acceptable performance of the SVM model in simulating water parameters.
{"title":"Comparison of temporal and spatial patterns of water quality parameters in Anzali Wetland (southwest of the Caspian Sea) using Support vector machine model","authors":"M. Fallah, A. P. Zefrehei, Seyyed Aliakbar Hedayati, T. Bagheri","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2021.4500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2021.4500","url":null,"abstract":"Urgent is growing to have reliable information from the country's water resources. In recent years, data mining models such as artificial neural network (ANN), gene expression programming, Bayesian network, machine algorithms, such as a support vector machine (SVM), and Random Forest have found widespread use in the field of simulation and prediction of components in aquatic ecosystems. Variables vary greatly on water quality parameters (due to nonlinear and complex relationships). Therefore, conventional methods are not eligible to solve water resource quality management problems. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of simulating the spatial and temporal alterations in water quality parameters during the period 1985-2014 in Anzali Wetland using a SVM model. Based on principal components analysis (PCA), the parameters EC, TDS, pH and BOD5 were selected for analysis in this study. Spearman correlation was calculated to determine the inputs of the model and the correlation coefficient(CC) between the water quality parameters. According to the results of the correlation table analysis, 8 types of structures including different inputs were used to predict the parameters with machine vector. In the next stage, 70% of the data were used to train, while the rest were used for analyzing the models. Criteria for determination coefficient (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used for evaluation and model performance. The results revealed that in verification stage among different used models, the pH had the highest accuracy (0.95), while the lowest RMSE (0.20). Trend of alterations for optimal model of each parameter on a time scale, indicated an adequate estimation at most points. In general, the results exhibited the appropriate accuracy and acceptable performance of the SVM model in simulating water parameters.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"93 1","pages":"95-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68211956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Landfills represent possible sources of diverse contaminants that can cause human health and ecological problems. The purpose of this study is to assess the pollution caused by a leachate from Ziama Mensouriah municipal landfill (north-eastern Algeria) affecting sediments and surface water. The water quality has been evaluated using River Pollution Index (RPI). Sediment contamination assessment was carried out using the pollution indicators including: contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo). According to the results, the RPI of Amsal River indicates an unpolluted water at site 1 (S1) (RPI = 2.5), severely polluted water at landfill effluent discharge (S2) (RPI = 8.25) and moderately polluted once at site (S3) (RPI = 5.5). In sediments, the order of mean concentration (µg g-1) of metals was Pb (156.2) > Cd (1.76). Furthermore, spatial distribution of both metals in sediments showed a significantly higher concentration at S2 indicating that metal pollution is caused by leachate from the studied municipal landfill. The Igeo values reveal that Pb was significantly accumulated compared to Cd. The highest CF values (>6) of Pb and Cd determined at S2 promote a high Pb and Cd contamination in that specific station. The PLI results showed that all sites, except for S1, were moderately to extremely heavy contaminated.
{"title":"Municipal solid waste landfill impact on sediments and surface water quality of Amsal River: A case study of Ziama Mansouriah landfill (Northeastern Algeria)","authors":"Leila Benfridja, A. Krika, F. Krika","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2021.4502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2021.4502","url":null,"abstract":"Landfills represent possible sources of diverse contaminants that can cause human health and ecological problems. The purpose of this study is to assess the pollution caused by a leachate from Ziama Mensouriah municipal landfill (north-eastern Algeria) affecting sediments and surface water. The water quality has been evaluated using River Pollution Index (RPI). Sediment contamination assessment was carried out using the pollution indicators including: contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo). According to the results, the RPI of Amsal River indicates an unpolluted water at site 1 (S1) (RPI = 2.5), severely polluted water at landfill effluent discharge (S2) (RPI = 8.25) and moderately polluted once at site (S3) (RPI = 5.5). In sediments, the order of mean concentration (µg g-1) of metals was Pb (156.2) > Cd (1.76). Furthermore, spatial distribution of both metals in sediments showed a significantly higher concentration at S2 indicating that metal pollution is caused by leachate from the studied municipal landfill. The Igeo values reveal that Pb was significantly accumulated compared to Cd. The highest CF values (>6) of Pb and Cd determined at S2 promote a high Pb and Cd contamination in that specific station. The PLI results showed that all sites, except for S1, were moderately to extremely heavy contaminated.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"115-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68212026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study is to determine the factors affecting the adoption of new technologies by poplar growers in Sowmeh Sara City, Guilan Province, north of Iran. The statistical population of the study includes poplar growers in the city. A total of 200 individuals were examined based on Cochran's formula and cluster sampling method at 2018. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine the impact of attitudes toward technology, understanding the use of technology, technological features, and social participation on the adoption of new technologies. Understanding the use of technology and social participation, and their constituent items, have had the greatest impact on the adoption of new technologies by poplar growers in Sowmeh Sara City. Accurate and transparent information about the features of new technologies and their differences with traditional methods is the key strategy in introducing these technologies and it will lead to adoption by poplar growers.
{"title":"Factors affecting the adoption of new technologies by poplar growers in North Iran (Case study: Sowmeh Sara City)","authors":"R. Roohi, M. Menhaj, M. Kavoosi-Kalashami","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2021.4505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2021.4505","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to determine the factors affecting the adoption of new technologies by poplar growers in Sowmeh Sara City, Guilan Province, north of Iran. The statistical population of the study includes poplar growers in the city. A total of 200 individuals were examined based on Cochran's formula and cluster sampling method at 2018. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine the impact of attitudes toward technology, understanding the use of technology, technological features, and social participation on the adoption of new technologies. Understanding the use of technology and social participation, and their constituent items, have had the greatest impact on the adoption of new technologies by poplar growers in Sowmeh Sara City. Accurate and transparent information about the features of new technologies and their differences with traditional methods is the key strategy in introducing these technologies and it will lead to adoption by poplar growers.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"151-158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68212142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main objective of this study is to investigate the production of carbon dioxide and its effective factors on CO2 emission in Iran and other parts of the world. The results show that by increasing the population and to meet their needs, it is necessary to increase the production of fossil fuels, in the less-developed or developing countries. Also in developing countries by increase in the gross domestic product (GDP), expenditure in these countries arises. Since there is no suitable infrastructure for optimal use of resources properly. In Iran, the rate of CO2 emission arises by increased population and GDP. However, in developed countries, due to the high technology available to the society and government, the amount of CO2 emission is decreasing or under the control. In order to create suitable infrastructure for proper management of resources and expenditure, as well as to reduce CO2 emission, long-term planning is suggested to be drawn. Hence, transferring the technology to the country and domesticating it, will help in this trend. Furthermore, cooperation with successful countries in the field of reduction and control of CO2 emission and using experiences of successful countries facilitated this trend.
{"title":"Assessing the level of CO2 emission in Iran via the econometric approach","authors":"K. Asayesh","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2021.4526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2021.4526","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this study is to investigate the production of carbon dioxide and its effective factors on CO2 emission in Iran and other parts of the world. The results show that by increasing the population and to meet their needs, it is necessary to increase the production of fossil fuels, in the less-developed or developing countries. Also in developing countries by increase in the gross domestic product (GDP), expenditure in these countries arises. Since there is no suitable infrastructure for optimal use of resources properly. In Iran, the rate of CO2 emission arises by increased population and GDP. However, in developed countries, due to the high technology available to the society and government, the amount of CO2 emission is decreasing or under the control. In order to create suitable infrastructure for proper management of resources and expenditure, as well as to reduce CO2 emission, long-term planning is suggested to be drawn. Hence, transferring the technology to the country and domesticating it, will help in this trend. Furthermore, cooperation with successful countries in the field of reduction and control of CO2 emission and using experiences of successful countries facilitated this trend.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"173-181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68211779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Fazli, G. Daryanabard, M. N. Jolodar, Hassan Mollaei, Hosein Taleshian, F. Bagherzadeh
The main objectives of the present study were to determine the species composition of Caspian shad, genus Alosa and to estimate the LWR, CF, and Kn of A. braschnikowi and A. caspia during different months in the southeastern coast of the Caspian Sea. Two fishing methods, small mesh size beach seine and gillnet were used from December 2013 through July 2014. A. braschnikowi and A. caspia, were distinguished in the southeastern part of the Caspian Sea (Goharbaran), consisting of 57.1% and 42.9% of the Alosa catch, respectively. The slopes (b values) of the length-weight regression were 3.241 and 2.844 which were significantly different from 3 (P<0.05), indicating positive and negative allometric growth, respectively. The average CF of A. braschnikowi and A. caspia were calculated as 0.72 ± 0.12 and 0.83 ± 0.13, respectively. The average CF for both species were significantly different among months (P<0.001). There was a significantly negative correlation between size classes and CF of A. caspia. The Kn was greater than 1 for A. braschnikowi and lower than 1 for A. caspia indicating good well-being of A. braschnikowi as opposed to A. caspia in the southeastern Caspian Sea.
{"title":"Length-weight relationship, condition factor and relative condition factor of Alosa braschnikowi and A. caspia in the southeast of the Caspian Sea (Goharbaran)","authors":"H. Fazli, G. Daryanabard, M. N. Jolodar, Hassan Mollaei, Hosein Taleshian, F. Bagherzadeh","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2021.4501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2021.4501","url":null,"abstract":"The main objectives of the present study were to determine the species composition of Caspian shad, genus Alosa and to estimate the LWR, CF, and Kn of A. braschnikowi and A. caspia during different months in the southeastern coast of the Caspian Sea. Two fishing methods, small mesh size beach seine and gillnet were used from December 2013 through July 2014. A. braschnikowi and A. caspia, were distinguished in the southeastern part of the Caspian Sea (Goharbaran), consisting of 57.1% and 42.9% of the Alosa catch, respectively. The slopes (b values) of the length-weight regression were 3.241 and 2.844 which were significantly different from 3 (P<0.05), indicating positive and negative allometric growth, respectively. The average CF of A. braschnikowi and A. caspia were calculated as 0.72 ± 0.12 and 0.83 ± 0.13, respectively. The average CF for both species were significantly different among months (P<0.001). There was a significantly negative correlation between size classes and CF of A. caspia. The Kn was greater than 1 for A. braschnikowi and lower than 1 for A. caspia indicating good well-being of A. braschnikowi as opposed to A. caspia in the southeastern Caspian Sea.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"105-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68211973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Bakhshipour, I. Bagheri, C. Psomopoulos, H. Zareiforoush
This paper presents an overview of the current municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Rasht City, Guilan Province, Iran, followed by evaluating the potential for waste-to-energy. The data of different MSW functional elements were collected from previous works, available reports, interviews and meetings with specialists in the field. About 800 tons MSWs are generated in Rasht per day, of those, over 75% are organic wastes followed by paper and cardboard comprising 5.9%. The daily theoretical energy contained in the city MSWs was estimated to be over 591.62 megawatt hour (MWh, over 215942.54 MWh per year). Almost 500 tons of daily MSWs are directly transferred to Saravan as the biggest landfill in north of Iran with an area of about 30 ha, while the remaining portion is treated in the Guilan composting plant. Landfill mining calculations showed that we could recycle about 3008947, 36793, 61443 and 18366 tons of plastics, textile, wood and rubbers collected from Saravan landfill respectively. A simple assessment of waste-to-energy potentials from organic wastes using operational conversion coefficients revealed that by employing the combination of waste-to-energy and gas turbine technology, an estimated energy of 227.668 MWh can be produced from the Rasht daily food wastes. Although MSW management in Rasht has been improved over the last decade owing to the establishment of waste recycling and composting organization, however it is still far from the standard situation due to lack of comprehensive waste management planning, financial resources and infrastructures
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