The anatomical characters of the leaves, trichomes and stems of 12 species of Caryophyllaceae family were studied. The results showed that the average of epidermal cells length in the adaxial surface ranged between 95.00 µm in Agrostemma githago and 29.5 µm in Agrostemma gracile, while in the abaxial surface, it ranged between 92.5 µm in A. githago and 35.62 µm in A. gracile. Stomatal complex was circular and elliptic-shaped. All species have four types of stomata: diacytic, anomocytic, paracytic and hemiparacytic. Trichome and their distribution does play significant role in the taxonomic delimitation, A. gracile trichomes have non-glandular hairs, while Arenaria balansae has non-glandular and glandular hairs. Two types of mesophyll appear to be a good diagnostic characteristic isobilateral in the Agrostemma species and dorsiventral (bifacial) in the remaining species as well as several sclerenchyma layers including thick and thin-walled cells that surrounded vascular bundle and also the petiole contains many layers of sclerenchyma cells. Stem shape and size were different between species. The stems had the greatest size (1064.50 µm) in Acanthophyllum bracteatum, while the smallest stem cross section (450.46 µm) in A. balansae. Cells were rich in druses crystals. Sclerenchymatous layers were observed in all species. The number of sclerenchyma was different between the species, so that, 12-23 layers in A. gracile and 4-7 in A. crassifolium. Size of pith was different. The greatest was 280.22 mm in Agrostemma githago, while no pith was found in Polycarpon tetraphyllum and Arenaria balansae.
{"title":"Taxonomic significance of anatomical characters in some species of Caryophyllaceae Family in Iraq","authors":"S. S. Al-taie, S. A. A. Al-Saadi","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2021.4924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2021.4924","url":null,"abstract":"The anatomical characters of the leaves, trichomes and stems of 12 species of Caryophyllaceae family were studied. The results showed that the average of epidermal cells length in the adaxial surface ranged between 95.00 µm in Agrostemma githago and 29.5 µm in Agrostemma gracile, while in the abaxial surface, it ranged between 92.5 µm in A. githago and 35.62 µm in A. gracile. Stomatal complex was circular and elliptic-shaped. All species have four types of stomata: diacytic, anomocytic, paracytic and hemiparacytic. Trichome and their distribution does play significant role in the taxonomic delimitation, A. gracile trichomes have non-glandular hairs, while Arenaria balansae has non-glandular and glandular hairs. Two types of mesophyll appear to be a good diagnostic characteristic isobilateral in the Agrostemma species and dorsiventral (bifacial) in the remaining species as well as several sclerenchyma layers including thick and thin-walled cells that surrounded vascular bundle and also the petiole contains many layers of sclerenchyma cells. Stem shape and size were different between species. The stems had the greatest size (1064.50 µm) in Acanthophyllum bracteatum, while the smallest stem cross section (450.46 µm) in A. balansae. Cells were rich in druses crystals. Sclerenchymatous layers were observed in all species. The number of sclerenchyma was different between the species, so that, 12-23 layers in A. gracile and 4-7 in A. crassifolium. Size of pith was different. The greatest was 280.22 mm in Agrostemma githago, while no pith was found in Polycarpon tetraphyllum and Arenaria balansae.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"503-511"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46407297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fresh and processed vegetables are included in our diet every day. Due to vegetables the human body receives the bulk of the vitamins and minerals necessary for life. Considering the special role of the vegetable growing industry in population provision with the necessary fortified products, topical issues of the industry efficiency and investment attractiveness increase are of strategic importance for the country food security and for import substitution problem solution for fresh vegetable products. The development of domestic vegetable growing is under close scrutiny of state authorities at both the federal and regional levels. Significant development funds are allocated annually by the budgets of various levels. The current support measures include compensation for the part of the interest rate on loans (soft loans), reimbursement of capital construction costs, agricultural-technological work, soil fertility increase, etc. Thanks to these support measures, vegetable growing in Russia has become highly effective and it contributes to import substitution. At the same time, the allocated funds and agricultural production must be financially protected from uncontrolled natural anomalies. Agricultural insurance is a reliable way to protect the property interests of an agricultural producer from the impact of natural disasters. The study examined the Russian and foreign experience of agricultural insurance. Much attention is paid to the application of the statistical research method. Taking into account the problematics of the research topic and its poor study, this work makes a great contribution to the scientific literature. The need for agricultural insurance is referred to the main result of the study, and is recommended in planning the activities of agricultural production
{"title":"Agricultural insurance: Vegetable production efficiency increase","authors":"A. Konstantinovich, Vadim A. Konstantinovich","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2021.4951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2021.4951","url":null,"abstract":"Fresh and processed vegetables are included in our diet every day. Due to vegetables the human body receives the bulk of the vitamins and minerals necessary for life. Considering the special role of the vegetable growing industry in population provision with the necessary fortified products, topical issues of the industry efficiency and investment attractiveness increase are of strategic importance for the country food security and for import substitution problem solution for fresh vegetable products. The development of domestic vegetable growing is under close scrutiny of state authorities at both the federal and regional levels. Significant development funds are allocated annually by the budgets of various levels. The current support measures include compensation for the part of the interest rate on loans (soft loans), reimbursement of capital construction costs, agricultural-technological work, soil fertility increase, etc. Thanks to these support measures, vegetable growing in Russia has become highly effective and it contributes to import substitution. At the same time, the allocated funds and agricultural production must be financially protected from uncontrolled natural anomalies. Agricultural insurance is a reliable way to protect the property interests of an agricultural producer from the impact of natural disasters. The study examined the Russian and foreign experience of agricultural insurance. Much attention is paid to the application of the statistical research method. Taking into account the problematics of the research topic and its poor study, this work makes a great contribution to the scientific literature. The need for agricultural insurance is referred to the main result of the study, and is recommended in planning the activities of agricultural production","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"575-579"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45065654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the current study, the concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in water and total organic carbon content in sediments were measured. A number of environmental factors, including water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity, nitrates, and phosphates, have also been measured in the Tigris River deposits and in three selected stations on its course in Maysan Province in southern Iraq during the months of November, 2014, December, 2014, and January, 2015. The highest temperature, 25 °C, was recorded at Ali Al Gharbi District Station (St1) in November, while the lowest temperature, 15°C, was recorded at Al-Amara District Station (St2) in January. Moreover, the highest value of dissolved oxygen, 9.1 mg L-1, was recorded in St1 in January, while the lowest value, 7.5 mg L-1, was recorded at the same station in December. All pH values were within the baseline trend for the duration of the study, with the highest level, 7.8, recorded at St2 in November, while the lowest level, 7.05, at Al Majar Al-Kabir District Station (St3) in the same month. The highest value for electrical conductivity was 2416 μs cm-1 at Al-Amara District Station in November, while the lowest value was 2000 μs cm-1 at the same station in December. The highest concentration of nitrate ion, 6.25 mg L-1, was recorded at St2 in November, while the lowest value, 3.8 mg L-1,at St1 in December. Moreover, the highest phosphate value, 0.59 mg L-1, was recorded at St2 in January, while the lowest, 0.049 mg L-1, at St3 in November. The highest rate of total organic carbon content was 2.15%, recorded at St2 in November, while the lowest, 1.7%, at St1 in the same month. The highest concentration of TPHs in the water was 5.22, recorded at St2 in January, while the lowest, 2.85, at St1 in November. The present study concluded that St2 was heavily contaminated with organic matter. This station had the highest concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons, which is mainly due to the increased population density beside the station, leading to increased human activities and the introduction of various wastes. These wastes contain nutrients and organic compounds, such as compounds containing petroleum derivatives, discharging to the water and sediment. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the organic carbon rate (%) and the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons.
{"title":"Measuring pollution based on total petroleum hydrocarbons and total organic carbon in Tigris River, Maysan Province, Southern Iraq","authors":"Lazim Israa Ibrahim, A. Adnan","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2021.4939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2021.4939","url":null,"abstract":"In the current study, the concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in water and total organic carbon content in sediments were measured. A number of environmental factors, including water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity, nitrates, and phosphates, have also been measured in the Tigris River deposits and in three selected stations on its course in Maysan Province in southern Iraq during the months of November, 2014, December, 2014, and January, 2015. The highest temperature, 25 °C, was recorded at Ali Al Gharbi District Station (St1) in November, while the lowest temperature, 15°C, was recorded at Al-Amara District Station (St2) in January. Moreover, the highest value of dissolved oxygen, 9.1 mg L-1, was recorded in St1 in January, while the lowest value, 7.5 mg L-1, was recorded at the same station in December. All pH values were within the baseline trend for the duration of the study, with the highest level, 7.8, recorded at St2 in November, while the lowest level, 7.05, at Al Majar Al-Kabir District Station (St3) in the same month. The highest value for electrical conductivity was 2416 μs cm-1 at Al-Amara District Station in November, while the lowest value was 2000 μs cm-1 at the same station in December. The highest concentration of nitrate ion, 6.25 mg L-1, was recorded at St2 in November, while the lowest value, 3.8 mg L-1,at St1 in December. Moreover, the highest phosphate value, 0.59 mg L-1, was recorded at St2 in January, while the lowest, 0.049 mg L-1, at St3 in November. The highest rate of total organic carbon content was 2.15%, recorded at St2 in November, while the lowest, 1.7%, at St1 in the same month. The highest concentration of TPHs in the water was 5.22, recorded at St2 in January, while the lowest, 2.85, at St1 in November. The present study concluded that St2 was heavily contaminated with organic matter. This station had the highest concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons, which is mainly due to the increased population density beside the station, leading to increased human activities and the introduction of various wastes. These wastes contain nutrients and organic compounds, such as compounds containing petroleum derivatives, discharging to the water and sediment. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the organic carbon rate (%) and the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"535-545"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49358683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Abolpour, Mohammad Najaf Tarqi, Y. A. Dolatabad, Fatemeh Salahi Sarbijan
In this study, the arsenic polution of drinking water wells of rural areas was investigated for obtaining the extent of this pollution and also finding the possible sources for this pollution. So, the distribution of arsenic in 19 wells with different depth from 5 to 100 m and water flows were examined in a 6-month period from September 2016 to February 2017. These samples were compared with the international standards. Effects of well depth, water flow, rainfall, soil and land usage on the arsenic concentration were evaluated. The results show that places with the inceptisols have higher water pollution. The highest and lowest arsenic concentrations are reported in Daryache and Hokerd villages with 153 and 0.5 μg L-1, respectively. In addition, matching the geographical map of water pollution with the land use map by hot spots analysis indicated that more polluted water wells have been located around the agricultural land. The results also indicated that the accuracy of the RBF method for obtaining the zoning arsenic concentration is higher than the other methods. The results of Pearson’s correlation test indicated that there is no significant relationship among the depths, flows and rainfalls of wells and the arsenic concentration.
{"title":"Risk evaluation and distribution of arsenic concentration in groundwater resources of villages in Jiroft County, Kerman Province, Iran","authors":"B. Abolpour, Mohammad Najaf Tarqi, Y. A. Dolatabad, Fatemeh Salahi Sarbijan","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2021.4944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2021.4944","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the arsenic polution of drinking water wells of rural areas was investigated for obtaining the extent of this pollution and also finding the possible sources for this pollution. So, the distribution of arsenic in 19 wells with different depth from 5 to 100 m and water flows were examined in a 6-month period from September 2016 to February 2017. These samples were compared with the international standards. Effects of well depth, water flow, rainfall, soil and land usage on the arsenic concentration were evaluated. The results show that places with the inceptisols have higher water pollution. The highest and lowest arsenic concentrations are reported in Daryache and Hokerd villages with 153 and 0.5 μg L-1, respectively. In addition, matching the geographical map of water pollution with the land use map by hot spots analysis indicated that more polluted water wells have been located around the agricultural land. The results also indicated that the accuracy of the RBF method for obtaining the zoning arsenic concentration is higher than the other methods. The results of Pearson’s correlation test indicated that there is no significant relationship among the depths, flows and rainfalls of wells and the arsenic concentration.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"559-573"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47556670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The change in availability of water resources has a dynamic behavior and is influenced by many factors such as population growth and climate variability over time. Understanding the impacts of such factors on water resources vulnerability is essential for ensuring the sustainability of future water resources. In this study, a water resources sustainable index is built using a system dynamics model to assess the effects of different scenarios at the Kowsar dam basin in southwestern Iran where managing water resources is serious challenging due to periodic drought. Based on the baseline scenario, the total population, as well as total water demand, will increase and water supply will decrease throughout the simulated period. Therefore, the imbalanced supply-demand of water can cause the water system vulnerable. In this regard, water management policies should concentrate on the demand side of water to address the problem of water resource shortage in a good manner. Although pessimistic climatic conditions along with population growth put the water system in the worse situation of water availability, where the demand control policies likely help meet the increasing water demand. Compared to the pessimistic conditions, the water sustainability index improves in normal and optimistic conditions. The highest sustainability index was obtained after controlling water demand in optimistic weather condition. Consequently, the government should provide a context in which people learn to control their daily water consumption. Also, it suggests that we can conserve water resources in the agricultural sector with conservation policies.
{"title":"Water resources sustainability under climate variability and population growth in Iran: A system dynamics approach","authors":"G. Layani, M. Bakhshoodeh, M. Zibaei","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2021.4931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2021.4931","url":null,"abstract":"The change in availability of water resources has a dynamic behavior and is influenced by many factors such as population growth and climate variability over time. Understanding the impacts of such factors on water resources vulnerability is essential for ensuring the sustainability of future water resources. In this study, a water resources sustainable index is built using a system dynamics model to assess the effects of different scenarios at the Kowsar dam basin in southwestern Iran where managing water resources is serious challenging due to periodic drought. Based on the baseline scenario, the total population, as well as total water demand, will increase and water supply will decrease throughout the simulated period. Therefore, the imbalanced supply-demand of water can cause the water system vulnerable. In this regard, water management policies should concentrate on the demand side of water to address the problem of water resource shortage in a good manner. Although pessimistic climatic conditions along with population growth put the water system in the worse situation of water availability, where the demand control policies likely help meet the increasing water demand. Compared to the pessimistic conditions, the water sustainability index improves in normal and optimistic conditions. The highest sustainability index was obtained after controlling water demand in optimistic weather condition. Consequently, the government should provide a context in which people learn to control their daily water consumption. Also, it suggests that we can conserve water resources in the agricultural sector with conservation policies.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"441-455"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45043642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study covered 100 displaced persons from Mosul city to which skin tests were applied as well as count of eosinophils, to detect allergy. Only 35 persons of both genders exhibited positive response to the used allergens with an increased number of eosinophils. 8 males and 27 females, and their ages ranged between 17-77 years. At testing the skin for the inhaled allergens, Saliceae trees recorded the highest overall percentage of allergy (60%), Betulaceae family recorded an overall percentage of allergy (45.7%) followed by Timothy overall percentage (42.9%), Salsola (34.3%), the combination of three trees including Corylus, Alnus and Betula (31.4%), the plant Artemisia (25.7%), Urtica dioica (22.9%), and finally Fraxinus excelsior (22.8%). Dogs and cats hairs recorded the highest percentage of allergy (51%) among epithelial tissue allergens, followed by horse hair (31.4%) and the least percentage was of feathers (8.6%). Houses dust mite when mixing the two types Dermatophoides farina and D. pteronyssinus recorded the highest percentage (45.7%). Among the fungi, Alternaria alternate recorded the highest percentage (37.1%), Cladosporum herbarum (34.2%) and the least percentage was related to the fungus Aspergillus fumigatu (28.6%). The studied sensitizers (except feathers) have significant difference at probability level of P < 0/05.
{"title":"Atopic allergy to allergens inhaled by displaced people in Mosul City","authors":"F. Hussein, I. Lateef, Enas A. Al-Layla","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2021.4922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2021.4922","url":null,"abstract":"This study covered 100 displaced persons from Mosul city to which skin tests were applied as well as count of eosinophils, to detect allergy. Only 35 persons of both genders exhibited positive response to the used allergens with an increased number of eosinophils. 8 males and 27 females, and their ages ranged between 17-77 years. At testing the skin for the inhaled allergens, Saliceae trees recorded the highest overall percentage of allergy (60%), Betulaceae family recorded an overall percentage of allergy (45.7%) followed by Timothy overall percentage (42.9%), Salsola (34.3%), the combination of three trees including Corylus, Alnus and Betula (31.4%), the plant Artemisia (25.7%), Urtica dioica (22.9%), and finally Fraxinus excelsior (22.8%). Dogs and cats hairs recorded the highest percentage of allergy (51%) among epithelial tissue allergens, followed by horse hair (31.4%) and the least percentage was of feathers (8.6%). Houses dust mite when mixing the two types Dermatophoides farina and D. pteronyssinus recorded the highest percentage (45.7%). Among the fungi, Alternaria alternate recorded the highest percentage (37.1%), Cladosporum herbarum (34.2%) and the least percentage was related to the fungus Aspergillus fumigatu (28.6%). The studied sensitizers (except feathers) have significant difference at probability level of P < 0/05.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"483-494"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48475358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fariborz Gheibi, H. Kiadaliri, P. Attarod, S. B. Kafaky, A. Shirvany
The Persian oak, Quercus brantii trees and to a lesser extent, man-mad plantations in the Zagros region of western Iran have been in decline since 2000. The decline is assumed to be partially connected with invasions of dust and particulate materials created in neighboring countries. We measured rainfall interception (I) and quantified the amount and size of dust and particulate material (PM) deposited on leaves of Q. brantii as well as Pinus brutia and Cupressus arizonica man-made trees after rainfall (GR) leaching. Throughfall (TF) was measured using the sixteen rain gauges randomly located under the crown of individual species. GR was measured using rain gauges fixed in an open field nearby to the species and I was computed as the difference between GR and TF. Seven and three GR events and corresponding collected TF were centrifuged and dried out to measure the amount and size of intercepted PM by the species, respectively. Fifteen GR events occurred during the study period (cumulative GR: 128.9 mm). The mean ratio of I to GR equaled 35% for Q. brantii against 53% for P. brutia and 45% for C. arizonica. We found out that mean rainfall event (7.83 mm) during the measurement period was able to wash off PM content by 3.6, 6, and 6.8 mg per square meter of crown projected area (CPA) for Q. brantii, P. brutia, and C. arizonica, respectively. The ratio of PMs smaller than 5 µm was lower in TFs (mean: 15.4% for all species) compared to open field 27.2%. All species presented approximately the same potential for PM absorption. P. brutia and C. arizonica were capable of absorbing larger PMs compared to Q. brantii. The results showed that exotic species demonstrated satisfactory potentials in absorbing particulate material nevertheless their higher interception capacity should be considered while they are recommended for afforestation in the semi-arid climate of the Zagros region.
{"title":"Rainfall and dust interception potentials of oak trees and plantations in the Zagros region","authors":"Fariborz Gheibi, H. Kiadaliri, P. Attarod, S. B. Kafaky, A. Shirvany","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2021.4926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2021.4926","url":null,"abstract":"The Persian oak, Quercus brantii trees and to a lesser extent, man-mad plantations in the Zagros region of western Iran have been in decline since 2000. The decline is assumed to be partially connected with invasions of dust and particulate materials created in neighboring countries. We measured rainfall interception (I) and quantified the amount and size of dust and particulate material (PM) deposited on leaves of Q. brantii as well as Pinus brutia and Cupressus arizonica man-made trees after rainfall (GR) leaching. Throughfall (TF) was measured using the sixteen rain gauges randomly located under the crown of individual species. GR was measured using rain gauges fixed in an open field nearby to the species and I was computed as the difference between GR and TF. Seven and three GR events and corresponding collected TF were centrifuged and dried out to measure the amount and size of intercepted PM by the species, respectively. Fifteen GR events occurred during the study period (cumulative GR: 128.9 mm). The mean ratio of I to GR equaled 35% for Q. brantii against 53% for P. brutia and 45% for C. arizonica. We found out that mean rainfall event (7.83 mm) during the measurement period was able to wash off PM content by 3.6, 6, and 6.8 mg per square meter of crown projected area (CPA) for Q. brantii, P. brutia, and C. arizonica, respectively. The ratio of PMs smaller than 5 µm was lower in TFs (mean: 15.4% for all species) compared to open field 27.2%. All species presented approximately the same potential for PM absorption. P. brutia and C. arizonica were capable of absorbing larger PMs compared to Q. brantii. The results showed that exotic species demonstrated satisfactory potentials in absorbing particulate material nevertheless their higher interception capacity should be considered while they are recommended for afforestation in the semi-arid climate of the Zagros region.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"391-399"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46996682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research aimed to determine the level of knowledge of poultry field workers in Al-Kufa City, Najaf Province with preventive practices against bird flu diseaseand its relationship to some of their personal and objective factors. A questionnaire form was adopted to collect data including two parts. The first one was related to personal and objective information of workers in poultry fields. The second one was included a cognitive level test for them, including 40 test items distributed into four areas of knowledge about bird flu as follows: bird flu disease, transmission ways of disease to human, preventive practices against the disease and types of disinfectants used in poultry fields. The study was included 722 workers in all poultry fields of Al-Kufa City and a random sample of them (15%) was applied. Results showed that the level of knowledge of poultry field workers was weak to medium and varied among knowledge areas of bird flu disease. There was a positive correlation between the cognitive level and each of academic achievement and the type of breeding, while, there was negative correlation with age and field specialization variables. Other factors such as years of work, workers number, the level of contact with preventive and indicative information sources, the distance between the field and the house and the type of birds had no significant correlation. The study was recommended the necessity of establishing indicative programs for workers in poultry fields about preventive practices and disinfectant types used against bird flu disease.
{"title":"The level of knowledge of poultry fields workers in Najaf Province, Iraq with preventive practices against bird flu disease","authors":"Hussein Hnoosh, L. Jaafar","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2021.4953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2021.4953","url":null,"abstract":"This research aimed to determine the level of knowledge of poultry field workers in Al-Kufa City, Najaf Province with preventive practices against bird flu diseaseand its relationship to some of their personal and objective factors. A questionnaire form was adopted to collect data including two parts. The first one was related to personal and objective information of workers in poultry fields. The second one was included a cognitive level test for them, including 40 test items distributed into four areas of knowledge about bird flu as follows: bird flu disease, transmission ways of disease to human, preventive practices against the disease and types of disinfectants used in poultry fields. The study was included 722 workers in all poultry fields of Al-Kufa City and a random sample of them (15%) was applied. Results showed that the level of knowledge of poultry field workers was weak to medium and varied among knowledge areas of bird flu disease. There was a positive correlation between the cognitive level and each of academic achievement and the type of breeding, while, there was negative correlation with age and field specialization variables. Other factors such as years of work, workers number, the level of contact with preventive and indicative information sources, the distance between the field and the house and the type of birds had no significant correlation. The study was recommended the necessity of establishing indicative programs for workers in poultry fields about preventive practices and disinfectant types used against bird flu disease.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"581-587"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41362249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amer M. J. Alshamri, Aseel M. Aljeboree, Mohammed B. Alqaragully, A. Alkaim
In this research, activated carbon (coconut husk waste) is prepared using sulfuric acid activation from coconut husk waste which is a cheap material that shows agreed scavenging actions by adsorption for eliminating the toxic textile dyes (methylene blue MB, crystal violet CV, as well as Brilliant Blue BB) from the aqueous solutions. In a shaker water bath, different physio-chemical factors like contact time, adsorbent dose, pH, temperature of the dye solution and initial concentration of the dye have been measured and the adsorption time is 120 minutes. The results show that adsorption of MB, CV is favorable at a high pH value, but at acidic pH, the brilliant blue BB dye is favorable. The activated carbon thermodynamic analysis is conducted using three dyes: The Gibbs free energy, entropy and also enthalpy. According to the results, the adsorption is a Physical (endothermic). It is also found that the activated carbon is regulated by the equations of Freundlich and Temkin. Finally, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) have been used to show adsorption.
{"title":"Removal of toxic textile dyes from aqueous solution through adsorption onto coconut husk waste: Thermodynamic and isotherm studies","authors":"Amer M. J. Alshamri, Aseel M. Aljeboree, Mohammed B. Alqaragully, A. Alkaim","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2021.4937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2021.4937","url":null,"abstract":"In this research, activated carbon (coconut husk waste) is prepared using sulfuric acid activation from coconut husk waste which is a cheap material that shows agreed scavenging actions by adsorption for eliminating the toxic textile dyes (methylene blue MB, crystal violet CV, as well as Brilliant Blue BB) from the aqueous solutions. In a shaker water bath, different physio-chemical factors like contact time, adsorbent dose, pH, temperature of the dye solution and initial concentration of the dye have been measured and the adsorption time is 120 minutes. The results show that adsorption of MB, CV is favorable at a high pH value, but at acidic pH, the brilliant blue BB dye is favorable. The activated carbon thermodynamic analysis is conducted using three dyes: The Gibbs free energy, entropy and also enthalpy. According to the results, the adsorption is a Physical (endothermic). It is also found that the activated carbon is regulated by the equations of Freundlich and Temkin. Finally, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) have been used to show adsorption.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"513-522"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44972597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Traditionally, calculation of landscape metrics is commonly conducted on land cover/use maps of entire landscape which is created from remotely sensed data. An interesting approach, however, is to make use of sample data, without the use of wall-to-wall mapping. In the present review and case study, it is aimed to estimate three basic landscape metrics, namely Shannon’s diversity (SH), forest edge length (E) and contagion (C) from field-based sampling data. It is also intended to estimate landscape change using time series datasets. Estimated variance (sampling error) was used to assess landscape metric estimators. For this purpose, sampling data from National Inventory in the Landscape of Sweden (NILS) is used. In this case study, the metrics are estimated with acceptable precision. In most cases, the estimated variance (sampling error) was less than 10 %. The largest sampling error was 28 % for forest edge length. We will be able to compare different landscape at a given time or a landscape over time using filed-based sampling data. Furthermore, in an ecological survey it may be possible to find a relationship between landscape pattern and ecological processes such as biodiversity. The methods applied in this study is very simple and there is no need for extra measurements.
{"title":"Status and trend analysis in landscape pattern through field-based sampling data","authors":"H. Ramezani, F. Ramezani","doi":"10.22124/CJES.2021.4921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22124/CJES.2021.4921","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally, calculation of landscape metrics is commonly conducted on land cover/use maps of entire landscape which is created from remotely sensed data. An interesting approach, however, is to make use of sample data, without the use of wall-to-wall mapping. In the present review and case study, it is aimed to estimate three basic landscape metrics, namely Shannon’s diversity (SH), forest edge length (E) and contagion (C) from field-based sampling data. It is also intended to estimate landscape change using time series datasets. Estimated variance (sampling error) was used to assess landscape metric estimators. For this purpose, sampling data from National Inventory in the Landscape of Sweden (NILS) is used. In this case study, the metrics are estimated with acceptable precision. In most cases, the estimated variance (sampling error) was less than 10 %. The largest sampling error was 28 % for forest edge length. We will be able to compare different landscape at a given time or a landscape over time using filed-based sampling data. Furthermore, in an ecological survey it may be possible to find a relationship between landscape pattern and ecological processes such as biodiversity. The methods applied in this study is very simple and there is no need for extra measurements.","PeriodicalId":9640,"journal":{"name":"caspian journal of environmental sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"469-481"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47680186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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