Case Studies in Thermal Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Integration of cryogenic exergy from liquid hydrogen into data center operation using an organic Rankine cycle","authors":"Do Hyun Lee ,&nbsp;Cheolhee Lee ,&nbsp;Chan Ho Chu ,&nbsp;Sihyung Park ,&nbsp;Seungho Ryu ,&nbsp;Jae Hyun Park ,&nbsp;Minsung Kim ,&nbsp;Dong Kyu Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.107571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.107571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the integration of cryogenic exergy of liquid hydrogen into data center power saving and cooling using an organic Rankine cycle (ORC). In the proposed system, the cryogenic exergy is first utilized for supplementary power generation and then for supplying low-temperature cooling, resulting in improved overall energy efficiency. Parametric analyses were conducted to evaluate the effects of hydrogen supply conditions on overall system performance. As the inlet temperature of liquid hydrogen decreased to 20 K, both the net power output and cooling capacity increased, reducing the power usage effectiveness (PUE) to 1.30. Increasing the mass flow rate of liquid hydrogen further improved the total energy efficiency to 69.2 % and decreased the PUE to 1.14. Working fluid optimization using particle swarm optimization (PSO) demonstrated that R170 and R1270 achieved the best performance with a total energy efficiency of approximately 70 % and a PUE of 1.1. Under the optimized conditions, 1.7 MW of cryogenic exergy can be recovered by integrating ORC and cooling loops, improving data center PUE by up to 36 % and recovering approximately 10 % of available exergy. These results suggest a promising pathway for reducing the electrical burden and advancing the sustainable development of both digital and hydrogen infrastructures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 107571"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145784671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of multi-fin array orientations on convective heat transfer in viscous fluid-filled square enclosures","authors":"N. Vishnu Ganesh ,&nbsp;Qasem M. Al-Mdallal ,&nbsp;G. Hirankumar ,&nbsp;Ali J. Chamkha","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.107513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.107513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enhancing natural convection with finned surfaces is essential yet challenging for effective thermal management in electronic devices, industrial cooling units, and heat-dissipation systems. This study investigates the thermal performance of four heated fin configurations—Bottom-Multi-Fin, Top-Multi-Fin, Left-Multi-Fin, and Right-Multi-Fin—placed inside a square enclosure filled with an incompressible viscous fluid, a set of configurations not previously examined in a unified framework. The walls opposite the heated fins are maintained at a cold temperature, while the adjacent walls are insulated, representing practical passive cooling conditions. The non-dimensional governing equations are solved using the Galerkin finite element method to assess the influence of the Rayleigh number number (<span><math><mrow><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>3</mn></msup><mo>≤</mo><mi>R</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>6</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>5</mn></msup></mrow></math></span>) on flow structure, temperature distribution, and both local and average Nusselt numbers. Results show that the Bottom-Multi-Fin and Top-Multi-Fin configurations are conduction dominated and provide minimal enhancement in natural convection, even at high Rayleigh numbers. In contrast, the Left-Multi-Fin and Right-Multi-Fin configurations generate stronger buoyancy-driven circulation and significantly improve heat transfer. The Right-Multi-Fin arrangement delivers the highest cooling performance at elevated Rayleigh numbers, making it the most efficient orientation for natural convection applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 107513"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145784675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling of suspended pyroelectric particles in wastewater for dye decomposition driven by low-grade waste heat in tubular heat exchanger","authors":"Zhong-Feng Duan ,&nbsp;Fang-Yu Dong ,&nbsp;Jia-Hui Zhai ,&nbsp;Fu-Lai Li ,&nbsp;Hao Chen ,&nbsp;Bin Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.107565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.107565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pyroelectric dye decomposition is a potential technology to convert low-grade waste heat into oxidation charges for the removal of pollutants in wastewaters. Herein, a tubular heat exchanger was utilized to transfer the heat energy from hot water to the dye wastewater with suspended pyroelectric particles for dye decomposition. A CFD model integrated pyroelectric kinetics was firstly established to simulate the heat transfer and dye degradation of dye wastewaters. The effects of the flow rate of the dye wastewater <em>q</em>_<em>v,c</em> (0.5–16 L/h), the flow rate of hot water <em>q</em>_<em>v,h</em> (1–16 L/h), and the inlet temperature of the hot water <em>T</em>_{<em>in,h</em>} (35–80 °C) on the heat recovery <em>Q</em> and the dye degradation rate <em>R</em> of the tubular heat exchanger have been investigated. Moreover, the mass of indigo carmine (IC) degradation per heat transfer power <em>η</em>_<em>wQ</em> has been investigated to analyze the energy efficiency of the pyroelectric dye degradation process. Comprehensive consideration the dye removal <em>η</em>, the depth of heat recovery of the hot water <em>η</em>_<em>T</em>, and the heat recovery <em>Q</em>, the optimal <em>R</em> of IC solution (2.93 g h⁻¹) was appeared at the <em>q</em>_<em>v,h</em> of 4 L/h and the <em>q</em>_<em>v,c</em> of 8 L/h, while the <em>η</em>_<em>T</em> was 74.4 % at the <em>T</em>_{<em>in,h</em>} of 80 °C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 107565"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145822876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of machine learning-based thermal comfort model to optimize vehicle air-conditioning control strategies","authors":"Suifan Chen ,&nbsp;Hanwei Wang ,&nbsp;Qipeng Li ,&nbsp;Zihao Song","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.107578","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.107578","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optimizing control strategies is crucial for improving the performance of vehicle air-conditioning (AC). To address limitations of thermal comfort variations accuracy across different regions in the mathematical parameter model system, the study introduced a validated 3D model of the heat load in the cabin and coupled it with vehicle AC to generate accurate driver predicted mean vote (PMV) values. Comprehensive AC parametric analysis establishes design rules for a multi-stage collaborative control strategy of compressor speed and evaporator blower airflow (MCS-EBA). The strategy parameters were then optimized based on a genetic algorithm (GA). In this process, a high-precision PMV prediction model was used to circumvent lengthy CFD simulations in the coupling model. The predictive model employed a recurrent neural network (RNN) to learn 60 datasets, which were derived from the mapping relationship between the thermal environment parameters of the cabin and the PMV of the driver under different cooling scenarios in the coupled model. Results demonstrate that the optimized MCS-EBA saves energy consumption by 43.7 %, 5.8 %, and 5.0 % and reduces RMSE (vs. PMV = 0) by 84.7 %, 21.4 %, and 73.1 %, compared to the ON/OFF, PID, and MCCS, respectively. The technical approach of this strategy holds significant engineering application value.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 107578"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145822878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced design of Stirling engines via multi-objective optimization: Effects of dead volumes, regenerator effectiveness, and operating parameters","authors":"Amin Hadidi","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.107582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.107582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermodynamic optimization of Stirling engines has gained increasing attention due to their potential for high-efficiency, clean energy conversion. This study develops a constraint-satisfied single- and multi-objective optimization framework to maximize engine efficiency and work output while minimizing internal irreversibilities. Unlike previous studies, which often overlooked essential design constraints or used unrealistic parameter ranges, the proposed approach incorporates internal irreversibilities, dead volume ratios, regenerator effectiveness, and operating parameters to ensure practical and feasible design solutions. The methodology combines thermodynamic modeling with parametric and sensitivity analyses to evaluate the effects of key design variables, including minimum and maximum cycle temperatures, expansion and compression volumes, total and component dead volumes, regenerator effectiveness, and working fluid pressure. Results show that optimizing these parameters leads to a thermal efficiency of 42.93 %, net work output of 836.85 J, and an irreversibility parameter Rs of 0.69, representing improvements of up to 138.5 %, 32 %, and 3 %, respectively, compared to previous studies. Maximizing expansion and compression volumes, minimizing dead volumes, and increasing regenerator effectiveness are the most effective strategies for performance enhancement. Multi-objective optimization confirms that a balanced design yields significant improvements across all performance metrics. The proposed framework provides both methodological innovation and practical design guidelines for high-performance, energy-efficient Stirling engines, offering reliable recommendations for real-world clean energy applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 107582"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145813771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and optimization of multilayered ultra-broadband solar thermal absorber using machine learning for industrial thermal applications","authors":"Bo Bo Han ,&nbsp;Shobhit K. Patel ,&nbsp;Abdullah Baz","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.107563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.107563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For the new renewable energy system, the proposed structure for the thermal absorber can promote carbon dioxide reduction and environmental damage prevention. Machine learning optimization is applied to the design, which leads to higher thermal absorption of the solar absorber. The materials and layer sections are crucial in achieving a highly efficient absorber. The developed design consists of three layers made from different materials: Titanium (Ti) for the resonator (square shape), Tin (IV) selenide (SnSe₂), and Iron (III) oxide (Fe₃O₄) for the middle ground layers. With a bandwidth range of 1.3–1.9 μm (600 nm bandwidth), the output reaches 98.26 %, and the overall absorption at 2800 nm is 92.85 %. Results for different atmospheric layers (UV-MIR) are also presented. With an R² value above 0.99, the parametric variation of the current layers can be analyzed with the Linear Regression Method as part of machine learning processing. The currently investigated broadband-type absorber, with multiple potential applications, can be optimized for solar energy harvesting, thermal imaging, photovoltaics, and optoelectronic devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 107563"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145784662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Swirl-induced mixing improvement in absorber tubes of parabolic trough solar collectors","authors":"Anissa Ghomrassi ,&nbsp;Salma Benzarti ,&nbsp;Monia Chaabane ,&nbsp;Hatem Mhiri ,&nbsp;Hervé Bournot","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.107579","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.107579","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, for the first time, the working fluid is introduced into the absorber of the parabolic trough collector (PTC) through tangential inlets. This new configuration induces a swirl motion. Multiple tangential inlets are strategically positioned along the tube, including arrangements with one inlet, two inlets, three inlets and four inlets. Simulations are conducted at various Reynolds numbers (Re), from 2000 to 10000. The findings exhibit that a significant augmentation in heat transfer is observed, as the Nusselt number (<em>Nu</em>) nearly doubles when tangential injections are introduced compared to the smooth tube case. This is due to enhanced heat transfer resulting from vortex generation, rapid exchange, and improved mixing within the flow. Additionally, the mixing effect helps to balance the temperature distribution by reducing the disparity between the lower portion of the receiver tube, subjected to focused solar irradiation, and the upper portion, which mainly receives direct solar exposure. Furthermore, receiver tube equipped with one tangential inlet gives an average thermal performance factor (TPF) of 1,31. A new empirical correlation describing TPF in function of Re, inlets number and Swirls number is developed. This expression provides an accurate fit to the numerical data with a coefficient of determination R² = 0.9361 and an average prediction error below 3.9 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 107579"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145822881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative numerical analysis of various baffled heat exchangers with existence of baffle-to-shell clearance","authors":"Lu Ma ,&nbsp;Leigang Zhang ,&nbsp;Baiqiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuhui Chen ,&nbsp;Bo Zhang ,&nbsp;Ke Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.107580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.107580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The presence of baffle-to-shell clearance compromises shell side thermal efficiency of shell-and-tube heat exchangers (STHEs). This study investigates the effectiveness of sealing strips in mitigating flow maldistribution for the shell side of STHEs with such clearance<strong>.</strong> Periodic numerical models were established and validated for three typical STHE configurations: segmental, helical and trefoil-hole baffled exchangers. The effect of sealing strips under triangular and squared tube layout across typical baffle configurations was evaluated quantitatively with respect to shell-side performance. The sealing strips increased both heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop in segmental and helical configurations; however, their influence on trefoil-hole baffled exchangers was negligible. The comprehensive performance index, <em>h</em>(Δ<em>p</em>)^−1/3, increased by 4.63–6.76 % and 2.09–4.12 % for segmental baffled STHEs with sealing strips in staggered and aligned tube arrangement, respectively. Whereas for corresponding helical configurations, the same index decreased by 23.01–26.62 % and 19.51–21.95 %, indicating the limited or even negative effect of sealing strips for helical baffles. The acceptability of sealing strips in helical and trefoil-hole baffled STHEs, especially for multiple-pass design and diverse operating conditions, warrants dedicated investigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 107580"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145813776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Turbulent natural convection in isothermally heated open-ended building shafts: Numerical analysis of ventilation performance","authors":"Maram Ammar ,&nbsp;Charbel Ziade ,&nbsp;Aram Yeretzian ,&nbsp;Fadl Moukalled ,&nbsp;Issam Lakkis","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.107553","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.107553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigate buoyancy-driven ventilation in open-ended building shafts whose walls are isothermally heated, aiming to quantify passive removal of warm, polluted air from pedestrian-level urban canyons. Three-dimensional RANS CFD simulations (SST <span><math><mrow><mi>k</mi><mspace></mspace><mo>−</mo><mspace></mspace><mi>ω</mi></mrow></math></span>) are carried out for a 36 m building containing a central shaft of height <span><math><mrow><mi>H</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>32</mn></mrow></math></span> m with square cross-sections <span><math><mrow><mi>b</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span>, 3, and 4 m and wall–ambient temperature differences <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><mi>T</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>10</mn><mo>,</mo></mrow></math></span> <span><math><mrow><mn>20</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>3</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>∘</mo></mrow></msup><mi>C</mi></mrow></math></span>, corresponding to <span><math><mrow><mstyle><mi>R</mi><mi>a</mi></mstyle><mo>≈</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>13</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> <span><math><mo>−</mo></math></span> <span><math><mrow><mn>7</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>6</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>13</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> (turbulent regime). A sensitivity study comparing far-field boundaries modeled as stationary walls versus zero gauge pressure outlets shows that the resulting mass flow rates differ by less than 10 %. The flow remains developing along the shaft and exhibits inlet separation with a delayed reattachment in wider shafts; three zones are identified: recirculation, core-flow, and boundary-dominated. Predicted mass flow rates span 3.76 <span><math><mrow><mo>−</mo><mo>−</mo></mrow></math></span> <span><math><mrow><mn>16</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>63</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>kg/s</mi></mrow></math></span>, with ventilation effectiveness (mass flow per unit heat input) 0.179–0.645 kg/kJ; increasing <span><math><mi>b</mi></math></span> improves effectiveness, whereas increasing <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><mi>T</mi></mrow></math></span> enhances heat transfer faster than mass flow, reducing effectiveness. Partial validation against Churchill–Chu correlations for an isothermal vertical plate shows average Nusselt numbers within <span><math><mrow><mo>≤</mo><mn>15</mn></mrow></math></span> % over most of the plate length. Two simplified models (a stack model with losses and a 1-D model) capture trends but underpredict 3-D effects tied to corner dynamics and entry recirculation; accuracy improves when the stack model uses a friction factor inferred from wall shear. From the CFD data, we propose building-scale correlations for the average Nusselt number, effective friction factor, and entry length as functions of Rayleigh number and aspect ratio <span><math><mrow><mi>b</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>H</mi></mrow></math></span>, to guide preliminary design of passively ventilated shafts in urban settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 107553"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145784668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the temperature variation characteristics of subway vehicles interior fire based on realistic scenarios","authors":"Yan Huo ,&nbsp;Xin Tian ,&nbsp;Yong Sun ,&nbsp;Ruonan Li ,&nbsp;Gaowan Zou ,&nbsp;Xueyan Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.107523","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.107523","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Subway vehicle fire incidents pose significant safety challenges, making it crucial to understand temperature variation characteristics. Realistic fire scenarios in subway vehicles involve dynamic door opening and air conditioning ventilation, both of which greatly impact temperature variations. However, existing research has not addressed the impact of these factors. This paper addresses this gap by proposing three predictive models for temperature variation. First, a 150 kW fire source experiment is analyzed across 6 scenarios, revealing that the maximum temperature rise may occur either before or after door opening, indicating that models for before and after door opening should be studied independently. Second, CFD simulations are conducted across 70 scenarios to analyze temperature variations, identifying fire source location, fire source power, and air conditioning ventilation speed as key factors influencing temperature variation in realistic fire scenarios. Third, based on the simulation data and key factors, a maximum temperature rise model, a maximum temperature difference model, and a temperature attenuation model are proposed to predict interior temperature variations in realistic fire scenarios. Finally, comparisons between these models and experimental results showed root mean square errors of 10.5 °C and 9.07 °C for the maximum temperature rise and attenuation models, respectively, with the experimental data for the maximum temperature difference also complying with the model's range. This paper provides a theoretical basis for accurately predicting temperature variation in realistic subway vehicle fire scenarios, offering meaningful insights for improving fire safety measures and emergency response strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9658,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 107523"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145690144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}