Case Studies in Thermal Engineering最新文献_第6页

Double-encapsulated phase change material microcapsules with paraffin shell for PV cooling: Experimental and performance analysis 光伏冷却用石蜡壳双封装相变材料微胶囊：实验与性能分析

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS

Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2025.107556

Yue Liu , Tianen Chen , Xinyu Song , Lin Han , Fanbin Meng , Shifeng Wang

Energy is indispensable in modern society. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) technology has gained increasing popularity due to its notable power generation advantages. However, PV modules face a critical “temperature-efficiency” contradiction during energy conversion: only about 20 % of solar radiation is converted into electricity, while the remaining energy accumulates as heat, leading to significant performance degradation. To address this issue, our experiment employs a novel cooling technology-phase-change microcapsule cooling. By utilizing the heat absorption and release during the phase transition of the microcapsules, the temperature of PV modules is effectively regulated. Furthermore, the phase-change microcapsules designed in this work innovatively introduce paraffin as a secondary shell material, which improves thermal cycling stability. After 200 thermal cycles, the enthalpy loss remains negligible, with a retained enthalpy of 188.8 J/g. The microcapsules were applied to the back of PV modules, and field tests were conducted in Lhasa (91°06′ E, 29°36′ N). The results show a maximum temperature reduction of 16 °C (average: 4.66 °C) on the front side and 15 °C (average: 4.33 °C) on the back side, along with an increase in Pmax (P_max) of up to 11.11 % (average: 4.55 %). This study not only advances the development of bio-inspired encapsulation techniques for novel phase-change microcapsules, but also provides an innovative thermal-management solution for PV modules operating in extreme environments.

能源在现代社会是不可或缺的。太阳能光伏（PV）技术由于其显著的发电优势而越来越受欢迎。然而，光伏组件在能量转换过程中面临着一个关键的“温度-效率”矛盾：只有大约20%的太阳辐射被转化为电能，而剩余的能量积累为热量，导致性能显著下降。为了解决这个问题，我们的实验采用了一种新的冷却技术——相变微胶囊冷却。利用微胶囊相变过程中的热量吸收和释放，可以有效调节光伏组件的温度。此外，本文设计的相变微胶囊创新性地引入了石蜡作为二次壳材料，提高了热循环的稳定性。经过200个热循环后，焓损失仍然可以忽略不计，保留焓为188.8 J/g。将微胶囊应用于光伏组件背面，并在拉萨（91°06′E, 29°36′N）进行现场试验。结果表明，前侧面最大温度降低了16°C（平均4.66°C），背面最大温度降低了15°C（平均4.33°C）， Pmax （Pmax）增加了11.11%（平均4.55%）。该研究不仅推动了新型相变微胶囊仿生封装技术的发展，而且为光伏组件在极端环境下的运行提供了一种创新的热管理解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of transverse fire locations on hot smoke movement and critical driving force of bifurcated tunnel fire under forced ventilation 火灾横向位置对强制通风条件下分叉隧道火灾热烟运动及临界驱动力的影响

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS

Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2025.107596

Binrui Li , Hongqing Zhu , Baolin Qu , Xin Li , Jingxin Wang

Fire hazard on both sides of tunnel is significantly higher than in the middle, and the tunnel walls and bifurcation areas significantly affect the flow of hot smoke and subsequent effective control, causing serious fire hazards. The smoke movement and critical ventilation threshold to prevent smoke backlayering in bifurcated tunnel fire are studied. The results show that when the fire occurs in the bifurcation area, the hot smoke generated is more difficult to be completely suppressed. When the distance between the fire and the side wall of the tunnel decreases from 9 m to 1 m, the slope k gradually decreases from 2.365 to 1.708 and V shows a “decreasing-increasing-decreasing”. When the distance between the fire source and the side wall of the tunnel is 3 m, the maximum intercept b is −1.181. The hot smoke at H4 is more difficult to be completely suppressed. For smoke movement, the side wall of the main tunnel limits free diffusion and promotes smoke shock and asymmetric flow. As the fire gradually approaches the side wall, the dominant factor of smoke movement changes from bifurcation flow to the limiting and guiding effect of the side wall of the tunnel. Combined with the theoretical formula, the forced ventilation driving force to prevent smoke backlayering at different transverse fire locations is deduced. This study provides insights for tunnel fire prevention and control by examining hot smoke movement and management under realistic engineering conditions.

隧道两侧的火灾危险性明显高于中间，隧道壁面和分岔区域对热烟的流动及后续有效控制影响较大，造成严重的火灾危险性。研究了分叉隧道火灾中烟气的运动规律和防止烟气反分层的临界通风阈值。结果表明，当火灾发生在分岔区域时，产生的热烟更难被完全抑制。当火灾与隧道侧壁的距离从9 m减小到1 m时，斜率k从2.365逐渐减小到1.708，V呈现“减小-增大-减小”的趋势。当火源与隧道侧壁距离为3 m时，最大截距b为−1.181。H4的热烟更难被完全抑制。对于烟的运动，主隧道侧壁限制了烟的自由扩散，促进了烟的激波和不对称流动。随着火灾逐渐逼近侧壁，烟雾运动的主导因素由分岔流变为巷道侧壁的限制和引导作用。结合理论公式，推导了不同横向火源位置防止烟反层的强制通风驱动力。本研究通过对实际工程条件下热烟运动和管理的研究，为隧道火灾的防治提供了新的思路。

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引用次数: 0

Study on the influence of oil jet angle on oscillatory flow and heat transfer non-uniformity in piston dual cooling galleries 油射流角度对活塞双冷却腔内振荡流动和换热不均匀性影响的研究

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS

Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2025.107531

Bo Yu, Xiwen Deng, Jilin Lei

Oscillatory cooling is an effective technology for enhancing piston heat transfer. However, traditional designs often overlook the non-uniformity of piston surface temperature caused by intake air cooling. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed for a diesel piston with a dual cooling gallery, incorporating various cooling oil jet angles, to investigate how variations in jet angle influence internal flow and heat transfer non-uniformity. The results show that the right gallery exhibits less variation in heat transfer than the left. As the distance between the galleries increased, the amplitude of the instantaneous heat transfer coefficient gradually decreased, with a minimal variation of only 11.91 % observed under the R-d10(−2°) condition. When d = 10 mm, the sample standard deviation of the steady-state heat transfer coefficient on the right oil gallery reaches its minimum value of 56, while the overall variation of the coefficient is 156 W/(m²·K), indicating a more uniform heat transfer distribution. Based on the simulation data, a correlation was established to describe the relationship among jet angle, engine speed, distance, and fluid charge ratio. The fitting errors were 4.0 % for the left gallery and 11.1 % for the right gallery. The predictive model developed in this study supports the optimization of injection strategies and structural parameters, providing a theoretical basis for the heat transfer enhancement design of internal oil galleries in high efficiency diesel engine pistons.

振荡冷却是提高活塞传热的有效技术。然而，传统的设计往往忽略了进气冷却引起的活塞表面温度的不均匀性。建立了考虑不同冷却油喷射角度的双冷却廊柴油活塞计算流体动力学（CFD）模型，研究了喷射角度变化对活塞内部流动和传热不均匀性的影响。结果表明，右侧走廊的传热变化小于左侧走廊。随着通道间距离的增加，瞬时换热系数的幅值逐渐减小，在R-d10（−2°）条件下，瞬时换热系数的幅值变化最小，仅为11.91%。当d = 10 mm时，右侧油廊稳态传热系数的样本标准差达到最小值56，而该系数的总体变化量为156 W/(m2·K)，表明传热分布更为均匀。基于仿真数据，建立了喷流角与发动机转速、距离和充液比之间的关系式。左腔的拟合误差为4.0%，右腔的拟合误差为11.1%。本研究建立的预测模型支持了喷射策略和结构参数的优化，为高效柴油机活塞内部油腔强化传热设计提供了理论依据。

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引用次数: 0

Theoretical confirmation of temperature gradient characteristics in concrete bridges through refined thermal analysis 混凝土桥梁温度梯度特性的精细化热分析理论验证

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS

Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2025.107572

Yin-Gang Wang , Xiong-Jun He , Qiong Nie , Zhi-Yuan Cheng

Bridge temperature gradient models are critical for assessing temperature effects, with their shape and magnitude remaining a central concern in the engineering community. Existing thermal modeling exhibits limitations in accounting for radiative heat exchange between a bridge and its environment, particularly in distinguishing thermal contributions from sunlit versus shaded ground areas. To address this gap, this study innovatively develops an algorithm that dynamically tracks changes in radiative view factors from bridge surfaces to ground shadows. Through refined thermal analysis of a conventional concrete box girder using one-month measured weather data, key findings include: 1) The shape of vertical temperature gradient (VTG) shows the closest alignment with both exponential curves and 5th-order parabolas specified in bridge design codes, with a marginally better fit for the former; 2) The VTG “zero” point typically occurs at around 1.2 m girder depth; 3) Bridge orientation induces significant VTG variations up to 3.4 °C, with east-west alignments exhibiting maximum gradients while north-south orientations showing minimum values in the Northern Hemisphere; 4) Notably, the diurnal temperature range exerts greater influence on VTG than solar radiation, potentially challenging the conventional consensus that solar radiation is the dominant factor.

桥梁温度梯度模型对于评估温度效应至关重要，其形状和大小仍然是工程界关注的中心问题。现有的热模拟在计算桥梁与其环境之间的辐射热交换方面存在局限性，特别是在区分阳光照射与阴影地面区域的热贡献方面。为了解决这一差距，本研究创新地开发了一种算法，可以动态跟踪从桥梁表面到地面阴影的辐射视图因子的变化。通过使用一个月的实测天气数据对传统混凝土箱梁进行精细的热分析，主要发现包括：1)垂直温度梯度（VTG）的形状与桥梁设计规范中规定的指数曲线和五阶抛物线最接近，前者的拟合程度略高；2) VTG“零点”点一般发生在梁深1.2 m左右；(3)在3.4°C范围内，桥的方向引起了显著的VTG变化，在北半球，东西方向的梯度最大，而南北方向的梯度最小；4)值得注意的是，日温差对VTG的影响大于太阳辐射，这可能会挑战太阳辐射是主导因素的传统共识。

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引用次数: 0

A rapid slope stability assessment method based on slope size parameters and the slope shape influence factor 基于坡面尺寸参数和坡形影响因子的边坡稳定性快速评价方法

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS

Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2025.107502

Huan Liu, Ze Liu

The evaluation of slope stability is an essential part of safe infrastructure design. Still, standard limit-equilibrium methods as well as finite element methods require substantial computational resources and large amounts of soil data to determine slope stability, which is unrealistic for preliminary design and screening of large areas. This paper fills this gap by constructing a geometry-based framework that decouples the effects of slope shape from material properties, enabling quick and accurate stability evaluation. The suggested approach presents the dimensionless slope shape influence (SSI), determined, and an equivalent height (EH) parameter (H). The δ_H∗ relation does not involve any iterative computations, and the δ-H∗ relationship can be expressed physically consistent with the rigorous limit equilibrium theory by taking the factor of safety (FS) as FS = δ × f_std(H∗). The method, implemented in the ICSS-XSlope software, achieves 2.4 % accuracy compared with conventional analyses and runs more than 1000 times faster. Nine case studies demonstrate that it performs very well in validation with numerous limit-equilibrium methods (average errors: 0.41 % vs. Morgenstern-Price and 2.45 % vs. Janbu). The major findings are that groundwater remarkably destabilizes slopes by lowering the three by 26.2 percent under high pore pressure (r u = 0.5) and by 15.5 percent under moderate seismic loading (a w = 0.1). The combined effect of both factors produces compounded stability reduction. The significance of this work lies in providing engineers with a physics-based, geometry-centric tool that bridges empirical design charts and high-fidelity numerical models, making it highly suitable for preliminary design, parametric studies, regional landslide susceptibility mapping, and rapid field assessments where computational resources and detailed soil data are limited.

边坡稳定性评价是基础设施安全设计的重要组成部分。然而，标准的极限平衡法和有限元法需要大量的计算资源和大量的土壤数据来确定边坡的稳定性，这对于大面积的初步设计和筛选是不现实的。本文通过构建一个基于几何的框架来填补这一空白，该框架将斜坡形状的影响与材料特性解耦，从而实现快速准确的稳定性评估。建议的方法给出了无量纲坡度影响（SSI）、确定的和等效高度（EH）参数(H)。δH∗关系不涉及任何迭代计算，δ-H∗关系可以用安全系数FS = δ × f_std（H∗）在物理上符合严格极限平衡理论。该方法在ICSS-XSlope软件中实现，与传统分析相比，准确率达到2.4%，运行速度提高1000倍以上。九个案例研究表明，它在许多极限平衡方法的验证中表现得非常好（平均误差：0.41% vs. Morgenstern-Price, 2.45% vs. Janbu）。主要发现是地下水在高孔隙压力（r u = 0.5）和中等地震荷载（a w = 0.1）下显著降低了26.2%和15.5%的边坡失稳。这两种因素共同作用产生复合稳定性降低。这项工作的意义在于为工程师提供了一个基于物理的、以几何为中心的工具，它将经验设计图表和高保真的数值模型连接起来，使其非常适合于初步设计、参数研究、区域滑坡易感性制图以及计算资源和详细土壤数据有限的快速现场评估。

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引用次数: 0

Model-free real-time MRT temperature inversion: hybrid adaptive differential evolution with local refinement 无模型实时MRT温度反演：局部细化的混合自适应差分进化

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS

Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2025.107594

Kaihua Zhang , Lingling Hua , Yufang Liu

Multispectral Radiation Thermometry (MRT) enables precise non-contact temperature measurement, critical for aerospace thermal protection systems and metal heat treatment monitoring. The underdetermined radiative transfer equation complicates temperature-emissivity decoupling, with traditional methods relying on a priori emissivity assumptions, often leading to systematic errors. To address these limitations, this study proposes a hybrid adaptive differential evolution algorithm with local refinement (HADE-LR), supported by a reference-temperature model that stabilizes the inversion process. Key innovations include: (1) Latin hypercube sampling for initial population construction to optimize parameter space exploration; (2) an adaptive variational-crossover operator to enhance global search efficiency; and (3) a three-stage local optimizer combining Nelder-Mead simplex, L-BFGS-B quasi-Newton, and damped Newton methods for high-precision solutions. Numerical simulations across six emissivity models achieved a maximum temperature relative error of 0.4513 % at 1800 K. Validation on silicon carbide and alloy steel further shows inversion errors below 0.44 % under noise levels up to 5 %, with emissivity curves closely matching measurements. The algorithm operates without emissivity-model assumptions, supports extended emissivity bounds, and achieves real-time performance with an average computation time of 0.14 s. These results highlight the robustness, efficiency, and broad applicability of HADE-LR for high-temperature MRT.

多光谱辐射测温（MRT）能够实现精确的非接触式温度测量，对于航空航天热保护系统和金属热处理监控至关重要。传统的方法依赖于先验的辐射率假设，而欠定的辐射传递方程使温度-发射率解耦变得复杂，常常导致系统误差。为了解决这些局限性，本研究提出了一种带有局部细化的混合自适应差分进化算法（HADE-LR），该算法由一个稳定反演过程的参考温度模型支持。关键创新包括：(1)拉丁超立方体采样用于初始种群构建，优化参数空间探索；(2)自适应变分交叉算子，提高全局搜索效率；(3)结合了高精度解的Nelder-Mead单纯形、L-BFGS-B准牛顿法和阻尼牛顿法的三级局部优化器。6种发射率模型的数值模拟结果表明，在1800k时的最大温度相对误差为0.4513%。在碳化硅和合金钢上的验证进一步表明，在噪声水平高达5%的情况下，反演误差低于0.44%，发射率曲线与测量结果非常吻合。该算法无需假设发射率模型，支持扩展发射率边界，平均计算时间为0.14 s，实现了实时性。这些结果突出了HADE-LR在高温MRT中的鲁棒性、效率和广泛适用性。

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引用次数: 0

Study on the Co-atomization of immiscible liquids by a superheated steam jet 过热蒸汽射流对非混相液体共雾化的研究

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS

Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2025.107569

A.D. Baidildina , A.T. Nurgaliyeva , E.B. Butakov , E.P. Kopyev , I.S. Sadkin , E. Yu Shadrin

This article presents the results of an experimental investigation into the co-atomization of immiscible liquids, exemplified by diesel fuel and water, using a jet of superheated steam. A digital visualization method employing a fluorescent dye was used to analyze spray characteristics, enabling separate detection of water and fuel droplets. The results demonstrated effective atomization of both liquids, with a predominant droplet size range of 10–40 μm. Combustion studies conducted using a low-emission laboratory-scale burner equipped with a steam-assisted injector showed that the addition of water led to a reduction in flame temperature by 300–400 °C and a decrease in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions by 30–50 %. However, increasing the water flow rate resulted in a rise in carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (CnHm) concentrations, as well as combustion instability. The findings confirm the potential of the co-atomization method for reducing harmful emissions but indicate the need for optimizing the fuel-to-water ratio to minimize adverse effects.

本文介绍了以柴油和水为例，利用过热蒸汽射流对不混相液体共雾化的实验研究结果。采用荧光染料的数字可视化方法分析喷雾特性，实现水滴和燃料滴的分离检测。结果表明，两种液体均能有效雾化，雾滴粒径范围在10 ~ 40 μm之间。使用配备蒸汽辅助喷射器的低排放实验室规模燃烧器进行的燃烧研究表明，水的加入使火焰温度降低了300-400°C，氮氧化物（NOx）排放量降低了30 - 50%。然而，增加水流量会导致一氧化碳（CO）和碳氢化合物（CnHm）浓度上升，以及燃烧不稳定性。研究结果证实了共雾化方法在减少有害排放方面的潜力，但也表明需要优化燃料与水的比例，以尽量减少不利影响。

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引用次数: 0

Condition-adaptive spindle thermal error prediction and compensation using Temporal Kolmogorov–Arnold Networks with hybrid feature selection 基于混合特征选择的时域Kolmogorov-Arnold网络的条件自适应主轴热误差预测与补偿

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS

Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2025.107564

Jihui Han , Liping Wang , Xuekun Li , Toru Kizaki , Naohiko Sugita , Dong Wang

Thermal error in spindle systems of machine tools presents a fundamental limitation to high-precision manufacturing. However, conventional thermal error models often fail to accommodate the distinct thermal dynamics of cold start and hot start conditions. This study introduces a condition-adaptive framework to address this limitation. The framework integrates two core components: a novel hybrid feature selection algorithm, Extreme Randomized Trees Recursive Feature Elimination (ERFE), which identifies optimal condition-specific Temperature Sensitive Points (TSPs), and a Temporal Kolmogorov–Arnold Network (TKAN) that employs a temporal encoder and interpretable spline-based activation functions for high-fidelity error prediction. Experimental validation on a motorized spindle confirmed the efficacy of this framework. The ERFE algorithm identified distinct, minimal 3-sensor TSP sets for cold and hot starts, reducing sensor dependency by 70% compared to a baseline 10-sensor array. Using these optimized inputs, the ERFE-TKAN model achieved superior predictive performance, with R² values consistently exceeding 0.97 and root mean square error (RMSE) below 1.1

μ

m. These results surpassed deep learning benchmarks, including CNN-LSTM and GRU models, even when the benchmarks utilized the full sensor set. Real-time compensation experiments further validated the practical utility of the framework, constraining residual thermal errors within 2

μ

m. The proposed ERFE-TKAN framework thus establishes a robust and data-efficient solution for thermal error mitigation under diverse operating conditions, demonstrating the potential of condition-adaptive modeling to advance smart manufacturing.

机床主轴系统的热误差是实现高精度加工的根本限制。然而，传统的热误差模型往往不能适应冷启动和热启动条件下不同的热动力学。本研究引入了一个条件自适应框架来解决这一限制。该框架集成了两个核心组件：一种新型混合特征选择算法，极端随机树递归特征消除（ERFE），用于识别最佳条件特定温度敏感点（tsp），以及一种时间Kolmogorov-Arnold网络（TKAN），该网络采用时间编码器和可解释的基于样条的激活函数进行高保真误差预测。在电主轴上的实验验证证实了该框架的有效性。ERFE算法为冷启动和热启动确定了最小的3个传感器TSP集，与基线的10个传感器阵列相比，减少了70%的传感器依赖。使用这些优化的输入，ERFE-TKAN模型取得了卓越的预测性能，R2值始终超过0.97，均方根误差（RMSE）低于1.1 μm。这些结果超过了深度学习基准，包括CNN-LSTM和GRU模型，即使基准使用了完整的传感器集。实时补偿实验进一步验证了该框架的实用性，将残余热误差控制在2 μm以内。因此，提出的ERFE-TKAN框架为不同操作条件下的热误差缓解建立了一个强大且数据高效的解决方案，展示了条件自适应建模在推进智能制造方面的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Preliminary study on the targeted inhibition of chemical inhibitor on the oxidation of active groups in coal 化学缓蚀剂靶向抑制煤中活性基团氧化的初步研究

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS

Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2025.107615

Fei Gao , Zhe Jia , Jiangnan Chang , Yuzhu Huang , Gang Bai

Antioxidant is an important material in inhibitor fire prevention technology. The efficient utilization of chemical inhibitors to maximize their antioxidant effects is of significant importance. Based on this, the inhibitory effect of antioxidants on the coal oxidation process was explored by programmed heating experiment. The difference in the inerting effect of antioxidants was analyzed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy(EPR), and the targeted inhibition effect of antioxidants on the active groups in coal was quantitatively evaluated by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR). The results are as follows: The oxidation products emitted by coal samples treated with different antioxidants reduced compared to raw coal, and the intersection temperature elevated compared to that of raw coal, indicating that antioxidants can effectively impede coal oxidation spontaneous combustion. The association between the rule of gas production and heat production in coal samples indicated that the inhibitory effect of antioxidants is generally not proportional to their inhibition life. The variation in the inerting effect of antioxidants arose from their different inerting effects on coal oxygen radicals. The inhibition efficiency of antioxidants on the active structure in coal was notably high, typically ranging from 44 % to 99 %. GSH and DPA showed an effective and balanced inhibitory effect on the active structure of coal. The inhibition effect of CA on various active structures was also balanced but relatively weak. Tempo and PA showed a significant influence the structures of aliphatic hydrocarbons and hydroxyl groups, but had no a notable effect on aromatic structures and oxygen-containing functional groups. The research findings can provide a theoretical foundation for selecting chemical inhibitors and developing antioxidant chemical inhibitors informed by the targeted selection of coal types.

抗氧化剂是阻火剂防火技术中的重要材料。有效利用化学抑制剂以最大限度地发挥其抗氧化作用具有重要意义。在此基础上，通过程序升温实验，探讨了抗氧化剂对煤氧化过程的抑制作用。利用电子顺磁共振光谱（EPR）分析了各抗氧剂对煤中活性基团的抑制效果差异，并利用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）定量评价了抗氧剂对煤中活性基团的靶向抑制效果。结果表明：与原煤相比，不同抗氧剂处理的煤样所排放的氧化产物有所减少，交点温度也有所升高，表明抗氧剂能有效地抑制煤的氧化自燃。煤样产气和产热规律之间的关联表明，抗氧化剂的抑制效果通常与其抑制寿命不成正比。各抗氧剂对煤氧自由基的吸收量不同，导致吸收量的差异。抗氧化剂对煤中活性结构的抑制率很高，一般在44% ~ 99%之间。GSH和DPA对煤的活性结构表现出有效且平衡的抑制作用。CA对各种活性结构的抑制作用也是平衡的，但相对较弱。Tempo和PA对脂肪族烃和羟基的结构有显著影响，对芳香族结构和含氧官能团的影响不显著。研究结果可为有针对性地选择煤种，选择化学抑制剂和开发抗氧化化学抑制剂提供理论依据。

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引用次数: 0

Numerical investigation of baffle-enhanced cooling strategies in data center server racks 数据中心服务器机架挡板增强冷却策略的数值研究

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS

Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2025.107606

Wen-Ken Li, Chieh-Ying Chan, Yi-An Chen

The escalating computational demand and subsequent heat generation pose a critical challenge for thermal management in modern high-power-density data centers. Non-uniform airflow distribution and localized hotspots within server racks can significantly compromise system reliability and energy efficiency. This study presents a comprehensive numerical investigation on the use of passive exhaust-side baffles to enhance rack-level cooling performance. A validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was employed to simulate a dual-row server rack configuration in which exhaust-side baffles were applied to locally redirect the hot-air flow. The effects of baffle inclination angle (−75° to +75°), baffle length (0.10–0.30 m), and varying rack power densities (5000-10,000 W) were systematically analyzed. Thermal performance was evaluated using Return Temperature Index (RTI) and Supply Heat Index (SHI) as key metrics. Our findings indicate that a baffle with an upward angle of +60° and a length of 0.25 m delivered the most favorable cooling performance, reducing bottom-rack hotspot temperatures and significantly improving airflow uniformity. Under high-load conditions, the optimized baffle configuration decreased RTI by approximately 20 % and SHI by up to 0.113, demonstrating its robustness across operational scenarios. The findings confirm that strategically implemented passive baffles can serve as an effective and energy-efficient means to improve thermal reliability in data center environments. Recommendations for future work include the exploration of adaptive baffle systems for real-time thermal optimization.

不断升级的计算需求和随之而来的热量产生对现代高功率密度数据中心的热管理提出了严峻的挑战。服务器机架内不均匀的气流分布和局部热点会严重影响系统的可靠性和能源效率。本文对被动排气侧挡板的使用进行了全面的数值研究，以提高机架级冷却性能。采用经过验证的计算流体力学（CFD）模型，模拟了一种双排服务器机架结构，其中排气侧挡板用于局部重定向热气流。系统分析了折流板倾角（−75°~ +75°）、折流板长度（0.10 ~ 0.30 m）和机架功率密度（5000 ~ 10000 W）的影响。热性能评价采用回热指数（RTI）和供热指数（SHI）作为关键指标。我们的研究结果表明，+60°上倾角、长度为0.25 m的挡板具有最佳的冷却性能，可以降低机架底部热点温度，并显著改善气流均匀性。在高负载条件下，优化后的挡板配置将RTI降低了约20%，SHI降低了0.113，证明了其在各种操作场景下的稳健性。研究结果证实，战略性地实施被动式挡板可以作为提高数据中心环境热可靠性的有效和节能手段。对未来工作的建议包括探索用于实时热优化的自适应挡板系统。

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引用次数: 0