Case Studies in Thermal Engineering最新文献_第2页

Heat transfer enhancement in cylindrical heat pipes with MgO-Al2O3 hybrid nanofluids in water-ethylene glycol mixture: An RSM approach 在水-乙二醇混合物中使用 MgO-Al2O3 混合纳米流体增强圆柱形热管中的传热：RSM 方法

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS

Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2024.105278

Heat pipes are passive devices crucial for thermal management in various applications. However, conventional water-based fluids can limit their heat transfer capacity, especially in cold environments where freeze protection is necessary. This study investigates the potential of MgO-Al₂O₃ hybrid nanofluids to enhance heat transfer performance in cylindrical mesh heat pipes while addressing these limitations. The research demonstrates significant improvements in thermal performance compared to a water-ethylene glycol mixture. The MgO-Al₂O₃ hybrid nanofluid reduces thermal resistance by enhancing surface wettability in the evaporator section. Additionally, the formation of a nanofluid coating on the evaporator surface leads to a higher heat transfer coefficient. Furthermore, RSM successfully models the relationship between nanoparticle concentration, power input, and key thermal responses (thermal resistance and heat transfer coefficient). These findings highlight the effectiveness of MgO-Al₂O₃ hybrid nanofluids for augmenting heat transfer in heat pipes and provide valuable RSM models for predicting thermal behavior within the investigated range.

热管是一种无源装置，在各种应用中对热管理至关重要。然而，传统的水基流体会限制其传热能力，尤其是在需要防冻的寒冷环境中。本研究探讨了氧化镁-Al2O3 混合纳米流体在提高圆柱形网状热管传热性能方面的潜力，同时解决了这些局限性。研究结果表明，与水-乙二醇混合物相比，热性能有了明显改善。氧化镁-Al2O3 混合纳米流体通过增强蒸发器部分的表面润湿性来降低热阻。此外，在蒸发器表面形成纳米流体涂层可提高传热系数。此外，RSM 成功地模拟了纳米粒子浓度、输入功率和关键热反应（热阻和传热系数）之间的关系。这些发现凸显了氧化镁-Al2O3 混合纳米流体在增强热管传热方面的有效性，并为预测研究范围内的热行为提供了有价值的 RSM 模型。

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引用次数: 0

Heat transfer study on a stator-permanent magnet electric motor: A hybrid estimation model for real-time temperature monitoring and predictive maintenance 定子永磁电机的传热研究：用于实时温度监控和预测性维护的混合估算模型

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS

Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2024.105286

When electrical machines operate without a specific cooling system, the surrounding environment plays a crucial role in the rise of temperature and the duty cycle of operation. More clearly, a natural convection cooling system with a low value of heat transfer coefficient carries the risk of thermal breakdown, insufficient safety, and reliability. This paper studies the heat transfer aspects of a low-power flux switching permanent magnet (FSPM) motor under natural convection cooling to implement a novel real-time sensor-less temperature monitoring system. Thermal and electromagnetic experiments are carried out to create foundations for transient and steady-state numerical models. A data-driven, deep learning algorithm estimates the core and permanent magnet (PM) eddy current losses in real-time, besides the already available copper and friction losses. Subsequently, a two-node thermal equivalent circuit in a hybrid model with a feed-forward neural network estimates the dynamic temperature profile of windings and PMs. It is indicated that the worst-case estimation error is below 7.5%, and the configuration is applicable under a wide range of operation states and environmental conditions. Lastly, the system, including the power source, FSPM motor, and hybrid temperature estimation unit, will be implemented in MATLAB/Simulink to investigate the fault prediction and operation management capabilities.

当电机在没有特定冷却系统的情况下运行时，周围环境对温度上升和运行周期起着至关重要的作用。更明显的是，传热系数值较低的自然对流冷却系统存在热击穿风险，安全性和可靠性不足。本文研究了自然对流冷却条件下小功率磁通开关永磁（FSPM）电机的传热问题，以实现一种新型实时无传感器温度监控系统。通过热和电磁实验，为瞬态和稳态数值模型奠定了基础。除了已有的铜损和摩擦损之外，数据驱动的深度学习算法还能实时估算铁芯和永磁体（PM）的涡流损耗。随后，混合模型中的双节点热等效电路通过前馈神经网络估算出绕组和永磁体的动态温度曲线。结果表明，最坏情况下的估计误差低于 7.5%，并且该配置适用于各种运行状态和环境条件。最后，该系统（包括电源、FSPM 电机和混合温度估算单元）将在 MATLAB/Simulink 中实现，以研究故障预测和运行管理能力。

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引用次数: 0

Interpretable machine learning study of a collector based on combined twisted-tape and wavy-tape inserts 基于扭曲带和波浪带组合插入式采集器的可解释机器学习研究

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS

Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2024.105236

Nowadays, the efficiency of air collectors for solar thermal applications is still low, and many researchers tend to use machine learning to predict and model the performance of thermal systems, but most of the existing machine learning methods are uninterpretable, which poses a challenge for machine learning applications. In this paper, a new collector insert with enhanced heat transfer in the form of a combination of wave and helical twisted bands is firstly designed for performance test experiments using solar air collectors. Then, based on the test data, three mutually interpretable machine learning methods, PDP, ALE, and SHAP, are explored for predictive studies of collector performance. The results show that the average efficiency of the collector with inserted structure increases by 19.71 %, 12.25 %, and 17.53 % at inlet flow rates of 2.1 m/s, 3.3 m/s, and 4.5 m/s, respectively. The highest collector efficiency was achieved with a wave plate length of 360 mm, a helical twist ratio of 5.14, and an inlet flow rate of 4.5 m/s. Understanding how much the input affects the output through the interpretability of SHAP proves the value of interpretable machine learning, which is useful in guiding the modification of the collector structure.

目前，太阳能热应用中空气集热器的效率仍然较低，许多研究人员倾向于使用机器学习来预测热系统的性能并建立模型，但现有的机器学习方法大多无法解读，这给机器学习的应用带来了挑战。本文首先利用太阳能空气集热器设计了一种具有增强传热性能的新型集热器插件，其形式为波浪带和螺旋扭曲带的组合，并进行了性能测试实验。然后，根据测试数据，探索了三种可相互解释的机器学习方法，即 PDP、ALE 和 SHAP，用于集热器性能的预测研究。结果表明，当入口流速为 2.1 米/秒、3.3 米/秒和 4.5 米/秒时，采用插入式结构的集热器的平均效率分别提高了 19.71%、12.25% 和 17.53%。波板长度为 360 毫米、螺旋扭曲比为 5.14、入口流速为 4.5 米/秒时，集热器效率最高。通过 SHAP 的可解释性了解输入对输出的影响程度，证明了可解释机器学习的价值，有助于指导集热器结构的修改。

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引用次数: 0

Performance study of solar air collector-air source heat pump system inside the greenhouse 温室内太阳能空气集热器-空气源热泵系统的性能研究

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS

Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2024.105292

During the process of heating greenhouses, the phenomenon of inadequate heating installations is widespread. To address this issue, this paper proposed a solar air collector-air source heat pump (SAC-ASHP) system for greenhouses, combining solar technology with heat pump (HP) technology to provide sufficient heat during continuous cloudy days and winter. The heating capacities of the system on sunny, cloudy, and overcast days were 100.2 kWh, 112.3 kWh, and 157.8 kWh, respectively. The corresponding power was 30.1 kWh, 36.1 kWh, and 53.6 kWh. The coefficient of performance (COP) of the single air source heat pump (ASHP) for these days was 3.4, 3.2, and 3.0, respectively, while the COP of the solar heat pump (SHP) was 4.0, 3.5, and 3.1. Additionally, greenhouse employed heat and moisture recovery for humid air, aiming to provide a suitable environment for plant growth around the clock while conserving energy. The heat collection in the heat and moisture recovery combined HP mode was 66.7 % higher than in the heat exchanger (HE)-fan mode. This experimental study investigated the operational performance of the system in dynamic environments, revealing the stability of the system for greenhouse heating in cold regions, and providing new research ideas for greenhouse heating.

在温室大棚供暖过程中，普遍存在供暖装置不足的现象。针对这一问题，本文提出了一种用于温室的太阳能空气集热器-空气源热泵（SAC-ASHP）系统，将太阳能技术与热泵（HP）技术相结合，在连续阴天和冬季提供充足的热量。该系统在晴天、阴天和多云时的供热能力分别为 100.2 千瓦时、112.3 千瓦时和 157.8 千瓦时。相应的功率分别为 30.1 千瓦时、36.1 千瓦时和 53.6 千瓦时。在这些日子里，单一空气源热泵（ASHP）的性能系数（COP）分别为 3.4、3.2 和 3.0，而太阳能热泵（SHP）的性能系数（COP）分别为 4.0、3.5 和 3.1。此外，温室还采用了湿热回收技术，目的是在节约能源的同时，为植物提供全天候的适宜生长环境。热量和水分回收组合 HP 模式的集热量比热交换器（HE）- 风机模式高 66.7%。这项实验研究调查了该系统在动态环境下的运行性能，揭示了该系统在寒冷地区温室供暖的稳定性，为温室供暖提供了新的研究思路。

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引用次数: 0

Thermal performance of a hybrid nanofluid flow through a stretchable stationary disk featuring the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux theory 采用卡塔尼奥-克里斯托夫热通量理论的混合纳米流体流经可拉伸静止圆盘的热性能

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS

Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2024.105296

A hybrid nanofluid is comprised of a (Ethylene glycol) base fluid component and (Copper and Aluminium oxide) nanoparticles, and the nanoparticles are scattered inside the Ethylene glycol. Integrating nanoparticles into a base fluid (Ethylene glycol) can significantly enhance its thermal conductivity, which in turn can boost the base fluid's rate of heat transfer. In addition, the dynamics of viscous fluid together with nanoparticles is quite interesting and has a large of applications in the industrial sector. The current predominately predictive modeling investigates the flow of the hybrid nanofluid via a stretchable stationary disk in the presence of heat source/sink. A progressive modification in he energy equation is done by utilizing the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux expressions. This theory provides predictions for the features of the thermal relaxation time of the liquid on the boundary layer flow. Further, the study focuses on the features of the Lorentz force resulting from the applied of a magnetic field perpendicular to the disk. The similarity approach is used to obtained the dimensionless ordinary differential equations.The bvp4c approach in Matlab is utilized as a numerical method for the solution. All the solutions are obtained through graphical form. According to the results, the thermal profile is reduced by adjusting the thermal relaxation time parameter. Motion of the hybrid nanofluid slows down by enlarging the magnetic force parameter. Additionally, the effect of the heat source significantly increases the thermal profile. It is noted that the temperature field is enhanced in the case of a larger Lorentz force. Moreover, the increase in volume fraction concentration intensifies the thermal distribution, but the velocity is diminished due to the effect of viscosity.

混合纳米流体由（乙二醇）基础流体成分和（铜和氧化铝）纳米粒子组成，纳米粒子分散在乙二醇中。将纳米颗粒融入基础流体（乙二醇）可显著提高其导热性，从而提高基础流体的传热速率。此外，粘滞流体与纳米颗粒的动力学也非常有趣，在工业领域有大量应用。目前的主要预测模型研究了在热源/散热器存在的情况下，混合纳米流体通过可拉伸固定盘的流动情况。利用卡塔尼奥-克里斯托夫热通量表达式对能量方程进行了渐进式修改。该理论可预测液体热弛豫时间对边界层流动的影响。此外，研究还关注了垂直于圆盘的磁场所产生的洛伦兹力的特征。采用相似性方法求得无量纲常微分方程，并利用 Matlab 中的 bvp4c 方法作为数值求解方法。所有解法均通过图形形式获得。结果表明，通过调整热弛豫时间参数，可以减小热剖面。通过增大磁力参数，混合纳米流体的运动速度减慢。此外，热源的影响也会显著增加热剖面。值得注意的是，在洛伦兹力较大的情况下，温度场会增强。此外，体积分数浓度的增加会加强热分布，但由于粘度的影响，速度会减小。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of external heating and state of charge on discharge performance and thermal runaway risk in 21700 Li-ion batteries 外部加热和充电状态对 21700 锂离子电池放电性能和热失控风险的影响

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS

Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2024.105299

This study investigates the combined effects of external heating and State of Charge (SOC) on the discharge performance and thermal runaway risk of 21700 Li-ion batteries. Experiments subject commercially available 21700 cylindrical cells to various external heating conditions at different SOC levels (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 %) while measuring discharge performance and thermal behavior at different discharge rates (0.2, 0.5, 1, and 1.5C). The study emphasizes the significance of Li-ions' spatial arrangement and maintaining electrical charge in the electrolyte to evaluate battery performance. Numerical simulations are then conducted to complement the experimental data and provide deeper insights. The results reveal a significant degradation in discharge performance with increasing external heat, characterized by voltage drops and reduced capacity. Cells with higher SOC levels exhibit more severe exothermic reactions during external heating, leading to a higher likelihood of thermal runaway. Cells operated at a moderate SOC of 40 % demonstrate a significantly lower risk of thermal runaway under similar heating conditions. The rapid rise in temperature at 100 % SOC of batteries showed a sharp increase of over 20 °C per second. Temperature spikes were noted at specific time intervals corresponding to different SOC levels: 100, 80, 60, 40, and 20. At this critical point, temperatures ranged from 135 to 182 °C, indicating potential thermal issues from internal short circuits causing separator melting. These findings highlight the critical role of SOC management in ensuring the safe and reliable operation of 21700 Li-ion batteries, particularly in applications involving elevated temperatures.

本研究调查了外部加热和充电状态（SOC）对 21700 锂离子电池放电性能和热失控风险的综合影响。实验将市售 21700 圆柱形电池置于不同 SOC 水平（20%、40%、60%、80% 和 100%）的各种外部加热条件下，同时测量不同放电速率（0.2、0.5、1 和 1.5C）下的放电性能和热行为。该研究强调了锂离子的空间排列和保持电解质中电荷对评估电池性能的重要性。然后进行了数值模拟，以补充实验数据并提供更深入的见解。结果表明，随着外部热量的增加，放电性能显著下降，表现为电压下降和容量减少。SOC 水平较高的电池在外部加热过程中会出现更严重的放热反应，从而导致更高的热失控可能性。在类似加热条件下，以 40% 的中等 SOC 运行的电池发生热失控的风险要低得多。电池在 100 % SOC 时温度迅速上升，每秒急剧上升 20 °C。温度峰值出现在与不同 SOC 水平相对应的特定时间间隔：100、80、60、40 和 20。在这一临界点，温度从 135 °C到 182 °C不等，表明内部短路可能导致隔膜熔化。这些发现凸显了 SOC 管理在确保 21700 锂离子电池安全可靠运行方面的关键作用，尤其是在涉及高温的应用中。

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引用次数: 0

Analyzing tube arrangements of a finned-tube heat exchanger to optimize overall efficiency using artificial neural network and response surface methodology 利用人工神经网络和响应面方法分析翅片管式热交换器的管子排列，优化整体效率

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS

Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2024.105302

Temperature is a critical factor in numerous equipment, industries, and daily life applications. Heat exchangers are essential devices that help regulate and optimize this factor. The finned-tube heat exchanger (FTHE) is widely favored due to its high efficiency in facilitating heat transfer between liquids and gases. Improving the performance of FTHE can significantly provide thermal requirements in industrial and engineering processes and reduce energy consumption. The present research includes a numerical study of an FTHE and the optimization of the performances based on the input variables by response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) methods. The tubes' transverse and longitudinal pitches and inlet Reynolds number were selected as input variables. Also, the examined responses were the Colburn and friction factors. Changing tubes' pitches makes it possible to significantly affect the thermo-hydraulic performance without incurring additional costs and processes. The acquired results showed that the responses predicted by the models are very close to the numerical results, which indicates the high accuracy and validity of these models. According to the results, the optimum heat exchanger's efficiency index was obtained at P_t = 26.128 mm, P_l = 28 mm, and Re = 800. It was also observed that the overall performance of the optimal design is 185 % higher than the weakest FTHE.

温度是众多设备、工业和日常生活应用中的关键因素。热交换器是帮助调节和优化这一因素的重要设备。翅片管式热交换器（FTHE）在促进液体和气体之间的热传递方面具有很高的效率，因此受到广泛青睐。提高翅片管式热交换器的性能可以大大满足工业和工程流程的热需求，并降低能耗。本研究包括对 FTHE 的数值研究，以及基于输入变量的响应面方法（RSM）和人工神经网络（ANN）方法的性能优化。管子的横向和纵向间距以及入口雷诺数被选为输入变量。此外，还考察了科尔本系数和摩擦系数。通过改变管道间距，可以在不增加成本和工序的情况下显著影响热液性能。获得的结果表明，模型预测的响应与数值结果非常接近，这表明这些模型具有很高的准确性和有效性。结果表明，在 Pt = 26.128 毫米、Pl = 28 毫米和 Re = 800 时，热交换器的效率指数最佳。同时还观察到，最佳设计的整体性能比最弱的 FTHE 高出 185%。

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引用次数: 0

Investigation of the cooling effect of wind on rooftop PV power plants 风对屋顶光伏电站冷却效应的研究

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS

Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2024.105295

This study investigates the cooling of PV panels installed on the roof of a 5.9 MW power plant in Bursa, Turkey, under varying wind conditions. Meteorological measurements were conducted during the summer period to analyse the cooling effects. When wind speed differences were below 0.5 m/s, the cooling effect on the PV panels ranged between 2 and 3 °C. However, when the wind speed differences approached 1 m/s, the cooling effect increased up to 7 °C. At lower wind speeds, winds blowing from behind the panels provided better cooling, whereas side winds offered improved performance as wind speed increased. Due to the roof slope and the minimal gap between the panels and the roof, winds from behind were less effective, as they could not penetrate the back of the PV panels. Side winds, on the other hand, faced no difficulty in flowing over the panel surfaces but lost their cooling effect as they passed along the long rows of panels. These findings suggest that during the design phase of PV power plants, high wind speed locations should be prioritized, and optimal configurations should be implemented to ensure uniform wind access to all PV arrays.

本研究调查了安装在土耳其布尔萨一座 5.9 兆瓦发电厂屋顶上的光伏电池板在不同风力条件下的冷却情况。在夏季进行了气象测量，以分析冷却效果。当风速差低于 0.5 米/秒时，光伏板的冷却效果为 2 至 3 °C。然而，当风速差接近 1 米/秒时，冷却效果增加到 7 °C。在风速较低时，从电池板后面吹来的风能提供更好的冷却效果，而随着风速的增加，侧面的风能提供更好的冷却效果。由于屋顶的坡度以及电池板与屋顶之间的缝隙很小，从后面吹来的风效果较差，因为它们无法穿透光伏电池板的背面。另一方面，侧风在流经电池板表面时没有遇到困难，但在经过长排电池板时失去了冷却效果。这些研究结果表明，在光伏电站的设计阶段，应优先考虑风速较高的地点，并实施优化配置，以确保所有光伏阵列都能均匀受风。

引用次数: 0

Modeling and economic analysis of block absorber (RadFrac) performance with stage variations for post-combustion CO2 capture 块状吸收器（RadFrac）性能的建模和经济分析（随阶段变化），用于燃烧后二氧化碳捕获

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS

Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2024.105272

This study presents a comprehensive modeling and economic evaluation of a Monoethanolamine (MEA)-based post-combustion carbon capture (PCC) absorber unit. The simulation provides detailed insights into the absorber's internal profiles, including temperature gradients and the percentage of CO₂ captured, with a particular focus on the effects of varying the number of stages and absorber diameters. Validation against experimental data demonstrated close alignment between simulated and observed values, with an average Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of 0.018 and 4.0129, respectively, confirming the reliability of the simulation in capturing the complex dynamics of the absorber.

The economic analysis, conducted using the Aspen Process Economic Analyzer (APEA), simplified the complex relationship between absorber segmentation, capital and operational costs, and absorber diameter. The study revealed that increasing the absorber diameter and the number of stages leads to a significant rise in Total Capital Cost (TCC), Total Operating Cost (TOC), Equipment Cost, and Total Installed Cost (TIC), with the highest costs observed at a stage number of 90 and a diameter of 1.0 m. However, the analysis identified an optimal configuration at an absorber diameter of 0.45 m with either 10 or 20 stages. This setup effectively balances cost and CO₂ capture efficiency, offering a more economical solution compared to configurations with larger diameters and higher stage numbers, which substantially increase expenses. The findings highlight the critical trade-offs between operational efficiency and capital expenditure, stressing on the crucial role of absorber diameter in determining the economic feasibility of the absorber block in PCC systems.

本研究对基于单乙醇胺（MEA）的燃烧后碳捕集（PCC）吸收装置进行了全面建模和经济评估。模拟详细分析了吸收器的内部曲线，包括温度梯度和二氧化碳捕集百分比，特别关注了不同级数和吸收器直径的影响。根据实验数据进行的验证表明，模拟值和观测值非常接近，平均均方根偏差（RMSD）分别为 0.018 和 4.0129，这证实了模拟在捕捉吸收器复杂动态方面的可靠性。经济分析使用 Aspen 流程经济分析仪（APEA）进行，简化了吸收器分段、资本和运营成本以及吸收器直径之间的复杂关系。研究表明，增加吸收器直径和级数会导致总资本成本 (TCC)、总运营成本 (TOC)、设备成本和总安装成本 (TIC) 显著增加，其中级数为 90 级、直径为 1.0 米时成本最高。这种设置有效地平衡了成本和二氧化碳捕获效率，与直径更大、级数更多的配置相比，提供了更经济的解决方案，因为后者会大幅增加成本。研究结果突出了运行效率和资本支出之间的重要权衡，强调了吸收器直径在决定 PCC 系统中吸收器块的经济可行性方面的关键作用。

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引用次数: 0

Sustainability index and a bibliometric of photovoltaic thermal with rectangular channel 带矩形通道的光电热能的可持续性指数和文献计量学

IF 6.4 2区工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS

Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2024.105300

The main challenge associated with solar panels is the need to reduce excessive heat and optimize efficiency to achieve stable conditions. Therefore, a combination of collector and cooling technologies, such as Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) Technology, is needed to address this problem. This research used water-based rectangular channel to cool the PVT through the Ansys simulation method. A total of nine variations of mass flow rates, which ranged from 0.001 to 0.009 kg/s and six solar intensities between 500 W/m² and 1000 W/m² were used to achieve the optimal performance. An energetic analytical method with average Sustainability Index (SI) of 0.001–0.009 kg/s and 1.186 at 1000 W/m² intensity were incorporated. Furthermore, the maximum average Waste Exergy Rasio (WER) value of 0.854 at a 500 W/m² intensity was used to determine the flow rate. The highest average Exergetic Ecological Index (EcEI) value recorded was −0.687 at a 1000 W/m² radiation intensity, while the highest average Improvement Potential (IP) value was 421.145 W. The results showed that the simulation serve as a valuable point of reference in the design and advancement of water-based rectangular channel within future PVT technology.

太阳能电池板面临的主要挑战是需要减少过多热量并优化效率，以实现稳定的条件。因此，需要结合集热器和冷却技术，如光伏热技术（PVT）来解决这一问题。本研究通过 Ansys 仿真方法，使用水基矩形通道冷却 PVT。为了达到最佳性能，共使用了九种质量流量变化（从 0.001 到 0.009 kg/s）和六种太阳辐射强度（从 500 W/m2 到 1000 W/m2）。采用的能量分析方法的平均可持续性指数（SI）为 0.001-0.009 kg/s，1000 W/m2 强度时为 1.186。此外，在确定流量时，还使用了 500 W/m2 强度下的最大平均废物能耗（WER）值 0.854。在辐射强度为 1000 W/m2 时，记录到的最高平均能效生态指数 (EcEI) 值为 -0.687，而最高平均改善潜力 (IP) 值为 421.145 W。

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引用次数: 0