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Numerical analysis and experimental study of two-phase flow pattern and pressure drop characteristics in internally microfin tubes 内部微鳍管内两相流模式和压降特性的数值分析和实验研究
IF 6.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2024.105521
Jingzhi Zhang, Liangliang Zhang, Bo Zhang, Naixiang Zhou, Li Lei, Bangming Li
Microfin tubes with internal structures exhibit superior thermo-hydraulic performance, making them indispensable in systems such as air conditioning, chemical industry, and heat pumps. Despite their widespread application, research on microfin tubes has predominantly concentrated on single-phase flows. The heat transfer coefficient of phase change heat transfer is much higher than that of single-phase heat transfer. The higher heat transfer coefficient enables micro finned tubes using phase change heat transfer to significantly improve heat transfer efficiency while reducing equipment size. The understanding of gas-liquid two-phase flow characteristics is crucial for heat and mass transfer rates and pressure drop. This study examines the two-phase flow patterns and pressure drop characteristics within microfin tubes, considering variables such as two-phase Reynolds number (200≤Re ≤ 600), gas void fraction (0.3≤ζ ≤ 0.55), tube inner diameter (2.5≤d ≤ 5 mm), helix angle (0°≤β ≤ 36°), and microfin count (20≤Ns ≤ 60) through both experimental and numerical approaches. The findings reveal that the inlet Reynolds number and microfin count exert negligible effects on bubble dimensions and morphology. As the gas void fraction and helix angle increase, the gas-liquid interfacial profiles become more symmetric. The influence of changes in bubble length and gas void fraction on bubble velocity can be ignored. When the helix angle is 18°, friction resistance factor in the liquid column region is the minimum of 0.04. The friction resistance factor in the liquid column region decreases with the increase of two-phase Reynolds number and microfin count, and decreases with the decrease of gas void fraction and tube inner diameter.
具有内部结构的微鳍管具有卓越的热液性能,因此在空调、化学工业和热泵等系统中不可或缺。尽管微鳍管应用广泛,但对其的研究主要集中在单相流方面。相变传热的传热系数远高于单相传热。较高的传热系数使得利用相变传热的微型翅片管能够显著提高传热效率,同时缩小设备尺寸。了解气液两相流特性对传热、传质速率和压降至关重要。本研究通过实验和数值方法,考虑了两相雷诺数(200≤Re≤600)、气体空隙率(0.3≤ζ≤0.55)、管内径(2.5≤d≤5 毫米)、螺旋角(0°≤β≤36°)和微鳍数量(20≤Ns≤60)等变量,研究了微鳍管内的两相流动模式和压降特性。研究结果表明,入口雷诺数和微鳍数对气泡尺寸和形态的影响微乎其微。随着气体空隙率和螺旋角的增加,气液界面轮廓变得更加对称。气泡长度和气体空隙率的变化对气泡速度的影响可以忽略。当螺旋角为 18°时,液柱区域的摩擦阻力系数最小,为 0.04。液柱区的摩擦阻力因子随两相雷诺数和微鳍数的增加而减小,随气体空隙率和管内径的减小而减小。
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引用次数: 0
A novel high-temperature water cooling system utilizing cascaded cold energy from underground water plants in northern China 利用中国北方地下水厂级联冷能的新型高温水冷却系统
IF 6.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2024.105504
Chuanmin Tai, Yunqing Zhang, Zhanli Liu, Xingliang Ji, Wenjun Lei, Guansan Tian
In alignment to China's ambitious ‘Dual Carbon' strategy and the urgent need to address energy shortages, optimizing energy consumption in air conditioning systems has become a critical imperative in thermal engineering.This study introduces an innovative high-temperature water cooling system that leverages cascaded cold energy from underground water plants in northern China. Initially, the DeST software was utilized to simulate and quantify the hourly cooling load and annual cooling consumption of a representative building. Subsequently, based on these simulation results, a comprehensive case study was conducted on an air conditioning project in Jinan city, Shandong Province, to rigorously analyze the proposed system's performance in terms of energy efficiency, economic feasibility, and environmental impact.The results demonstrate significant improvements over conventional air conditioning systems: a 24.6 % increase in energy efficiency, corresponding to a reduction of 4.7 kWh/m2 in energy consumption and cost savings of 2.5 CNY/m2. The economic viability of the system extends to a radius of 3.5 km from the underground water plant. Projections for a typical cooling season indicate potential electricity savings of approximately 691,000.0 kWh, translating to emission reductions of 691.0 tons of CO2, 20.7 tons of SO2, and 10.4 tons of NOx.
为配合中国雄心勃勃的 "双碳 "战略和解决能源短缺的迫切需要,优化空调系统的能耗已成为热能工程领域的当务之急。本研究介绍了一种创新的高温水冷却系统,该系统利用中国北方地下水厂的级联冷能。首先,利用 DeST 软件模拟并量化了一栋代表性建筑的每小时冷负荷和年耗冷量。随后,根据这些模拟结果,对山东省济南市的一个空调项目进行了全面的案例研究,从能源效率、经济可行性和环境影响等方面对所提系统的性能进行了严格的分析。该系统的经济可行性覆盖了地下水厂 3.5 公里的半径范围。对典型冷却季节的预测表明,潜在节电量约为 691,000.0 千瓦时,可减少排放 691.0 吨二氧化碳、20.7 吨二氧化硫和 10.4 吨氮氧化物。
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引用次数: 0
Performance evaluation of supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle with two-stage compression and intercooling 采用两级压缩和中冷技术的超临界二氧化碳布雷顿循环性能评估
IF 6.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2024.105503
Jiahui Jiang, Yongqiang Yu, Yuanyang Zhao, Guangbin Liu, Qichao Yang, Yunxia Liu, Liansheng Li
Due to its small structures and high energy efficiency, the Brayton cycle using supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) can be implemented in various energy industries. The simulation model for a sCO2 recompression Brayton (RB) system with a two-stage compression and intercooling process (TCIP) is developed. At the design working conditions, there are minimum and optimum split ratios for the sCO2 RB with TCIP cycle. The sCO2 RB with TCIP cycle has a broader range of split ratios compared to the RB cycle. The sCO2 RB with TCIP cycle can achieve a minimum split ratio of 0.315, compared to 0.36 for the sCO2 RB cycle. The maximum efficiency of the sCO2 RB with TCIP cycle is 50.95 %, which surpasses the efficiency of the sCO2 RB cycle by 3.14 %. There exists an optimal value for the first-stage pressure ratio because the maximum efficiency of the sCO2 RB with the TCIP system tends to increase and then decrease with the increase in the first-stage pressure ratio. The pressure ratio of 1.1 for the first-stage compressor, corresponding to an interstage pressure of 8.25 MPa, maximizes the efficiency of the sCO2 RB with the TCIP cycle. The results can be used to further explore the applicability of sCO2 RB with TCIP.
由于结构小、能效高,使用超临界二氧化碳(sCO2)的布雷顿循环可用于各种能源行业。本研究开发了具有两级压缩和中冷过程(TCIP)的 sCO2 再压缩布雷顿(RB)系统的仿真模型。在设计工作条件下,带 TCIP 循环的 sCO2 RB 有最小和最佳分流比。与 RB 循环相比,采用 TCIP 的 sCO2 RB 循环的分流比范围更广。带 TCIP 的 sCO2 RB 循环的最小分离比为 0.315,而 sCO2 RB 循环的最小分离比为 0.36。带 TCIP 的 sCO2 RB 循环的最高效率为 50.95%,比 sCO2 RB 循环的效率高出 3.14%。第一级压力比存在一个最佳值,因为随着第一级压力比的增加,采用 TCIP 系统的 sCO2 RB 的最大效率呈先增后减的趋势。第一级压缩机的压力比为 1.1(对应于 8.25 兆帕的级间压力)时,采用 TCIP 循环的 sCO2 RB 的效率最大。这些结果可用于进一步探索采用 TCIP 循环的 sCO2 RB 的适用性。
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引用次数: 0
On the effects of oxygen fraction on stability and combustion characteristics of dual-swirl oxy-methane flames: An experimental and numerical study 氧分数对双漩涡全氧甲烷火焰稳定性和燃烧特性的影响:实验和数值研究
IF 6.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2024.105519
Mohamed Hamdy, Mohammed El-Adawy, Ahmed Abdelhalim, Ahmed Abdelhafez, Medhat A. Nemitallah
The effects of oxygen fractions of primary and secondary streams on flow/flame interactions, flame stability and macrostructure, and combustion and emissions characteristics of premixed oxy-methane (CH4/CO2/O2) flames were studied experimentally and numerically in a dual annular counter-rotating swirl (DACRS) burner for applications of clean power production in gas turbines. The primary stream oxygen fractions (OFp) of 34 % and 25 % were paired with secondary stream oxygen fractions (OFs) ranging from 25 % to 39 % at fixed primary stream equivalence ratio (φp = 0.9), fixed velocity ratio of 3.0 by the primary (of 5 m/s) and secondary (of 1.667 m/s) streams, and over ranges of secondary stream equivalence ratios (φs). The results showed that at OFp = 34 % and OFS = 39 %, the pilot flame supports a lean secondary flame down to φs = 0.434 at combustor global equivalence ratio (φg) of 0.467. Flame flashback concerns were not seen in the operative OFs zone until the secondary stream reached stoichiometric operation (φs = 1.0). The widths and forms of the inner and outer recirculation zones (IRZ and ORZ) are not significantly affected by changes in OF. Reducing φg and OFg resulted in decreases in Damköhler number (Da), laminar flame speed, and CO emissions.
在用于燃气轮机清洁发电的双环形反向旋转漩涡(DACRS)燃烧器中,实验和数值研究了一次流和二次流的氧分数对预混甲烷(CH4/CO2/O2)火焰的流动/火焰相互作用、火焰稳定性和宏观结构以及燃烧和排放特性的影响。在固定一次流当量比 (φp = 0.9)、一次流(5 m/s)和二次流(1.667 m/s)固定速度比 3.0 以及二次流当量比 (φs)范围内,一次流氧分数 (OFp) 为 34 % 和 25 %,二次流氧分数 (OFs) 为 25 % 至 39 %。结果表明,在 OFp = 34 % 和 OFS = 39 % 的条件下,先导火焰可支持燃烧器全等效比 (φg) 为 0.467 时的φs = 0.434 的贫二级火焰。在二次气流达到化学计量运行(φs = 1.0)之前,运行中的 OFs 区域不会出现火焰回火问题。内再循环区和外再循环区(IRZ 和 ORZ)的宽度和形式受 OF 变化的影响不大。降低 φg 和 OFg 会导致达姆克勒数 (Da)、层流火焰速度和 CO 排放量下降。
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引用次数: 0
Combustion characteristics of a 660 MW tangentially fired pulverized coal boiler considering different loads, burner combinations and horizontal deflection angles 考虑到不同负荷、燃烧器组合和水平偏转角,660 兆瓦切向燃烧煤粉锅炉的燃烧特性
IF 6.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2024.105520
Wenbo Gu, Zipeng Zheng, Naixin Zhao, Xiaojian Wang, Zening Cheng
In the context of transitioning energy structures, thermal power generation is adapting to peak load regulation, highlighting the need for comprehensive studies on boiler combustion characteristics under varying load conditions. This study focuses on a 660 MW tangentially fired boiler, evaluating its combustion and pollutant generation at different operational loads: boiler maximum continuous rate (BMCR), turbine heat acceptance (THA), 75% of THA, and 40% of THA. The findings reveal a general decline in temperature, and nitrogen oxide concentration as the load decreases. However, at 40% THA, increased oxygen mole fractions lead to higher carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide levels compared to other conditions. Through the Analytic Network Process, each parameter's impact is evaluated and scored to identify the most effective burner and deflection angle combinations. Optimal configurations are identified: a 10-degree rightward adjustment for ABDE layer burners at BMCR and a 10-degree leftward adjustment for BD layer burners at 40% THA, both enhancing combustion performance and reducing pollutants at the furnace outlet. For THA and 75% THA conditions, the industrial standard combination is recommended.
在能源结构转型的背景下,火力发电正在适应峰值负荷调节,因此需要对不同负荷条件下的锅炉燃烧特性进行全面研究。本研究以一台 660 兆瓦切向燃烧锅炉为重点,评估了其在不同运行负荷下的燃烧和污染物生成情况:锅炉最大连续率 (BMCR)、汽轮机受热率 (THA)、THA 的 75% 和 THA 的 40%。研究结果表明,随着负荷的降低,温度和氮氧化物浓度普遍下降。然而,与其他条件相比,在 40% THA 条件下,氧分子分数的增加会导致二氧化碳和二氧化硫浓度升高。通过分析网络流程,对每个参数的影响进行评估和评分,以确定最有效的燃烧器和偏转角组合。确定了最佳配置:在 BMCR 条件下,ABDE 层燃烧器向右调整 10 度,在 40% THA 条件下,BD 层燃烧器向左调整 10 度,这两种配置都能提高燃烧性能并减少炉子出口处的污染物。对于 THA 和 75% THA 条件,建议采用工业标准组合。
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引用次数: 0
Research on the mechanical and thermal properties of potting adhesive with different fillers of h-BN and MPCM 含 h-BN 和 MPCM 不同填料的灌封胶的机械和热性能研究
IF 6.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2024.105510
Jing Xu, Xiang Wang, Meng Zhang
Using packaging materials to reduce contact thermal resistance has become a promising method to solve the problem of insufficient heat dissipation capacity of electronic components. The purpose of this work is to optimize the mechanical and thermodynamic performance of potting adhesive using phase change microcapsules (MPCM) and hexagonal boron nitride nano-powder (h-BN) as thermal conductive fillers. The experimental results indicated that h-BN has a positive effect on the tensile strength of the potting adhesive, with a 7.1 % increase in tensile strength at a mass fraction of 30 %. However, the addition of MPCM will weaken the tensile strength of the potting adhesive. Adding MPCM and h-BN can both effectively improve the thermal conductivity of the potting adhesive: when the filler mass fraction is lower than 20 %, the potting adhesive with MPCM filler exhibits more strengthening capability than h-BN type; while with the continuous increase of filler mass fraction, the thermal conductivity of the potting adhesive with h-BN filler is better. The thermal buffering capacity of the potting adhesive significantly increases with the mass fraction of MPCM, while the effect of h-BN on thermal buffering capacity is not significant. In addition, the addition of h-BN and MPCM significantly improves the temperature uniformity of the potting adhesive.
利用封装材料降低接触热阻已成为解决电子元件散热能力不足问题的一种可行方法。这项研究的目的是利用相变微胶囊(MPCM)和六方氮化硼纳米粉体(h-BN)作为导热填料,优化灌封胶的机械和热力学性能。实验结果表明,h-BN 对灌封胶的拉伸强度有积极影响,当质量分数为 30% 时,拉伸强度提高了 7.1%。然而,添加 MPCM 会削弱灌封胶的抗拉强度。添加 MPCM 和 h-BN 都能有效改善灌封胶的导热性能:当填料质量分数低于 20 % 时,添加 MPCM 填料的灌封胶比添加 h-BN 的灌封胶具有更强的增强能力;而随着填料质量分数的不断增加,添加 h-BN 填料的灌封胶的导热性能更好。灌封胶的热缓冲能力随 MPCM 质量分数的增加而显著提高,而 h-BN 对热缓冲能力的影响并不明显。此外,添加 h-BN 和 MPCM 还能明显改善灌封胶的温度均匀性。
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引用次数: 0
Intelligent adjustment ventilation duct design and numerical simulation study on enhancement of subgrade thermal stability in cold regions 提高寒冷地区基层热稳定性的智能调节通风管道设计与数值模拟研究
IF 6.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2024.105502
Zhijun Zhao, Yongtao Wang, Aiting Sang, Xiangtian Xu, Lingxiao Fan, Wenbin Huang, Yuhang Liu
Traditional ventilation duct systems for embankments in cold regions are limited in their ability to regulate ventilation, which restricts their cooling effectiveness on the subgrade. This study introduces a design method for an Intelligent Adjustment Ventilation Embankment (IAVE) system that dynamically adjusts the ventilation status within the duct based on variations in ground and air temperatures. Numerical simulations were performed to compare the cooling performance and differential settlement control of the Normal Ventilation Embankment (NVE), Temperature-Controlled Ventilation Embankment (TCVE), and IAVE systems. The results demonstrated that, compared to NVE and TCVE, the IAVE system achieved more precise temperature regulation, optimized the use of environmental cooling energy, and exhibited superior long-term cooling and differential settlement control. Among the three main factors influencing IAVE performance—ventilation duct burial spacing, burial depth, and airflow velocity—the burial spacing has the most significant impact on the Artificial Permafrost Table (APT). It not only enhances cooling during cold seasons but also effectively mitigates the re-warming of the subgrade during warm seasons. This research offers an efficient, low-carbon energy utilization structure and provides calculation results to improve the thermal stability of engineering projects in cold regions.
传统的寒冷地区堤坝通风管道系统调节通风的能力有限,从而限制了其对基层的冷却效果。本研究介绍了一种智能调节通风堤坝(IAVE)系统的设计方法,该系统可根据地面和空气温度的变化动态调节管道内的通风状态。数值模拟比较了普通通风堤(NVE)、温控通风堤(TCVE)和 IAVE 系统的冷却性能和差异沉降控制。结果表明,与 NVE 和 TCVE 相比,IAVE 系统实现了更精确的温度调节,优化了环境冷能的使用,并表现出更优越的长期降温和差异沉降控制能力。在影响 IAVE 性能的三个主要因素(通风管道埋设间距、埋设深度和气流速度)中,埋设间距对人工冻土表(APT)的影响最为显著。它不仅能在寒冷季节提高降温效果,还能在温暖季节有效缓解地基回暖。这项研究提供了一种高效、低碳的能源利用结构,并为提高寒冷地区工程项目的热稳定性提供了计算结果。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of photovoltaic thermal system performance with different nanoparticle sizes via energy, exergy, and irreversibility analysis 通过能量、放能和不可逆分析评估不同纳米粒子尺寸的光伏热系统性能
IF 6.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2024.105499
Miqdam T. Chaichan, Hussain A. Kazem, Hussain Saad Abd, Ali H.A. Al-Waeli, K. Sopain
The PVT system efficiency generally depends on diverse factors, such as design parameters, solar radiation intensity, and the concentration and type of nanofluid, among other major factors. The present work focuses on the effect of nanoparticle size on a nanofluid-based PVT collector system with a spiral-flow absorber. Besides nanoparticle size, the system is experimentally investigated at various flow rates, nanoparticle concentrations, and different working conditions. Moreover, PV efficiency is also calculated and compared with thermal efficiency by employing both energy and exergy analyses. The rate of exergy loss in PVT is calculated in order to provide a appropriate understanding of the key factors that affect the overall performance of such systems. The most important factor significantly affecting the PVT net efficiencies is the absorber outlet temperature, which illustrates the trade-off between the temperature increase and the increase of the potential concentration factor.
PVT 系统的效率通常取决于多种因素,如设计参数、太阳辐射强度、纳米流体的浓度和类型等主要因素。本研究的重点是纳米粒子尺寸对基于纳米流体的螺旋流吸收器 PVT 集热系统的影响。除纳米粒子尺寸外,还在不同流速、纳米粒子浓度和不同工作条件下对该系统进行了实验研究。此外,还计算了光伏效率,并通过能量和放能分析与热效率进行了比较。通过计算 PVT 的放能损失率,可以适当了解影响此类系统整体性能的关键因素。对 PVT 净效率有重大影响的最重要因素是吸收器出口温度,这说明了温度升高与潜在浓缩因子增加之间的权衡。
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引用次数: 0
Artificial neural networks-based multi-objective optimization of immersion cooling battery thermal management system using Hammersley sampling method 基于人工神经网络的浸入式冷却电池热管理系统多目标优化(使用哈默斯利采样法
IF 6.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2024.105509
Muhammed Donmez, Mehmet Ihsan Karamangil
This research optimizes lithium-ion battery module cooling through immersion cooling, addressing pressure drop and after discharge average cell temperature. Using the Hammersley method, various module designs are generated. Multi-objective optimization, using ANN-based multi objective genetic algorithms, is conducted on a 16S1P configuration at 4C discharge and 0.008 kg/s. The optimized design achieved an 83 % average cell temperature reduction at a 4C discharge rate and 0.008 kg/s compared to an uncooled battery cell, while also reducing the pressure drop by 88.6 % relative to the base design. The pressure drop is approximately 12 Pa at a mass flow rate of 0.02 kg/s, with an average cell temperature of 3.13°C in the optimized design. This represents a 68.4 % reduction in pressure drop compared to the base design, which experiences approximately 40 Pa at a lower mass flow rate of 0.008 kg/s. Additionally, the optimized design achieves a 20.8 % reduction in average cell temperature, lowering it from 3.95°C in the base design to 3.13°C. These findings highlight improved pressure and thermal performance in lithium-ion battery modules, with implications for enhanced design and operation. Future work could extend these optimizations to various battery chemistries and conditions.
这项研究通过浸入式冷却优化了锂离子电池模块的冷却,解决了压降和放电后电池平均温度的问题。使用哈默斯利方法生成了各种模块设计。在 4C 放电和 0.008 kg/s 条件下,使用基于 ANN 的多目标遗传算法对 16S1P 配置进行了多目标优化。在 4C 放电率和 0.008 kg/s 放电速度下,与未冷却电池相比,优化设计使电池平均温度降低了 83%,同时压降也比基本设计降低了 88.6%。在优化设计中,质量流量为 0.02 kg/s 时,压降约为 12 Pa,电池平均温度为 3.13°C。与基本设计相比,压降减少了 68.4%,基本设计在 0.008 kg/s 的较低质量流量下的压降约为 40 Pa。此外,优化设计还使电池平均温度降低了 20.8%,从基本设计的 3.95°C 降至 3.13°C。这些研究结果表明,锂离子电池模块的压力和热性能得到了改善,对提高设计和运行性能具有重要意义。未来的工作可以将这些优化扩展到各种电池化学成分和条件。
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引用次数: 0
A molecular dynamic study of the boiling heat transfer on a liquid metal surface with different thicknesses 不同厚度液态金属表面沸腾传热的分子动力学研究
IF 6.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 THERMODYNAMICS Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2024.105505
Zhiming Xu, Hongtao Feng, Yuting Jia, Jingtao Wang
The impact of the thickness on the boiling phenomena of the water film on the liquid metal surface is compared, and various mechanisms are analyzed, using a molecular dynamics simulation. The findings demonstrated that the best heat transfer performance between the liquid metal surface and water film is obtained when employing a thickness of 9.56 Å, along with a shorter boiling time. Additionally, the boiling time on each surface was further accurately characterized by considering and examining the water film motion and the temperature distribution, in addition to comparing the kinetic energy and potential energy of the system. Also, the surface thickness affected the fluctuation of the liquid metal, the interfacial thermal conductance, and the interfacial thermal resistance. The thicker the liquid metal, the greater the fluctuation. However, a liquid metal surface with a thickness of 9.56 Å is characterized by a larger average interfacial thermal conductance, a smaller average interfacial thermal resistance. Based on the analysis, the difference in boiling time among the different cases was due to the combined effect of fluctuation, interfacial thermal conductance, and interfacial thermal resistance. The results enlighten new ideas and methods for augmenting the efficiency of boiling heat transfer.
通过分子动力学模拟,比较了厚度对液态金属表面水膜沸腾现象的影响,并分析了各种机理。研究结果表明,当采用 9.56 Å 厚度时,液态金属表面与水膜之间的传热性能最佳,同时沸腾时间更短。此外,通过考虑和研究水膜的运动和温度分布,以及比较系统的动能和势能,进一步精确地确定了每个表面的沸腾时间。此外,表面厚度也会影响液态金属的波动、界面热导率和界面热阻。液态金属越厚,波动越大。然而,厚度为 9.56 Å 的液态金属表面的特点是平均界面热导率较大,平均界面热阻较小。根据分析,不同情况下沸腾时间的差异是波动、界面热导率和界面热阻共同作用的结果。这些结果为提高沸腾传热效率提供了新的思路和方法。
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引用次数: 0
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Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
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