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Technical and Economic Aspects of Reusing Textile Effluent as Process Water: A Case Study of Denim Washing Factory 纺织废水回用工艺用水的技术经济分析——以牛仔布洗涤厂为例
Pub Date : 2021-06-23 DOI: 10.3329/cerb.v22i1.54311
M. Ahmad, Majed Alam Abir, M. Khan
Textile and apparel industries are the major role-players in the fast-growing economy of Bangladesh. However, the textile sector consumes a large amount of water for various wet processing operations. Currently 98% of the water used by local textile factories is groundwater, which is causing depletion of ground water levels at a high rate. Considering the gravity of groundwater crisis in future, Bangladesh Government and international brands and retailers are advocating local textile factories to reuse textile effluents and implement ZLD (zero liquid discharge) option in the upcoming years. However, it is a new concept for Bangladesh textile sector, and there is limited understanding regarding technical and economic issues associated to advanced treatment and reusing textile effluent. In this paper, a case study is presented to analyse the application of advanced membrane treatment of conventional ETP (effluent treatment plant) treated water of a denim washing factory. The corresponding technical and economic issues of water recycling and reusing were also analyzed. The selected denim washing factory runs a conventional biological effluent treatment plant (ETP) which satisfies the basic requirements of national and international standards. For advanced treatment, a mobile setup of ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) unit was used at factory premises to further treat ETP treated water. The advanced treatment was carried out for three different permeate to reject ratios to observe changes in the permeate and reject water quality. Capital expenditure and operational costs were also assessed to see the economic feasibility of the approach. This study will help local textile factories with real time data to understand the technical and economic issues associated to reusing textile wastewater as process water. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 21(2020) 127-132
纺织和服装业是孟加拉国快速增长的经济的主要角色。然而,纺织部门在各种湿加工操作中消耗大量的水。目前,当地纺织工厂使用的98%的水是地下水,这导致地下水位快速枯竭。考虑到未来地下水危机的严重性,孟加拉国政府和国际品牌和零售商正在倡导当地纺织工厂在未来几年内重新利用纺织废水并实施ZLD(零液体排放)方案。然而,对孟加拉国纺织部门来说,这是一个新概念,对与纺织废水的深度处理和再利用有关的技术和经济问题的了解有限。本文以某牛仔水洗厂为例,分析了高级膜法处理常规污水的应用情况。并对水循环回用的技术经济问题进行了分析。所选牛仔布洗涤厂运行常规生物污水处理厂(ETP),基本满足国家和国际标准要求。对于高级处理,工厂使用超滤(UF)和反渗透(RO)装置的移动装置进一步处理ETP处理过的水。对三种不同的渗透与截留比进行深度处理,观察渗透与截留水质的变化。资本支出和业务成本也进行了评估,以确定该方法的经济可行性。这项研究将帮助当地纺织工厂获得实时数据,了解与纺织废水作为工艺用水再利用相关的技术和经济问题。化工研究通报21(2020)127-132
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引用次数: 0
Study of Fire Growth Behavior in a Residential Apartment using Fire Dynamic Simulator 基于火灾动力学模拟器的住宅公寓火灾生长行为研究
Pub Date : 2021-06-23 DOI: 10.3329/cerb.v22i1.54307
Fahim Shahriar Sakib, Riazuddin Ahmed, E. A. Khan
Fire accidents are very frequent and a major issue in Bangladesh in recent times. In this paper fire growth behavior in an apartment building is studied through a numerical analysis using Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS). A model apartment with fixed combustibles was created using FDS. The fire growth characteristics were studied and heat release rate, the rise of temperature, toxic gas dispersion and human evacuation were assessed. The fire was generated using a burner function. Computational analysis results from those models were analyzed and discussed. The relationship of wind and ventilation effect with time helps to predict the fire growth behavior in different location of the apartment. Evacuation modeling was created to illustrate the effect of evacuation time and fractional effective dose (FED) for different types of agents. FED is the summation of toxic gas consumption which is important for safe evacuation. The results show that the ventilation effect releases the heat and makes the apartment less vulnerable. Elderly people took more time for total evacuation than other groups that related to FED percentage. The idea of critical door length is demonstrated for safe evacuation during fire emergencies. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 21(2020) 99-105
火灾事故非常频繁,是孟加拉国近年来的一个主要问题。本文利用火灾动力学模拟器(FDS)对某住宅楼的火灾生长行为进行了数值分析。用FDS制作了一个装有固定可燃物的模型公寓。研究了火灾生长特性,评估了放热速率、温度升高、有毒气体扩散和人员疏散情况。火焰是使用燃烧器函数生成的。对这些模型的计算分析结果进行了分析和讨论。风和通风效果与时间的关系有助于预测公寓不同位置的火灾生长行为。建立疏散模型,说明不同类型药剂对疏散时间和分数有效剂量的影响。FED是有毒气体消耗量的总和,对安全疏散具有重要意义。结果表明,通风效果释放热量,使公寓不易受损。与其他组相比,老年人需要更多的时间才能完全撤离。对火灾紧急情况下安全疏散的临界门长概念进行了论证。化工研究通报21(2020)99-105
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引用次数: 0
Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL): in Retrospect 沙贾拉尔化肥有限公司(SFCL):回顾
Pub Date : 2021-06-23 DOI: 10.3329/cerb.v22i1.54292
A. Quader
This is a reflection on the implementation of Shahjalal Fertilizer Project (SFP) what is today Shahjalal Fertilizer Co. Ltd. (SFCL). This deals with a wide range of issues covering technical, contractual, and administrative involving SFP, General Contractor, sub-contractors, Process Licensors and vendors. These arose because of mindset, interpretation of contract clauses, inexperience, expectation and frustration of both Owner and General Contractor. Lessons learned would enable BCIC to undertake such projects in future by avoiding pitfalls and missteps of SFP. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 21(2020) 1-13
这是对Shahjalal肥料项目(SFP)实施的反思,即今天的Shahjalal肥料有限公司(SFCL)。该协议涉及到SFP、总承包商、分包商、过程许可方和供应商等广泛的技术、合同和管理问题。这些都是由于思维方式、对合同条款的解释、经验不足、业主和总承包商的期望和挫折而产生的。吸取的经验教训将使BCIC能够通过避免SFP的陷阱和失误来承担未来的此类项目。化工研究通报21(2020)1-13
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引用次数: 0
Preparationand Physico-Chemical Properties Evaluation of Biodiesel from Pithraj (Aphanamixis Polystachya)Seeds available in Bangladesh 孟加拉皮拉树种子制备生物柴油及其理化性质评价
Pub Date : 2021-06-23 DOI: 10.3329/cerb.v22i1.54298
Md Razu Ahmmed, Md. Ikramul Hasan, M. Mortuza, -. Mohammad Ismail
In this study, Pithraj (Aphanamixis polystachya) seed (PS) oil was used to produce biodiesel via trans-esterification process. The PS oil was extracted from seed using a soxhlet solvent extraction technique and the effect of temperature and heating rate on product distribution was investigated. The PS oil was pretreated (esterified) to combat the saponification reaction and other associated problems e.g., phase separation. The transesterification reactions were carried out and the optimum biodiesel yield was found 93.87%, when the reaction condition was as follows: addition of 50 wt.% methanol, 0.8 wt.% NaOH (both are on the basis of wt.% of PS oil addition), 60 °C reaction temperature and 90 min reaction time. Biodiesel produced from PS oil was characterized by various physico-chemical means and compared with international standards. The use of the produced biodiesel in blend with commercial diesel will bring a remarkable change in fuel economy of the country, will ensure a clean and safe environment and will demonstrate a way for ‘Waste to Energy’. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 21(2020) 43-48
本研究以皮树(Aphanamixis polystachya)种子(PS)油为原料,通过反式酯化反应制备生物柴油。采用索氏溶剂萃取法从种子中提取多糖油,考察了温度和加热速率对产物分布的影响。对PS油进行预处理(酯化),以解决皂化反应和相分离等相关问题。在甲醇添加量为50 wt.%, NaOH添加量为0.8 wt.%(均以PS油添加量为wt.%为基础),反应温度为60℃,反应时间为90 min的条件下,进行了酯交换反应,生物柴油的最佳收率为93.87%。用各种理化手段对PS油制备的生物柴油进行了表征,并与国际标准进行了比较。将生产的生物柴油与商业柴油混合使用,将给该国的燃料经济性带来显著变化,将确保清洁和安全的环境,并将为“废物转化为能源”展示一条道路。化工研究通报21(2020)43-48
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引用次数: 1
Modeling and Optimization of Propane Selective Oxidation to Acrylic Acid Over Mo 1 V 0.3 Te 0.23 NB 0.12 O X Catalyst Using Artificial Neural Network and Box-Behnken Design 基于人工神经网络和Box-Behnken设计的mo1v 0.3 Te 0.23 NB 0.12 O X催化剂上丙烷选择性氧化制丙烯酸的建模与优化
Pub Date : 2020-06-04 DOI: 10.3329/cerb.v21i1.47368
Golshan Mazloom
The prediction capability of response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) models for propane selective oxidation to acrylic acid (AA) over Mo1V0.3Te0.23Nb0.12Ox catalyst was investigated in this work. 15 experimental runs based on the Box-Behnken design (BBD) were employed to study the effects of temperature (380 to 500 °C), superficial velocity (33.3 to 66.7 mL (min gcat)-1), (O2)/(C3H8) ratio (1 to 3) and their interactions on propane conversion, AA selectivity and COx selectivity. The quadratic polynomial BBD equations and the feed-forward back propagation ANN models were developed based on the designed experimental data. Statistical analysis; coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) illustrated that there was acceptable adjustment between BBD and ANN predicted responses as compared to experimental data. While, the ANN model showed a clear preference and generalization capability over BBD model in the case of experimental data set which were not used to training the models. In addition the optimum conditions were found to be temperature (461.7 °C), GHSV (51.9 mL (min gcat)-1) and (O2)/(C3H8) ratio (2.1) which were determined by desirability function approach. In these conditions, propane conversion of 15.2%, AA selectivity of 32% and COx selectivity of 44% which obtained experimentally were in reasonable agreement with predicted responses. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 21(2019) 1-19
研究了响应面法(RSM)和人工神经网络(ANN)模型在Mo1V0.3Te0.23Nb0.12Ox催化剂上对丙烷选择性氧化制丙烯酸(AA)的预测能力。基于Box-Behnken设计(BBD)进行了15次实验,研究了温度(380 ~ 500℃)、表面流速(33.3 ~ 66.7 mL (min gcat)-1)、(O2)/(C3H8)比(1∶3)及其相互作用对丙烷转化率、AA选择性和COx选择性的影响。基于设计的实验数据,建立了二次多项式BBD方程和前馈反传播神经网络模型。统计分析;决定系数(R2)、平均绝对误差(MAE)和方差分析(ANOVA)表明,与实验数据相比,BBD和ANN预测反应之间存在可接受的调整。而在不使用实验数据集训练模型的情况下,ANN模型比BBD模型表现出明显的偏好和泛化能力。最佳条件为温度(461.7°C)、GHSV (51.9 mL (min gcat)-1)和(O2)/(C3H8)比(2.1)。在此条件下,丙烷转化率为15.2%,AA选择性为32%,COx选择性为44%,实验结果与预测结果基本一致。化工研究通报21(2019)1-19
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引用次数: 1
Production and Performance Evaluation of Noble Fire Extinguishing Foam Suspensions Using Locally Available and Environmentally Friendly Natural Mineral Raw Materials 使用当地可获得的环保天然矿物原料的高贵灭火泡沫悬浮液的生产和性能评价
Pub Date : 2020-06-04 DOI: 10.3329/cerb.v21i1.47372
L. Gurchumelia, M. Tsarakhov, Salome Tkemaladze, F. Bejanov, L. Tkemaladze
The main goal of this research is the fabrication of halogen free, environmentally friendly fire-extinguishing powders using local mineral raw materials and the development of technological processes for producing highly efficient fire-extinguishing foam-suspensions on the basis of the produced powders. Fire-extinguishing powders are made by mechanical treatment and mixing of raw materials: zeolite, clay shale, perlite and ammophos. The process does not need introduction of expensive, halogen-containing, hydrophobizators and ensures the cost-effective production of fireextinguishing powders. The obtained fire-extinguishing powders are characterized by high performance properties, high fire-extinguishing capacity and coefficient of atomic oxygen recombination. Thus, they are characterized both by homogeneous and heterogeneous inhibition of combustion processes. The efficiency of the produced powders is not inferior to that of standard powders of common production. In addition, in contrast to their traditional analogs they are halogen free, environmentally friendly and cheaper (1.2-2 times cheaper). The obtained powders, unlike the ones of conventional production, have good compatibility with water and foam. Our foam-suspensions are prepared just by mechanical mixing of fire-extinguishing powders with water and surface-active substances – foamers. The process does not require chemical treatment of materials. Thus, the developed technology is simple and cost-effective. The foamsuspensions produced on the basis of the obtained powders have higher heat capacity, permeability, wetting effect like water and foam and unlike them, they allow for homogeneous as well as heterogeneous inhibition of the burning process. Thus, the so produced foam-suspensions will have higher extinguishing effect than water, foams or powders, taken separately. Based on the above, it can be suggested that the produced powders can be used for extinguishing all types of fires, including large-scale ones in a combination with water and foams.
本研究的主要目标是利用当地矿物原料制造无卤、环保的灭火粉,并在生产的粉末的基础上开发生产高效灭火泡沫悬浮液的技术工艺。灭火粉是由沸石、粘土页岩、珍珠岩和磷等原料经机械处理和混合制成的。该工艺不需要引入昂贵的含卤素的水光剂,并确保了灭火粉末的成本效益。所制得的灭火粉具有性能优良、灭火能力强、原子氧复合系数高的特点。因此,它们的特点是均相和非均相抑制燃烧过程。生产的粉末的效率不低于普通生产的标准粉末。此外,与传统的类似物相比,它们是无卤素的,环保的,更便宜(便宜1.2-2倍)。与常规生产的粉末不同,所制得的粉末与水和泡沫具有良好的相容性。我们的泡沫悬浮液是将灭火粉与水和表面活性物质——泡沫——机械混合而成的。该工艺不需要对材料进行化学处理。因此,所开发的技术简单,成本效益高。在获得的粉末的基础上产生的泡沫悬浮液具有更高的热容量,渗透性,像水和泡沫一样的润湿效果,与它们不同的是,它们允许均匀和非均匀抑制燃烧过程。因此,所产生的泡沫悬浮液将比水、泡沫或粉末分别具有更高的灭火效果。综上所述,可以认为生产的粉末可以用于扑灭所有类型的火灾,包括与水和泡沫结合的大型火灾。
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引用次数: 0
Statistical Optimization of Lactic Acid Extraction Using Green Solvent and Mixed Extractants (TOA and TOMAC) 绿色溶剂和混合萃取剂(TOA和TOMAC)萃取乳酸的统计优化
Pub Date : 2020-06-04 DOI: 10.3329/cerb.v21i1.47369
Anil Kumar, Avinash Thakur
Since some previous years, reactive extraction has become more attractive and competitive technique for the separation and purification of lower carboxylic acids from fermentation broth as well as from dilute aqueous streams. This paper shows the results of investigation of reactive extraction of lactic acid (LA) from an aqueous solution using the synergistic mixture of the extractants (TOA (tri-n-octylamine) and TOMAC (Tri-n-octylmethylammonium chloride)) and a non-toxic and biocompatible green solvent (soybean oil). Three-level Box-Behnken design (BBD) under response surface methodology (RSM) was opted for the experimental design and to interpret the mutual effect of seven independent process parameters on the LA distribution coefficient (KD). The maximum values of LA distribution coefficient (KD=2.51) and its extraction efficiency (ηη=71.5%) were obtained for the optimum values of various process parameters such as 0.02 [M] initial LA concentration (CC1), 0.5 (v/v) extractant ratio (α), 28.66% (v/v) mixed extractants concentration (ψ), 2 (v/v) phase ratio (φ), 270C temperature (T), 102 rpm stirring speed (ω), and 63 mincontact time (τ). This present investigation will provide a noble discussion on LA reactive extraction using green solvent and on various influencing process parameters for gaining the enhanced value of LA distribution coefficient (KD). Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 21(2019) 20-35
近年来,反应萃取法已成为从发酵液和稀水中分离和纯化低羧酸的一种极具吸引力和竞争力的技术。本文介绍了三正辛胺(TOA)和三正辛基甲基氯化铵(TOMAC)两种萃取剂与无毒、生物相容性好的绿色溶剂(大豆油)协同萃取水溶液中乳酸(LA)的研究结果。采用响应面法(RSM)下的三水平Box-Behnken设计(BBD)进行试验设计,以解释7个独立工艺参数对LA分布系数(KD)的相互影响。在初始LA浓度为0.02 [M] (CC1)、萃取剂比为0.5 (v/v)、混合萃取剂浓度为28.66% (v/v) (ψ)、相比为2 (v/v) (φ)、温度为270℃(T)、搅拌转速为102 rpm (ω)、接触时间为63 min (τ)的条件下,得到了萃取剂分配系数最大值(KD=2.51)和萃取效率ηη=71.5%。本研究将对绿色溶剂反应萃取LA及影响LA分配系数(KD)提高值的各种工艺参数进行讨论。化工研究通报21(2019)20-35
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引用次数: 3
Optimization of Energy Consumption in Acetic Acid and N-Butanol Esterification Reaction with Simultaneous Water Removal Using Novel Microcontroller Based Automated Reactor 基于单片机的醋酸-正丁醇酯化反应能耗优化及同时脱水
Pub Date : 2020-06-04 DOI: 10.3329/cerb.v21i1.47371
Amol A. Bhusari, B. Mazumdar, A. Rathod
This paper focuses on the optimization of energy consumption in esterification of acetic acid wherein the water removal is achieved by using silica gel desiccant in a microcontroller based automated reactor. Esterification reactions are endothermic hence, one can get more product, by increasing the temperature, thus disturbing the equilibrium. Heat of reaction (Hr) was estimated by using the heat capacity data and constants (C). Energy analysis and modelling was developed for the enhancement of process which is the key component of the systems. The mathematical model is validated by experimental results. In this paper, effect of parameters like desiccant weight, regeneration temperature and molar ratio on energy consumption are studied. Trends of energy effectiveness of several parameters are presented in the various regeneration temperatures and molar ratio and desiccant weight which confirmed the linear relationship with hot air flowrate. Decrease of 33% in power consumption was observed by decreasing the hot air flowrate by 10%.This is the conformity of validation of affinity law. The newly invented model was optimized for variables, hot air temperature, molar ratio and silica gel weight. The minimum energy consumption at 1 desirability was reported by software in the given range of parameters. When the hot air temperature, molar ratio and silica gel weight were 67.67C, 3 and 34.32 gm, then the minimum value of energy consumption was 29.59 Watt.
本文重点研究了醋酸酯化过程中能量消耗的优化,其中通过在基于单片机的自动化反应器中使用硅胶干燥剂来实现除水。酯化反应是吸热反应,因此,通过提高温度可以得到更多的产物,从而破坏平衡。利用热容数据和常数(C)估算了反应热(Hr),并建立了能量分析和模型,以增强系统的关键组成部分过程。实验结果验证了数学模型的正确性。本文研究了干燥剂重量、再生温度、摩尔比等参数对能耗的影响。给出了不同再生温度、不同摩尔比、不同干燥剂质量下各参数能效比的变化趋势,证实了其与热风流量的线性关系。通过减少10%的热空气流量,可以观察到功耗降低33%。这是亲和法有效性的符合性。该模型对热空气温度、摩尔比和硅胶质量等变量进行了优化。在给定的参数范围内,软件报告了理想值为1时的最小能耗。当热风温度为67.67℃、摩尔比为3、硅胶质量为34.32 gm时,能耗最小值为29.59 w。
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引用次数: 0
Determination of Optimum Drying Temperature Profile by Iterative Learning Control (ILC) Method to Obtain a Desired Moisture Content in Tablets 用迭代学习控制(ILC)法确定最佳干燥温度曲线以获得所需的片剂水分含量
Pub Date : 2018-06-06 DOI: 10.3329/CERB.V20I1.36923
Nahid Sanzida
The paper presents an industrial case study example to evaluate the performance of the linear time varying (LTV) perturbation model based iterative learning control (ILC) in a pilot scale batch system. The operating data based strategy applied here is based on utilizing the repetitive nature of batch processes to update the operating trajectories using process knowledge obtained from previous runs and thereby providing a convergent batch-to-batch improvement of the process performance indicator. The method was applied to determine the required drying temperature of Paracetamol granules to obtain desired moisture content at the end of the batch. After granulation operations, Paracetamol granules were dried in a fluid bed dryer in the pilot plant laboratory of GlaxoSmithKline Bangladesh Limited, Chittagong, Bangladesh. These results demonstrate the potential of the ILC approach for controlling batch processes without rigorous process models.Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 20(2018) 1-7
本文给出了一个工业实例,以评估基于线性时变(LTV)扰动模型的迭代学习控制(ILC)在中试批量系统中的性能。这里应用的基于操作数据的策略是基于利用批处理的重复特性,使用从以前运行中获得的过程知识来更新操作轨迹,从而提供过程性能指标的批对批的收敛改进。该方法用于确定对乙酰氨基酚颗粒所需的干燥温度,以在批末获得所需的水分含量。在造粒操作后,扑热息痛颗粒在孟加拉国吉大港葛兰素史克孟加拉国有限公司的试验工厂实验室的流化床干燥机中干燥。这些结果证明了ILC方法在没有严格过程模型的情况下控制批量过程的潜力。化工研究通报20(2018)1-7
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引用次数: 2
Thermodynamic properties of the dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid-acetone binary liquid mixture using a modified flory theory 用修正flory理论研究十二烷基苯磺酸-丙酮二元液体混合物的热力学性质
Pub Date : 2018-06-06 DOI: 10.3329/CERB.V20I1.36928
Ali A. Jazie
Prigogine–Flory–Patterson (P-F-P) theory was applied for the correlation the experimental data of excess molar volume for the binary liquid mixture of DBSA-Acetone at the temperature range of (293.15-303.15 K). The three contribution terms (pressure, interaction and free volume) in the P-F-P equation were compared with the total effect of P-F-P equation. A positive excess molar volume were obtained at all the range of mole fraction and at all the temperatures. The maximum value of excess molar volume was positioned at the 0.4 mole fraction. Eyring-Flory-Huggins theory was found useful in the estimation of the viscosity deviation variation with mole fraction at the same temperature range. A negative deviation was found in the viscosity for all the range of temperature and mole fraction. The maximum deviation in the viscosity was found at the mole fraction of 0.4. The increase in the negative deviation values with temperature was interpreted as a result of the decrease in the attractive forces between the like molecules.Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 20(2018) 30-35
采用Prigogine-Flory-Patterson (P-F-P)理论对dbsa -丙酮二元液体混合物在293.15 ~ 303.15 K温度范围内的过量摩尔体积实验数据进行了关联,并将P-F-P方程中的三个贡献项(压力、相互作用和自由体积)与P-F-P方程的总效应进行了比较。在所有摩尔分数范围内和所有温度下均得到正的过量摩尔体积。过量摩尔体积的最大值位于0.4摩尔分数处。发现Eyring-Flory-Huggins理论在相同温度范围内粘度偏差随摩尔分数变化的估计是有用的。在温度和摩尔分数的所有范围内,粘度都存在负偏差。在摩尔分数为0.4时,粘度偏差最大。负偏差值随温度的增加被解释为类分子之间的吸引力减少的结果。化工研究通报20(2018)30-35
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引用次数: 0
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Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin
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