Pub Date : 2017-09-10DOI: 10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33772
See Lee Foon, N. A. Rahim, A. Zainal, Zhang Jie
Biological processes are highly nonlinear in nature and difficult to represent accurately by simple mathematical models. However, this problem can be solved by using neural network. Neural network is a prominent modeling tool especially when it comes to intricate process such as biological process. In this paper, a multiple single hidden layer with ten hidden neurons Feedforward Artificial Neural Network (FANN) was used to model the complex and dynamic relationships between the input (dilution rate, D) and outputs (conversion, y and dimensionless temperature value, ?) for the reactive biological process. Levenberg-Marquardt Backpropagation training method was used. The multiple neural networks predicted outputs were then combined through three different methods which area simple averaging, Principal Component Regression (PCR) and Independent Component Regression (ICR). Multiple neural networks which were created by the bootstrap approach help improved single neural network performance as well as the model robustness for nonlinear process modeling. Comparison was made between the three methods. The result showed that ICR is slightly superior between the three methods especially in noise level 1,2 and 3, however ICR slightly suffer in noise level 4 and 5. This is due to the independent component regression used the latent factors and non-Gaussian distribution of y and ? values for the combination. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 19(2017) 12-19
{"title":"Selective combination in multiple neural networks prediction using independent component regression approach","authors":"See Lee Foon, N. A. Rahim, A. Zainal, Zhang Jie","doi":"10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33772","url":null,"abstract":"Biological processes are highly nonlinear in nature and difficult to represent accurately by simple mathematical models. However, this problem can be solved by using neural network. Neural network is a prominent modeling tool especially when it comes to intricate process such as biological process. In this paper, a multiple single hidden layer with ten hidden neurons Feedforward Artificial Neural Network (FANN) was used to model the complex and dynamic relationships between the input (dilution rate, D) and outputs (conversion, y and dimensionless temperature value, ?) for the reactive biological process. Levenberg-Marquardt Backpropagation training method was used. The multiple neural networks predicted outputs were then combined through three different methods which area simple averaging, Principal Component Regression (PCR) and Independent Component Regression (ICR). Multiple neural networks which were created by the bootstrap approach help improved single neural network performance as well as the model robustness for nonlinear process modeling. Comparison was made between the three methods. The result showed that ICR is slightly superior between the three methods especially in noise level 1,2 and 3, however ICR slightly suffer in noise level 4 and 5. This is due to the independent component regression used the latent factors and non-Gaussian distribution of y and ? values for the combination. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 19(2017) 12-19","PeriodicalId":9756,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin","volume":"426 1","pages":"12-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75772001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-10DOI: 10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33771
N. Harun, E. E. Masiren
The mixture of amine absorption process is an approach for mitigation of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from flue gas that produces from power plant. Several experimental and simulation studies have been undertaken to understand this process but the mechanism of CO 2 absorption into the aqueous blended amines such as MDEA/PZ is not well understood and available knowledge within the open literature is limited. The aim of this study is to investigate the intermolecular interaction of the blended MDEA/PZ using Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation. MD simulation was run under condition 313 K and 1 atm. The thermodynamic ensemble used were 200 ps for NVE and 1 ns for NVT. The periodic boundary is used to visualize the interaction of molecules of the whole system. The simulation method also involved calculation of force field and time integration algorithm.The results were interpreted in terms of Radial Distribution Function (RDF) analysis. It was observed that the hydroxyl group (OH) of MDEA is more attracted to water molecule compared to amino group (NH) of MDEA. The intermolecular interaction probability of OH and NH group of MDEA with CO 2 in blended MDEA/PZ is higher than using pure MDEA. This finding shows that PZ molecule act as an activator to promote the intermolecular interaction between MDEA and CO 2 .Thus, blend of MDEA with PZ is expecting to increase the absorption rate of CO2 and reduce the heat regeneration requirement. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 19(2017) 1-11
{"title":"Molecular Dynamic Simulation of CO2 Absorption into Mixed Aqueous Solutions MDEA/PZ","authors":"N. Harun, E. E. Masiren","doi":"10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33771","url":null,"abstract":"The mixture of amine absorption process is an approach for mitigation of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from flue gas that produces from power plant. Several experimental and simulation studies have been undertaken to understand this process but the mechanism of CO 2 absorption into the aqueous blended amines such as MDEA/PZ is not well understood and available knowledge within the open literature is limited. The aim of this study is to investigate the intermolecular interaction of the blended MDEA/PZ using Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation. MD simulation was run under condition 313 K and 1 atm. The thermodynamic ensemble used were 200 ps for NVE and 1 ns for NVT. The periodic boundary is used to visualize the interaction of molecules of the whole system. The simulation method also involved calculation of force field and time integration algorithm.The results were interpreted in terms of Radial Distribution Function (RDF) analysis. It was observed that the hydroxyl group (OH) of MDEA is more attracted to water molecule compared to amino group (NH) of MDEA. The intermolecular interaction probability of OH and NH group of MDEA with CO 2 in blended MDEA/PZ is higher than using pure MDEA. This finding shows that PZ molecule act as an activator to promote the intermolecular interaction between MDEA and CO 2 .Thus, blend of MDEA with PZ is expecting to increase the absorption rate of CO2 and reduce the heat regeneration requirement. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 19(2017) 1-11","PeriodicalId":9756,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin","volume":"186 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80692666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-10DOI: 10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33803
N. S. A. Mutamim, Z. Z. Noor
This paper presents a study on the performance of an Aerobic Submerged u-shaped membrane bioreactor (ASMBR) in treating sulfidic spent caustic (SSC) in terms of mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) concentration and solid retention time (SRT). SSC wastewater is categorized as high strength wastewater and consists of high inorganic and organic matter. U-shape membrane bioreactors have a higher tendency to foul compared to other types of MBR. MLSS concentration and SRT are the major parameters when operating membrane bioreactor. In this study, COD removal recorded reduction of more than 95% for average MLSS concentration runs and 90% for SRTs runs. Meanwhile, sulfide was removed 99%, and formed up to 79% of sulfate. The biofouling for MLSS concentration and SRTs were observed through TMP rate change and TMP average performance, TMP trend and SMP and EPS trends. Biocake layer and biolayer deposited on membrane surface was found influenced by biomass, the inert particulate biomass products accumulating in the reactor. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 19(2017) 102-110
{"title":"Assessment of Membrane Bioreactor in Treating Spent Sulfidic Caustic Wastewater: Effects of Organic Biomass Concentration and Solid Retention Time","authors":"N. S. A. Mutamim, Z. Z. Noor","doi":"10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33803","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a study on the performance of an Aerobic Submerged u-shaped membrane bioreactor (ASMBR) in treating sulfidic spent caustic (SSC) in terms of mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) concentration and solid retention time (SRT). SSC wastewater is categorized as high strength wastewater and consists of high inorganic and organic matter. U-shape membrane bioreactors have a higher tendency to foul compared to other types of MBR. MLSS concentration and SRT are the major parameters when operating membrane bioreactor. In this study, COD removal recorded reduction of more than 95% for average MLSS concentration runs and 90% for SRTs runs. Meanwhile, sulfide was removed 99%, and formed up to 79% of sulfate. The biofouling for MLSS concentration and SRTs were observed through TMP rate change and TMP average performance, TMP trend and SMP and EPS trends. Biocake layer and biolayer deposited on membrane surface was found influenced by biomass, the inert particulate biomass products accumulating in the reactor. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 19(2017) 102-110","PeriodicalId":9756,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin","volume":"47 1","pages":"102-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77547578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-10DOI: 10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33805
S. Sanmugam, N. Harruddin, S. M. Saufi
Acetic acid is a byproduct of acid hydrolysis of biomass during sugar recovery step in biofuel production. Acetic acid can inhibit the enzyme used during fermentation of sugar to the ethanol. Hollow fiber supported liquid membrane (SLM) was used in this study to remove acetic acid from aqueous solution. Liquid membrane was formulated using trioctylamine and 2-ethyl hexanol as a carrier and solvent, respectively. The hollow fiber membrane support was prepared from 15 wt.% polyethersulfone, 42.5 wt.% polyethyleneglycol 200 and 42.5 wt.% dimethylacetamide. The effect of coagulation bath temperature (CBT) at 30 o C, 40 o C and 50 o C during hollow fiber membrane spinning process was investigated. The porosity of the membrane increased as the CBT increased. The porosity of the membrane prepared using CBT of 30oC, 40 o C and 50 o C were 35.7%, 46.7% and 61.6%, respectively. SLM process using hollow fiber membrane prepared at 50oC of coagulation bath was able to remove 52% of acetic acid from the aqueous solution. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 19(2017) 118-122
{"title":"Effect of Coagulation Bath Temperature During Preparation of PES Hollow Fiber Supported Liquid Membrane for Acetic Acid Removal","authors":"S. Sanmugam, N. Harruddin, S. M. Saufi","doi":"10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33805","url":null,"abstract":"Acetic acid is a byproduct of acid hydrolysis of biomass during sugar recovery step in biofuel production. Acetic acid can inhibit the enzyme used during fermentation of sugar to the ethanol. Hollow fiber supported liquid membrane (SLM) was used in this study to remove acetic acid from aqueous solution. Liquid membrane was formulated using trioctylamine and 2-ethyl hexanol as a carrier and solvent, respectively. The hollow fiber membrane support was prepared from 15 wt.% polyethersulfone, 42.5 wt.% polyethyleneglycol 200 and 42.5 wt.% dimethylacetamide. The effect of coagulation bath temperature (CBT) at 30 o C, 40 o C and 50 o C during hollow fiber membrane spinning process was investigated. The porosity of the membrane increased as the CBT increased. The porosity of the membrane prepared using CBT of 30oC, 40 o C and 50 o C were 35.7%, 46.7% and 61.6%, respectively. SLM process using hollow fiber membrane prepared at 50oC of coagulation bath was able to remove 52% of acetic acid from the aqueous solution. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 19(2017) 118-122","PeriodicalId":9756,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin","volume":"26 1","pages":"118-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79439635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-10DOI: 10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33798
Nor Hazwani Aziz, N. Zainol, N. Thangaperumal, N. Zahari
Flooded soil recovery was optimized using experimental design methodology by manipulating the symbiotic relationship between soil fungi, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and the host plant (Allium cepa L.) planted in a soil containing AMF (SA). This was achieved by measuring the amount of nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) uptake by AMF using HACH spectrophotometer after 14 days of planting in several condition suggested by Design-Expert® software (Ver 7.1.6). In order to determine the optimum condition for the AMF to recover the flooded soil, the experiments were designed according to a central composite design in two variables following the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A quadratic polynomial model was generated to predict soil recovery. R2 for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was found at 0.89, 0.96 and 0.94 respectively of the range for the factors studied namely 24-32 ml water content and 4.0-6.0 cm depth of soil. Among two parameters, depth of soil showed significant effect on the recovery of flooded soil for phosphorus and potassium while for nitrogen both parameters showed insignificant effect. Model validation experiments showed good correspondence between experimental and predicted values at error for N, P, and K at 7.0%, 1.86% and 2.65% respectively. The optimal condition for soil recovery was at 28 ml soil water content and 5 cm soil depth. At this condition, the nutrient uptake by AMF was predicted to be at their maximum rate where the concentration of nutrients increased approximately by 2 to 3 times from the initial nutrient concentration.
{"title":"Optimization of Flooded Soil Recovery via Plant- Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Symbiotic Interaction","authors":"Nor Hazwani Aziz, N. Zainol, N. Thangaperumal, N. Zahari","doi":"10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33798","url":null,"abstract":"Flooded soil recovery was optimized using experimental design methodology by manipulating the \u0000symbiotic relationship between soil fungi, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and the host plant (Allium cepa \u0000L.) planted in a soil containing AMF (SA). This was achieved by measuring the amount of nutrient (nitrogen, \u0000phosphorus and potassium) uptake by AMF using HACH spectrophotometer after 14 days of planting in several \u0000condition suggested by Design-Expert® software (Ver 7.1.6). In order to determine the optimum condition for the \u0000AMF to recover the flooded soil, the experiments were designed according to a central composite design in two \u0000variables following the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A quadratic polynomial model was generated to \u0000predict soil recovery. R2 for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was found at 0.89, 0.96 and 0.94 respectively of \u0000the range for the factors studied namely 24-32 ml water content and 4.0-6.0 cm depth of soil. Among two \u0000parameters, depth of soil showed significant effect on the recovery of flooded soil for phosphorus and potassium \u0000while for nitrogen both parameters showed insignificant effect. Model validation experiments showed good \u0000correspondence between experimental and predicted values at error for N, P, and K at 7.0%, 1.86% and 2.65% \u0000respectively. The optimal condition for soil recovery was at 28 ml soil water content and 5 cm soil depth. At this \u0000condition, the nutrient uptake by AMF was predicted to be at their maximum rate where the concentration of \u0000nutrients increased approximately by 2 to 3 times from the initial nutrient concentration.","PeriodicalId":9756,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin","volume":"162 1","pages":"67-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76247125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-10DOI: 10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33773
L. Suli, W. Ibrahim, B. A. Aziz, M. R. Deraman, N. Ismail
The recent technological advancement has made the rare earth elements (REEs) more significant and they in turn have facilitated the culmination of more new technological applications owing to their unique physical and chemical properties. In this regard, renewable energy applications such as wind turbine and hybrid cars testify to the increasing demands on permanent magnet in the future. Considering such increasing demands on REEs, it is felt necessary to identify alternative producers of REEs outside of China as one of the measures to create a fair competition and control the price on the market. It is worth highlighting that the separation of rare earth can be both complex and challenging owing to similar properties which are shared by them. The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively review and summarize the rare earth processing routes, the mostly employed rare earth separation methods, supply and demand of rare earth around the world and some possible scenarios in rare earth market. This review has critically looked into a few authors recent reviews on six major processes of rare earth processing steps and each step is considered as important to produce both high quality and better quantity of REEs. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 19(2017) 20-35
{"title":"A Review of Rare Earth Mineral Processing Technology","authors":"L. Suli, W. Ibrahim, B. A. Aziz, M. R. Deraman, N. Ismail","doi":"10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33773","url":null,"abstract":"The recent technological advancement has made the rare earth elements (REEs) more significant and they in turn have facilitated the culmination of more new technological applications owing to their unique physical and chemical properties. In this regard, renewable energy applications such as wind turbine and hybrid cars testify to the increasing demands on permanent magnet in the future. Considering such increasing demands on REEs, it is felt necessary to identify alternative producers of REEs outside of China as one of the measures to create a fair competition and control the price on the market. It is worth highlighting that the separation of rare earth can be both complex and challenging owing to similar properties which are shared by them. The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively review and summarize the rare earth processing routes, the mostly employed rare earth separation methods, supply and demand of rare earth around the world and some possible scenarios in rare earth market. This review has critically looked into a few authors recent reviews on six major processes of rare earth processing steps and each step is considered as important to produce both high quality and better quantity of REEs. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 19(2017) 20-35","PeriodicalId":9756,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin","volume":"54 1","pages":"20-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79415100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-10DOI: 10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33774
Nur Syazana Muhamad Nasrah, M. A. K. Zahari, N. Masngut, H. Ariffin
Biobutanol is an alternative energy that can be promising as the future energy source. It can be produced from natural and renewable agriculture wastes such as oil palm frond (OPF) juice by microbes. Clostridium acetobutylicum has the ability to ferment the sugars in OPF juice as carbon source into biobutanol. This research aimed to investigate the effect of independent and interaction factors; initial pH medium (5-7), inoculum size (1-20%), initial total sugars concentration (40-60 g/L), temperature (32-42 ° C) and yeast extract concentration (1-10 g/L) on the production of biobutanol from oil palm frond (OPF) juice by C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 using a two level half factorial design which have been developed by the Design Expert Software Version 7.1. Based on the factorial analysis, it was observed that the most significant parameter was yeast extract concentration, which contributes 8.20%, followed by inoculum size and temperature, which were contribute 7.84% and 7.56%, respectively. The analysis showed the R 2 value for the model was 0.9805 and the interaction between inoculum size and temperature gave the highest influenced to the fermentation process with contribution up to 16.31%. From the validation experiments, the experimental values were reasonable close to the predicted values with only 5.87% and 10.09% of errors. It confirmed the validity and adequacy of the predicted models. Hence, the data analysis developed from the Design Expert Software could reliably predict biobutanol yields. This study indicated that each of the factors may affect the fermentation process of the biobutanol production. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 19(2017) 36-42
生物丁醇是一种很有前途的替代能源。它可以通过微生物从天然和可再生的农业废物中生产，如油棕叶(OPF)果汁。乙酰丁酸梭菌具有将OPF汁中的糖作为碳源发酵成生物丁醇的能力。本研究旨在探讨独立因素和相互作用因素的影响;对C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824从油棕榈叶(OPF)果汁中生产生物丁醇的初始pH培养基(5-7)、接种量(1-20%)、初始总糖浓度(40-60 g/L)、温度(32-42℃)和酵母提取物浓度(1-10 g/L)进行了研究，采用了由design Expert Software Version 7.1开发的两水平半因子设计。因子分析结果表明，酵母浸膏浓度对产量的贡献最大，为8.20%，其次是接种量和温度，分别为7.84%和7.56%。分析表明，该模型的r2值为0.9805，接种量与温度的交互作用对发酵过程的影响最大，贡献率达16.31%。从验证实验来看，实验值与预测值较为接近，误差分别为5.87%和10.09%。验证了预测模型的有效性和充分性。因此，设计专家软件开发的数据分析可以可靠地预测生物丁醇产量。本研究表明，每种因素都可能影响生物丁醇的发酵过程。化工研究通报19(2017)36-42
{"title":"Factorial Experimental Design for Biobutanol Production from Oil Palm Frond (OPF) Juice by Clostridium Acetobutylicum ATCC 824","authors":"Nur Syazana Muhamad Nasrah, M. A. K. Zahari, N. Masngut, H. Ariffin","doi":"10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33774","url":null,"abstract":"Biobutanol is an alternative energy that can be promising as the future energy source. It can be produced from natural and renewable agriculture wastes such as oil palm frond (OPF) juice by microbes. Clostridium acetobutylicum has the ability to ferment the sugars in OPF juice as carbon source into biobutanol. This research aimed to investigate the effect of independent and interaction factors; initial pH medium (5-7), inoculum size (1-20%), initial total sugars concentration (40-60 g/L), temperature (32-42 ° C) and yeast extract concentration (1-10 g/L) on the production of biobutanol from oil palm frond (OPF) juice by C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 using a two level half factorial design which have been developed by the Design Expert Software Version 7.1. Based on the factorial analysis, it was observed that the most significant parameter was yeast extract concentration, which contributes 8.20%, followed by inoculum size and temperature, which were contribute 7.84% and 7.56%, respectively. The analysis showed the R 2 value for the model was 0.9805 and the interaction between inoculum size and temperature gave the highest influenced to the fermentation process with contribution up to 16.31%. From the validation experiments, the experimental values were reasonable close to the predicted values with only 5.87% and 10.09% of errors. It confirmed the validity and adequacy of the predicted models. Hence, the data analysis developed from the Design Expert Software could reliably predict biobutanol yields. This study indicated that each of the factors may affect the fermentation process of the biobutanol production. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 19(2017) 36-42","PeriodicalId":9756,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin","volume":"15 1","pages":"36-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81710809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-10DOI: 10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33775
W. Ismail, R. A. Rasid
Biomass has become one of the most commonly used renewable sources of energy in the last two decades. Empty fruit bunch (EFB) is one of the examples for the biomass that is used as a renewable energy source. From the palm oil processing industry, only 10% are the final products such as palm oil and palm kernel oil, while the remaining 90% are harvestable biomass waste in the form of EFB, palm kernel shell (PKS) and oil palm frond (OPF). This overload amount of biomass waste will cause an abundance of waste which will also affect the environment. To convert EFB into usable energy in ways that are more efficient, less polluting, and economical, gasification has merge as one of the most favorable technological innovations in synthesis gas (syngas) production. The main aim of this work is to study the EFB gasification in an entrained flow gasification process based on the different operating temperature (700 ° C to 900 ° C) and equivalence ratio, ER (0.2 0.4), evaluated based on the production of gases such as hydrogen (H 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ). It was found that as the temperature was increased from 700 ° C to 900 ° C, the production of H 2 and CO 2 increased while CO was decreased. The optimum ER value of 0.30 was found to attain the highest Cold Gas Efficiency (CGE) value of 74.03% at 900°C. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 19(2017) 43-49
{"title":"Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Gasification In An Entrained Flow Gasification System","authors":"W. Ismail, R. A. Rasid","doi":"10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33775","url":null,"abstract":"Biomass has become one of the most commonly used renewable sources of energy in the last two decades. Empty fruit bunch (EFB) is one of the examples for the biomass that is used as a renewable energy source. From the palm oil processing industry, only 10% are the final products such as palm oil and palm kernel oil, while the remaining 90% are harvestable biomass waste in the form of EFB, palm kernel shell (PKS) and oil palm frond (OPF). This overload amount of biomass waste will cause an abundance of waste which will also affect the environment. To convert EFB into usable energy in ways that are more efficient, less polluting, and economical, gasification has merge as one of the most favorable technological innovations in synthesis gas (syngas) production. The main aim of this work is to study the EFB gasification in an entrained flow gasification process based on the different operating temperature (700 ° C to 900 ° C) and equivalence ratio, ER (0.2 0.4), evaluated based on the production of gases such as hydrogen (H 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ). It was found that as the temperature was increased from 700 ° C to 900 ° C, the production of H 2 and CO 2 increased while CO was decreased. The optimum ER value of 0.30 was found to attain the highest Cold Gas Efficiency (CGE) value of 74.03% at 900°C. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 19(2017) 43-49","PeriodicalId":9756,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin","volume":"7 1","pages":"43-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90325423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-10DOI: 10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33804
H. W. Yussof, S. Bahri, A. Phan, Ap Harvey
A recent development in oscillatory baffled reactor technology is down-scaling the reactor, so that it can be used for the applications such as small-scale continuous production of bioethanol. A mesoscale oscillatory baffled reactor (MOBR) with central baffle system was developed and fabricated at mesoscales (typically 5 mm diameter). This present work aims to analyse the mixing conditions inside the MOBR by evaluating the residence time distribution (RTD) against the dynamic parameters of net flow Reynolds number ( Re n ) at 4.2, 8.4 and 12.6 corresponding to flow rates of 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 ml/min respectively, oscillatory Reynolds number ( Re o ) between 62 to 622, and Strouhal number ( Str ) between 0.1 to 1.59. The effect of oscillation frequency and amplitude on RTD performance were studied at frequency, amplitude, and velocity ratio ranging from 4 to 8 Hz, 1 to 4 mm and 1 to 118, respectively. Effect of oscillation frequency has resulted in the variance of the RTD increased as the oscillation frequency increased from 5 Hz to 8 Hz and peak at 6 Hz of 0.264. A further increase in the frequency above 5 Hz caused the RTD to slightly broaden and positively skewed. At frequency of 5 Hz, the RTD profiles were close to Gaussian form for all tested amplitude values from 1 mm to 4 mm. At low amplitudes, i.e. xo = 1 mm, the variance exhibited its minimum around 0.842 at Re o =156. An increase in Re o above 300 resulted in increased in the variance rapidly to 1.28, and later eliminated the plug flow behaviour and the reactor behaved similar to a single continuous stirred tank reactor. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 19(2017) 111-117
{"title":"Effect of Oscillation Amplitude on the Residence Time Distribution for the Mesoscale Oscillatory Baffled Reactor","authors":"H. W. Yussof, S. Bahri, A. Phan, Ap Harvey","doi":"10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33804","url":null,"abstract":"A recent development in oscillatory baffled reactor technology is down-scaling the reactor, so that it can be used for the applications such as small-scale continuous production of bioethanol. A mesoscale oscillatory baffled reactor (MOBR) with central baffle system was developed and fabricated at mesoscales (typically 5 mm diameter). This present work aims to analyse the mixing conditions inside the MOBR by evaluating the residence time distribution (RTD) against the dynamic parameters of net flow Reynolds number ( Re n ) at 4.2, 8.4 and 12.6 corresponding to flow rates of 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 ml/min respectively, oscillatory Reynolds number ( Re o ) between 62 to 622, and Strouhal number ( Str ) between 0.1 to 1.59. The effect of oscillation frequency and amplitude on RTD performance were studied at frequency, amplitude, and velocity ratio ranging from 4 to 8 Hz, 1 to 4 mm and 1 to 118, respectively. Effect of oscillation frequency has resulted in the variance of the RTD increased as the oscillation frequency increased from 5 Hz to 8 Hz and peak at 6 Hz of 0.264. A further increase in the frequency above 5 Hz caused the RTD to slightly broaden and positively skewed. At frequency of 5 Hz, the RTD profiles were close to Gaussian form for all tested amplitude values from 1 mm to 4 mm. At low amplitudes, i.e. xo = 1 mm, the variance exhibited its minimum around 0.842 at Re o =156. An increase in Re o above 300 resulted in increased in the variance rapidly to 1.28, and later eliminated the plug flow behaviour and the reactor behaved similar to a single continuous stirred tank reactor. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 19(2017) 111-117","PeriodicalId":9756,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin","volume":"150 1","pages":"111-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85612617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-10DOI: 10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33800
J. Jamaludin, F. Adam, R. A. Rasid, Zulkafli Hassan
The main objective of this work is to develop film and study the thermal characteristics of polysaccharides films at various concentration of carrageenan in the mixture by calculating activation energy of polysaccharides films. There were four (4) film samples of two polysaccharides combination; arabic gum (AG) and carrageenan (C) with different formulations; sample A, sample B, sample C and sample D prepared. Sample A film is the control sample that contained only arabic gum and distilled water (DI) with 40% weight arabic gum per volume DI water (w/v%). Meanwhile for sample B and C were prepared with concentration 40 w/v% of Arabic gum and two differents of carrageenan concentrations; 1 w/v% and 10 w/v% respectively. Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) as a plasticiser was added into sample D film. The sample films were thermally characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) under nitrogen atmosphere. The major thermal transitions as well as, activation energies of the major decomposition stages were determined. Sample A and B films exhibited the highest (112.43 kJ/mol) and the lowest (102.89 kJ/mol) activation energy of thermal decomposition, respectively. The activation energies were lower at larger amounts of sulfate groups from carrageenan on the degradation reactions. The DSC trend for all samples shows two (2) major intense peaks recorded in the DSC thermograms; an endothermic transition at temperature around 100 ° C and followed by an exothermic transition at temperature around 300 ° C. The endothermic transition is due to the heat absorption for dehydration of water, H2O and the decomposition of samples process. Meanwhile, the exothermic transition is caused by the formation of H 2 O, CO and CH 4 in polysaccharide film from dehydration, depolymerisation and decomposition at the high-temperature stages. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 19(2017) 80-86
{"title":"Thermal studies on Arabic gum - carrageenan polysaccharides film","authors":"J. Jamaludin, F. Adam, R. A. Rasid, Zulkafli Hassan","doi":"10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/CERB.V19I0.33800","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this work is to develop film and study the thermal characteristics of polysaccharides films at various concentration of carrageenan in the mixture by calculating activation energy of polysaccharides films. There were four (4) film samples of two polysaccharides combination; arabic gum (AG) and carrageenan (C) with different formulations; sample A, sample B, sample C and sample D prepared. Sample A film is the control sample that contained only arabic gum and distilled water (DI) with 40% weight arabic gum per volume DI water (w/v%). Meanwhile for sample B and C were prepared with concentration 40 w/v% of Arabic gum and two differents of carrageenan concentrations; 1 w/v% and 10 w/v% respectively. Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) as a plasticiser was added into sample D film. The sample films were thermally characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) under nitrogen atmosphere. The major thermal transitions as well as, activation energies of the major decomposition stages were determined. Sample A and B films exhibited the highest (112.43 kJ/mol) and the lowest (102.89 kJ/mol) activation energy of thermal decomposition, respectively. The activation energies were lower at larger amounts of sulfate groups from carrageenan on the degradation reactions. The DSC trend for all samples shows two (2) major intense peaks recorded in the DSC thermograms; an endothermic transition at temperature around 100 ° C and followed by an exothermic transition at temperature around 300 ° C. The endothermic transition is due to the heat absorption for dehydration of water, H2O and the decomposition of samples process. Meanwhile, the exothermic transition is caused by the formation of H 2 O, CO and CH 4 in polysaccharide film from dehydration, depolymerisation and decomposition at the high-temperature stages. Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 19(2017) 80-86","PeriodicalId":9756,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin","volume":"51 1","pages":"80-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75955147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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