Pub Date : 2016-04-20DOI: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000170
E. Abdollahi, P. Mehdipour
hTERT (human telomerase reverse transcriptase) is the catalytic subunit of telomerase enzyme, and is essential for its functions. The aim of this review was to compare the TERT in human and other species including microorganism, vertebrates and mammals, in terms of its functions and regulation. According to literature, the catalytic subunit of telomerase in animals contains many conserved domains and residues, which have crucial roles in its functions. Moreover, the structure and biology of human telomerase seem to be more similar to that of dog compared other animals. Thus interestingly, unlike the mouse that is seemingly not a proper model for evaluation of telomerase activity and its regulation, dog may be an appropriate model for the experimental investigations of telomerase function and therapeutic strategies in cancer studies.
{"title":"Biological and Molecular Diversity in Telomerase: Characteristics of hTERT in Human, Vertebrates and Yeast","authors":"E. Abdollahi, P. Mehdipour","doi":"10.4172/2168-9296.1000170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9296.1000170","url":null,"abstract":"hTERT (human telomerase reverse transcriptase) is the catalytic subunit of telomerase enzyme, and is essential for its functions. The aim of this review was to compare the TERT in human and other species including microorganism, vertebrates and mammals, in terms of its functions and regulation. According to literature, the catalytic subunit of telomerase in animals contains many conserved domains and residues, which have crucial roles in its functions. Moreover, the structure and biology of human telomerase seem to be more similar to that of dog compared other animals. Thus interestingly, unlike the mouse that is seemingly not a proper model for evaluation of telomerase activity and its regulation, dog may be an appropriate model for the experimental investigations of telomerase function and therapeutic strategies in cancer studies.","PeriodicalId":9775,"journal":{"name":"Cell & developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79781999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-02DOI: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000171
Azwarfarid Manca, Faridah Mohamad, Bryan Raveen Nelson Muhd Fawwaz Afham Mohd Sofa, A. Alia’m, N. Ismail
Due to limited availability of literature on the spawning activity of Malaysian horseshoe crab, Tachypleus gigas (Muller, 1785), the reproduction behaviour and biology of this arthropod remains poorly understood. Hence, an investigation was carried out from April-July to trail spawning horseshoe crab amplexus at Balok and Cherating, the only known T. gigas spawning grounds on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Through visual tracking during daytime full moon spring tides, the release of air bubbles indicate nest digging by female crabs. While air bubble formation aggravated, flagged aluminium poles were carefully driven into the sediment to mark the nest. Out of the 13 spawning T. gigas amplexus tracked, only one pair was able to dig up to 12 nests and release up to 2,575 eggs within the 2.5 hour spawning period. The female crabs dug nests at the intertidal regions, ranging 1.3-43.2 m from the highest tide marking on the beach. Interestingly after spawning, the horseshoe crabs returned to high seas during the residing tides as amplexus because the male crabs remained clinging onto the female crab’s opisthosoma. The incidence of recapturing a tagged female crab with different attached male crab at Cherating indicates this spawning ground as natal beach. In addition, the presence of 8 horseshoe crab amplexus at Balok compared to only 5 amplexus at Cherating highlight preferable beach settings for spawning and/or the presence of larger spawning crab assemblages at the former beach. Since only 13 spawning horseshoe crab pairs were witnessed at Balok and Cherating, identification of factors that alter beach sediment composition and water chemistry as well as gender-specific poaching and excessive boating activities should be regulated to restore wild T. gigas populations.
{"title":"Trailing the Spawning Horseshoe Crab Tachypleus Gigas (Müller, 1785)at Designated Natal Beaches on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia","authors":"Azwarfarid Manca, Faridah Mohamad, Bryan Raveen Nelson Muhd Fawwaz Afham Mohd Sofa, A. Alia’m, N. Ismail","doi":"10.4172/2168-9296.1000171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9296.1000171","url":null,"abstract":"Due to limited availability of literature on the spawning activity of Malaysian horseshoe crab, Tachypleus gigas (Muller, 1785), the reproduction behaviour and biology of this arthropod remains poorly understood. Hence, an investigation was carried out from April-July to trail spawning horseshoe crab amplexus at Balok and Cherating, the only known T. gigas spawning grounds on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Through visual tracking during daytime full moon spring tides, the release of air bubbles indicate nest digging by female crabs. While air bubble formation aggravated, flagged aluminium poles were carefully driven into the sediment to mark the nest. Out of the 13 spawning T. gigas amplexus tracked, only one pair was able to dig up to 12 nests and release up to 2,575 eggs within the 2.5 hour spawning period. The female crabs dug nests at the intertidal regions, ranging 1.3-43.2 m from the highest tide marking on the beach. Interestingly after spawning, the horseshoe crabs returned to high seas during the residing tides as amplexus because the male crabs remained clinging onto the female crab’s opisthosoma. The incidence of recapturing a tagged female crab with different attached male crab at Cherating indicates this spawning ground as natal beach. In addition, the presence of 8 horseshoe crab amplexus at Balok compared to only 5 amplexus at Cherating highlight preferable beach settings for spawning and/or the presence of larger spawning crab assemblages at the former beach. Since only 13 spawning horseshoe crab pairs were witnessed at Balok and Cherating, identification of factors that alter beach sediment composition and water chemistry as well as gender-specific poaching and excessive boating activities should be regulated to restore wild T. gigas populations.","PeriodicalId":9775,"journal":{"name":"Cell & developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86129495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-24DOI: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000168
S. Ghagane
Prostate cancer (PC) is a most important health care problem because of its high prevalence, health-related costs, and mortality. Even though most patients have clinically localized and indolent tumors at diagnosis, worldwide, this disease still holds second place in the leading causes of cancer deaths. Research on susceptibility genes is one of hot issues in risk factors of prostate cancer. Nevertheless, the confirmation of prostate cancer susceptibility genes has been challenging. Thus focusing on the increasing number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have been suggested to be implicated in the development and progression of PC. While individual SNPs are only moderately associated with PC risk, in combination, they have a stronger association. Therefore, identification of numerous variations in genes and analysis of their effects may lead to a better understanding of their impact on gene function and health of an individual. This improved knowledge may provide a starting point for the development of new useful SNP markers for medical testing and a safer individualized medication to treat the most common devastating disorders. This will revolutionize the medical field in the future. To illustrate the effect of SNPs on gene function and phenotype, this review focuses on genetic susceptibility of prostate cancer and role of single nucleotide polymorphism and revealing the impact of SNPs on the development and progression of prostate cancer.
{"title":"Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms: A New Paradigm in Predicting the Risk of Prostate Cancer","authors":"S. Ghagane","doi":"10.4172/2168-9296.1000168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9296.1000168","url":null,"abstract":"Prostate cancer (PC) is a most important health care problem because of its high prevalence, health-related costs, and mortality. Even though most patients have clinically localized and indolent tumors at diagnosis, worldwide, this disease still holds second place in the leading causes of cancer deaths. Research on susceptibility genes is one of hot issues in risk factors of prostate cancer. Nevertheless, the confirmation of prostate cancer susceptibility genes has been challenging. Thus focusing on the increasing number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have been suggested to be implicated in the development and progression of PC. While individual SNPs are only moderately associated with PC risk, in combination, they have a stronger association. Therefore, identification of numerous variations in genes and analysis of their effects may lead to a better understanding of their impact on gene function and health of an individual. This improved knowledge may provide a starting point for the development of new useful SNP markers for medical testing and a safer individualized medication to treat the most common devastating disorders. This will revolutionize the medical field in the future. To illustrate the effect of SNPs on gene function and phenotype, this review focuses on genetic susceptibility of prostate cancer and role of single nucleotide polymorphism and revealing the impact of SNPs on the development and progression of prostate cancer.","PeriodicalId":9775,"journal":{"name":"Cell & developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83640177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-19DOI: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000169
S. Sarkar
This paper represents the numerical and analytical characterization of ion uptake of osteoblast cell under the influence of different electrical stimuli. The effects of pico electrical field, electrode configuration, micro channel dimension and property of suspension media on ion uptake were investigated. The electrodes were assumed to be embedded in the walls of the microchip & osteoblast cell was suspended between these electrodes. In this context it is observed that the efficient ion uptake is conducted in very short duration low amplitude DC impulse. It is found that the ion uptake is sinusoidal distributed over the surface of osteo cell membrane and it is minimum at pole θ=90 &θ=270 and maximum value is obtained at pole θ=180 which is independent of specification of electrical pulse, geometry of electrode, dimension of micro channel & property of suspension media. But their value depends on the above parameters. So the region near by the θ=90 & θ=270 are assigned as high permeable area of the osteoblast cell. The effect of neighbour cells on ion-uptake is considered to make the result more authentic and realistic.
{"title":"Characterization of Ion-Uptake for Single Osteoblast Cell under Electrical Stimuli","authors":"S. Sarkar","doi":"10.4172/2168-9296.1000169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9296.1000169","url":null,"abstract":"This paper represents the numerical and analytical characterization of ion uptake of osteoblast cell under the influence of different electrical stimuli. The effects of pico electrical field, electrode configuration, micro channel dimension and property of suspension media on ion uptake were investigated. The electrodes were assumed to be embedded in the walls of the microchip & osteoblast cell was suspended between these electrodes. In this context it is observed that the efficient ion uptake is conducted in very short duration low amplitude DC impulse. It is found that the ion uptake is sinusoidal distributed over the surface of osteo cell membrane and it is minimum at pole θ=90 &θ=270 and maximum value is obtained at pole θ=180 which is independent of specification of electrical pulse, geometry of electrode, dimension of micro channel & property of suspension media. But their value depends on the above parameters. So the region near by the θ=90 & θ=270 are assigned as high permeable area of the osteoblast cell. The effect of neighbour cells on ion-uptake is considered to make the result more authentic and realistic.","PeriodicalId":9775,"journal":{"name":"Cell & developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82419504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-04DOI: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000167
M. Aissi
The aim of our study was the determination of prevalence of the sarcosporidiosis in the bovine carcasses in the slaughterhouses of El Harrach and the identification of involved species of Sarcocystis. Samples of oesophagi and diaphragms of 200 cattles brought down in the slaughterhouse of El Harrach were analyzed by the histo-pathological technique and the technique of digestion pepsique. We did not note macroscopic cyst in the carcasses inspection. The enzymatic digestion and the histo-pathological analysis revealed high rates of infestations (95%) and (80%) respectively. Cysts with thin wall of S. cruzi were dominant in diaphragms (94.2%) and in oesophagi (100%). A low rate of cysts with thick wall was detected in diaphragms (4.4%) and a rate of 0% in oesophagi. A single cyst of S. hominis was able to be diagnosed by photonique microscope in a diaphragm.
{"title":"Study of the Bovine Sarcosporidiosis in the Slaughterhouses of the North of Algeria: Case of the Slaughterhouses of El Harrach (Algiers)","authors":"M. Aissi","doi":"10.4172/2168-9296.1000167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9296.1000167","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of our study was the determination of prevalence of the sarcosporidiosis in the bovine carcasses in the slaughterhouses of El Harrach and the identification of involved species of Sarcocystis. Samples of oesophagi and diaphragms of 200 cattles brought down in the slaughterhouse of El Harrach were analyzed by the histo-pathological technique and the technique of digestion pepsique. We did not note macroscopic cyst in the carcasses inspection. The enzymatic digestion and the histo-pathological analysis revealed high rates of infestations (95%) and (80%) respectively. Cysts with thin wall of S. cruzi were dominant in diaphragms (94.2%) and in oesophagi (100%). A low rate of cysts with thick wall was detected in diaphragms (4.4%) and a rate of 0% in oesophagi. A single cyst of S. hominis was able to be diagnosed by photonique microscope in a diaphragm.","PeriodicalId":9775,"journal":{"name":"Cell & developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84162403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-31DOI: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000166
D. Lu
Most cancer therapies are seldom effective by single anticancer drug based on multiple genetic alterations and molecular abnormalities. Anticancer drug combination utilities need to transform from empirical to science-guided enterprises. This editorial offers the background knowledge of drug combination therapies by mathematical enquiry. Possible future landscapes and drawbacks of current cancer drug combinative therapy are addressed and speculated.
{"title":"Anticancer Drug Combinations, Studies from Different Pathways","authors":"D. Lu","doi":"10.4172/2168-9296.1000166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9296.1000166","url":null,"abstract":"Most cancer therapies are seldom effective by single anticancer drug based on multiple genetic alterations and molecular abnormalities. Anticancer drug combination utilities need to transform from empirical to science-guided enterprises. This editorial offers the background knowledge of drug combination therapies by mathematical enquiry. Possible future landscapes and drawbacks of current cancer drug combinative therapy are addressed and speculated.","PeriodicalId":9775,"journal":{"name":"Cell & developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80951123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-10DOI: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000E137
M. Rajam
The sequence-specific gene silencing has gained widespread acceptance for its ease and direct use for functional analysis of genes. Of all the methods used for gene silencing, RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as the potential tool which involves the targeting of gene at mRNA level. This works on the phenomenon of generating siRNAs from the transcribed double stranded RNA (dsRNA) precursors. The siRNAs hence formed target the mRNA and leads to its cleavage resulting into decreased transcript level [1,2]. This technique can be used to silence the genes to get the desired traits and hence it has proved to be a promising tool for crop improvement [2,3].
{"title":"Artificial miRNAs for Specific Gene Silencing and Engineering Virus Resistance in Plants","authors":"M. Rajam","doi":"10.4172/2168-9296.1000E137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9296.1000E137","url":null,"abstract":"The sequence-specific gene silencing has gained widespread acceptance for its ease and direct use for functional analysis of genes. Of all the methods used for gene silencing, RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as the potential tool which involves the targeting of gene at mRNA level. This works on the phenomenon of generating siRNAs from the transcribed double stranded RNA (dsRNA) precursors. The siRNAs hence formed target the mRNA and leads to its cleavage resulting into decreased transcript level [1,2]. This technique can be used to silence the genes to get the desired traits and hence it has proved to be a promising tool for crop improvement [2,3].","PeriodicalId":9775,"journal":{"name":"Cell & developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74971419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-01Epub Date: 2015-12-30DOI: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000e138
Jyotshna Kanungo
The P19 embryonic stem (ES) cells are derivatives of the inner cell mass of a mouse blastoderm, are multipotent and can give rise to all three germ layers [1]. They are anchorage-independent, display no contact inhibition, and are tumorigenic [2]. The P19 ES cell line was originally derived from a teratocarcinoma in C3H/HE mice, produced by grafting an embryo at 7 days of gestation to the testes of an adult male mouse [3, 4]. Depending on the nature of inducers, P19 ES cells can be driven to differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers, an advantage that has been extensively exploited to study early developmental events. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) treatment of P19 ES cell aggregates (embryoid bodies) results in differentiation into cardiac- and skeletal muscle-like cells [1], whereas retinoic acid (RA) induces differentiation into neurons, glia, and fibroblast-like cells [5]. On the other hand, monolayers of P19 ES cells, when treated with RA, differentiate into cells with endodermal and mesodermal phenotypes [6]. The type of differentiation of P19 ES cell aggregates also depends on the RA concentration; with low concentration (10 nM) of RA, these cells differentiate into primitive endoderm-like cells and with high concentrations (1 µM) of RA, differentiation is shifted towards neurons and glia [3, 7, 8].
{"title":"Tumor Suppressors and Endodermal Differentiation of P19 Embryonic Stem Cells.","authors":"Jyotshna Kanungo","doi":"10.4172/2168-9296.1000e138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9296.1000e138","url":null,"abstract":"The P19 embryonic stem (ES) cells are derivatives of the inner cell mass of a mouse blastoderm, are multipotent and can give rise to all three germ layers [1]. They are anchorage-independent, display no contact inhibition, and are tumorigenic [2]. The P19 ES cell line was originally derived from a teratocarcinoma in C3H/HE mice, produced by grafting an embryo at 7 days of gestation to the testes of an adult male mouse [3, 4]. Depending on the nature of inducers, P19 ES cells can be driven to differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers, an advantage that has been extensively exploited to study early developmental events. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) treatment of P19 ES cell aggregates (embryoid bodies) results in differentiation into cardiac- and skeletal muscle-like cells [1], whereas retinoic acid (RA) induces differentiation into neurons, glia, and fibroblast-like cells [5]. On the other hand, monolayers of P19 ES cells, when treated with RA, differentiate into cells with endodermal and mesodermal phenotypes [6]. The type of differentiation of P19 ES cell aggregates also depends on the RA concentration; with low concentration (10 nM) of RA, these cells differentiate into primitive endoderm-like cells and with high concentrations (1 µM) of RA, differentiation is shifted towards neurons and glia [3, 7, 8].","PeriodicalId":9775,"journal":{"name":"Cell & developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2168-9296.1000e138","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34666537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-01DOI: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000165
W. Ghonimi
Ten hearts of mature healthy Buffalo (Bos bubalis L.) were employed to investigate the histological and histochemical structures of the moderator bands. Hearts were gently dissected and the moderator bands were collected. The specimens were processed histologically and subjected to different stains. Grossly, the moderator band (Septomarginal trabeculae) was a single muscular band that was found only in the right ventricle of the buffalo heart. It extended from the interventricular septum to the free ventricular wall especially at the base of the papillary muscle, crossing and passing through the ventricular cavity. Histologically, the moderator band was invested in a dense capsule of connective tissue, endocardium that is mainly consisting of three layers; the endothelial layer of simple squamous epithelium, subendothelial layer of loose connective tissue and the subendocardial layer that connects the endocardium with myocardium. Internally, about 4/5 of the core, myocardium is of the cardiac muscle fibers that arranged in bundles of one direction while only about 1/5 is lodged by purkinje cardiomyocytes that were arranged in bundles distributing mainly in two areas within the moderator band; the subendocardial layer beneath the subendothelial connective tissue and myocardium in between the cardiac myocytes bundles. Centrally, a medium-sized artery of thick wall and a very distinct internal elastic lamina was observed running at the center of the band myocardium and is surrounded with the cardiac myocytes bundles.
{"title":"Moderator Bands (Trabecula septomarginalis) of Mature Buffalo (Bosbubalis L.) with Special Emphasis on the Structure and Distribution of thePurkinje Cardiomyocytes: Histological and Histochemical","authors":"W. Ghonimi","doi":"10.4172/2168-9296.1000165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9296.1000165","url":null,"abstract":"Ten hearts of mature healthy Buffalo (Bos bubalis L.) were employed to investigate the histological and histochemical structures of the moderator bands. Hearts were gently dissected and the moderator bands were collected. The specimens were processed histologically and subjected to different stains. Grossly, the moderator band (Septomarginal trabeculae) was a single muscular band that was found only in the right ventricle of the buffalo heart. It extended from the interventricular septum to the free ventricular wall especially at the base of the papillary muscle, crossing and passing through the ventricular cavity. Histologically, the moderator band was invested in a dense capsule of connective tissue, endocardium that is mainly consisting of three layers; the endothelial layer of simple squamous epithelium, subendothelial layer of loose connective tissue and the subendocardial layer that connects the endocardium with myocardium. Internally, about 4/5 of the core, myocardium is of the cardiac muscle fibers that arranged in bundles of one direction while only about 1/5 is lodged by purkinje cardiomyocytes that were arranged in bundles distributing mainly in two areas within the moderator band; the subendocardial layer beneath the subendothelial connective tissue and myocardium in between the cardiac myocytes bundles. Centrally, a medium-sized artery of thick wall and a very distinct internal elastic lamina was observed running at the center of the band myocardium and is surrounded with the cardiac myocytes bundles.","PeriodicalId":9775,"journal":{"name":"Cell & developmental biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84358567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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