Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3573417
Hao Chen;Cheng Liu;Xing Wang;Nikolay Korovkin;Sakhno Liudmila;Popov Stanislav Olegovich;Bodrenkov Evgenii Alexandrovich
In this article, the mathematical modeling and electromagnetic characteristic analysis are carried out for a novel tubular linear rotary switched reluctance machine (TLRSRM). First, the topology and operation principle of TLRSRM are described, and the magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) model of the machine in aligned and unaligned positions is established. Then, the analytical calculation of the air-gap permeance is performed by the magnetic field division method for the two critical positions of the rotary part and the linear part, respectively. Three-dimensional finite element simulation based on inductive characteristics verifies the feasibility and effectiveness of the MEC method. In order to further research the electromagnetic characteristics of the motor in unsaturated and saturated states, the approximate mathematical analytical formulas of the air-gap magnetic density and normal force are derived for the two critical positions of the TLRSRM proposed in this article, and the comparisons of the 3-D finite-element method (3D FEM) and mathematical analytical calculations of the air-gap magnetic density and normal force under different excitation currents are given. The comparison results further verify the accuracy of the mathematical model calculation in this article. This provides theoretical guidance for the electromagnetic design and vibration noise control of TLRSRM.
{"title":"Mathematical Modeling and Electromagnetic Force Analysis of Novel Tubular Linear Rotary Switched Reluctance Machine","authors":"Hao Chen;Cheng Liu;Xing Wang;Nikolay Korovkin;Sakhno Liudmila;Popov Stanislav Olegovich;Bodrenkov Evgenii Alexandrovich","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3573417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3573417","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the mathematical modeling and electromagnetic characteristic analysis are carried out for a novel tubular linear rotary switched reluctance machine (TLRSRM). First, the topology and operation principle of TLRSRM are described, and the magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) model of the machine in aligned and unaligned positions is established. Then, the analytical calculation of the air-gap permeance is performed by the magnetic field division method for the two critical positions of the rotary part and the linear part, respectively. Three-dimensional finite element simulation based on inductive characteristics verifies the feasibility and effectiveness of the MEC method. In order to further research the electromagnetic characteristics of the motor in unsaturated and saturated states, the approximate mathematical analytical formulas of the air-gap magnetic density and normal force are derived for the two critical positions of the TLRSRM proposed in this article, and the comparisons of the 3-D finite-element method (3D FEM) and mathematical analytical calculations of the air-gap magnetic density and normal force under different excitation currents are given. The comparison results further verify the accuracy of the mathematical model calculation in this article. This provides theoretical guidance for the electromagnetic design and vibration noise control of TLRSRM.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"54 1","pages":"270-278"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Imperfect electrical contact between two rough conductors is often involved in electromagnetic field analysis, where the contact zone is a very thin domain with complex geometry and is physically modeled as contact resistance. In electromagnetic simulations, contact resistance is usually characterized by a constant-thickness contact layer with the corresponding conductivity. However, since the thickness of the contact layer (tens of micrometers) is much smaller than the sizes of the armature and rail (tens of millimeters), this spatial multiscale phenomenon requires an extremely large number of meshes, making simulations too costly. In this article, the imperfect sliding electrical contact between the rail and armature in railguns is taken as the subject. A boundary condition model is presented, where the contact layer is replaced as a zero-thickness interface with strongly discontinuous interface conditions connecting the surroundings. This model avoids meshing the thin layer and reflects changes in contact pressure and liquid aluminum material in interface conditions. In addition, a general discontinuous Galerkin (DG) framework ensuring the interfacial strong discontinuity is introduced by defining numerical fluxes that follow the discontinuity. This method is precise and guarantees good condition numbers, even in extreme cases of very large or small contact conductivities. To verify the correctness and effectiveness, current density results were calculated using the boundary condition model and the classical contact layer model (CLM) and were found to be consistent; the element number and computation time of the boundary condition model are less than those of the classical model. Furthermore, the effects of imperfect electrical contact on electromagnetic fields were analyzed using the abovementioned methods at velocities of 0, 100, 500, and 1000 m/s.
{"title":"A Strongly Discontinuous Boundary Condition Model With Discontinuous Galerkin Framework for Multiscale Electromagnetic Simulations Containing Imperfect Sliding Electrical Contact","authors":"Shuqi Liu;Jinghan Yang;Junbin Zhao;Lixue Chen;Dezhi Chen","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3635917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3635917","url":null,"abstract":"Imperfect electrical contact between two rough conductors is often involved in electromagnetic field analysis, where the contact zone is a very thin domain with complex geometry and is physically modeled as contact resistance. In electromagnetic simulations, contact resistance is usually characterized by a constant-thickness contact layer with the corresponding conductivity. However, since the thickness of the contact layer (tens of micrometers) is much smaller than the sizes of the armature and rail (tens of millimeters), this spatial multiscale phenomenon requires an extremely large number of meshes, making simulations too costly. In this article, the imperfect sliding electrical contact between the rail and armature in railguns is taken as the subject. A boundary condition model is presented, where the contact layer is replaced as a zero-thickness interface with strongly discontinuous interface conditions connecting the surroundings. This model avoids meshing the thin layer and reflects changes in contact pressure and liquid aluminum material in interface conditions. In addition, a general discontinuous Galerkin (DG) framework ensuring the interfacial strong discontinuity is introduced by defining numerical fluxes that follow the discontinuity. This method is precise and guarantees good condition numbers, even in extreme cases of very large or small contact conductivities. To verify the correctness and effectiveness, current density results were calculated using the boundary condition model and the classical contact layer model (CLM) and were found to be consistent; the element number and computation time of the boundary condition model are less than those of the classical model. Furthermore, the effects of imperfect electrical contact on electromagnetic fields were analyzed using the abovementioned methods at velocities of 0, 100, 500, and 1000 m/s.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"54 1","pages":"314-326"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3627664
Nur Najiha Binti Ahmad Rasid;Nur Wardina Syahirah Binti Mohamad Fadil;Peng Gao;Abd. Rashid Bin Mohd Yusoff
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are well known as a promising strategy for enhancing the efficiency, stability, and interfacial properties of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). These molecular layers, typically formed through surface binding between electrode surfaces, enable fine-tuning of surface energetics, promote uniform film formation, and suppress interfacial recombination. Lead (Pb)-halide perovskite systems are renowned for their remarkable power conversion efficiencies, with SAMs playing a crucial role in optimizing charge extraction and mitigating degradation pathways. This review explores recent advancements in SAM-functionalized interfaces, particularly focusing on their chemical structure, anchoring groups, electronic alignment, and compatibility with perovskite and charge transport layers. We also highlight the comparative performance of SAM-modified PSCs, discuss current challenges, and suggest future directions for material innovation and device engineering.
{"title":"Advancements in Self-Assembled Monolayers for Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"Nur Najiha Binti Ahmad Rasid;Nur Wardina Syahirah Binti Mohamad Fadil;Peng Gao;Abd. Rashid Bin Mohd Yusoff","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3627664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3627664","url":null,"abstract":"Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are well known as a promising strategy for enhancing the efficiency, stability, and interfacial properties of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). These molecular layers, typically formed through surface binding between electrode surfaces, enable fine-tuning of surface energetics, promote uniform film formation, and suppress interfacial recombination. Lead (Pb)-halide perovskite systems are renowned for their remarkable power conversion efficiencies, with SAMs playing a crucial role in optimizing charge extraction and mitigating degradation pathways. This review explores recent advancements in SAM-functionalized interfaces, particularly focusing on their chemical structure, anchoring groups, electronic alignment, and compatibility with perovskite and charge transport layers. We also highlight the comparative performance of SAM-modified PSCs, discuss current challenges, and suggest future directions for material innovation and device engineering.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"16 1","pages":"3-17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145802354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3627676
Y. Tang;S. Poddar;M. Kay;F. E. Rougieux
A small number of photovoltaic modules degrade far more rapidly than average, creating a “long tail” in degradation rate distribution that poses a critical challenge to the reliability and financial viability of solar projects. This study investigates the factors contributing to this phenomenon by analyzing a large global dataset from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Our analysis reveals that the long tail is an intrinsic and composite feature of module degradation, not merely a statistical consequence of combining different climates. We identify at least three distinct pathways that could contribute to its formation. The first is accelerated degradation driven by strong statistical associations between different degradation modes, where the interplay of mechanisms appears to be a primary contributor of the most severely degraded modules. The second is rapid early-life failure (infant mortality), which populates the tail with modules likely containing initial manufacturing or material defects. The third is failure of individual latent defects, such as solder fatigue or cell cracks, which can cause sudden severe performance loss at random points in a module's life. Based on our results, we suggest that efforts should be made to understand and mitigate the interaction between associated degradation modes. For instance, the careful selection of key components, such as backsheet, is crucial as it could initiate multiple pathways of degradation.
{"title":"Understanding and Reducing the Risk of Extreme Photovoltaic Degradation","authors":"Y. Tang;S. Poddar;M. Kay;F. E. Rougieux","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3627676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3627676","url":null,"abstract":"A small number of photovoltaic modules degrade far more rapidly than average, creating a “long tail” in degradation rate distribution that poses a critical challenge to the reliability and financial viability of solar projects. This study investigates the factors contributing to this phenomenon by analyzing a large global dataset from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Our analysis reveals that the long tail is an intrinsic and composite feature of module degradation, not merely a statistical consequence of combining different climates. We identify at least three distinct pathways that could contribute to its formation. The first is accelerated degradation driven by strong statistical associations between different degradation modes, where the interplay of mechanisms appears to be a primary contributor of the most severely degraded modules. The second is rapid early-life failure (infant mortality), which populates the tail with modules likely containing initial manufacturing or material defects. The third is failure of individual latent defects, such as solder fatigue or cell cracks, which can cause sudden severe performance loss at random points in a module's life. Based on our results, we suggest that efforts should be made to understand and mitigate the interaction between associated degradation modes. For instance, the careful selection of key components, such as backsheet, is crucial as it could initiate multiple pathways of degradation.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"16 1","pages":"150-159"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145802387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3636500
Linbo Yan;Xinbo He;Bing Wei;Qian Yang;Linqian Li
Accurately and efficiently solving the physical characteristics of electromagnetic railguns is essential for understanding their dynamic behavior and ensuring reliable design. However, an effective real-time solution for the multiphysics coupling characteristics of electromagnetic railguns has yet to be proposed. This article develops a modified set of governing equations for electromagneticthermal coupling based on the arbitrary LagrangianEulerian (ALE) dynamic mesh framework and applies them to the transient electromagnetic launch process. Additionally, a hybrid meshing strategy combining sliding and dynamic meshes is introduced, where sliding meshes are utilized for the armature region and the rail sections in contact with the armature, while dynamic meshes are applied to the remaining rail sections. This approach effectively balances computational accuracy and complexity, enabling precise real-time solutions for the multiphysics characteristics of transient and high-speed models. To validate the proposed method, numerical results from static meshes, single-physics simulations, and the modified multiphysics coupling solution are compared with experimental data. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach in achieving accurate and real-time multiphysics simulations of electromagnetic railgun launches.
{"title":"Research on Multiphysics Coupling Characteristics in Transient Electromagnetic Emission Process Based on ALE Moving Mesh Technology","authors":"Linbo Yan;Xinbo He;Bing Wei;Qian Yang;Linqian Li","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3636500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3636500","url":null,"abstract":"Accurately and efficiently solving the physical characteristics of electromagnetic railguns is essential for understanding their dynamic behavior and ensuring reliable design. However, an effective real-time solution for the multiphysics coupling characteristics of electromagnetic railguns has yet to be proposed. This article develops a modified set of governing equations for electromagneticthermal coupling based on the arbitrary LagrangianEulerian (ALE) dynamic mesh framework and applies them to the transient electromagnetic launch process. Additionally, a hybrid meshing strategy combining sliding and dynamic meshes is introduced, where sliding meshes are utilized for the armature region and the rail sections in contact with the armature, while dynamic meshes are applied to the remaining rail sections. This approach effectively balances computational accuracy and complexity, enabling precise real-time solutions for the multiphysics characteristics of transient and high-speed models. To validate the proposed method, numerical results from static meshes, single-physics simulations, and the modified multiphysics coupling solution are compared with experimental data. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach in achieving accurate and real-time multiphysics simulations of electromagnetic railgun launches.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"54 1","pages":"297-305"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3633076
Bin Du;Gregory A. Manoukian;Harvey Guthrey;Aayush Nahar;António J. N. Oliveira;Kevin D. Dobson;Brian McCandless;Aaron Arehart;Jason B. Baxter;William N. Shafarman
In this study, we developed a new method for in situ Sb doping of CdTe thin films combining vapor transport deposition with a Group V pyrolyzer to address Sb doping concentration and doping efficiency. The Sb doped CdSeTe (CdSeTe:Sb) films were deposited in solar cell structures under variations of Sb dopant source heater, vapor pyrolyzer temperature, and Cd vapor excess. Results indicate that although these parameters do not affect the CdTe morphology or crystal structure, they critically influence doping efficiency and trap concentration. Capacitance–voltage measurements show that a higher dopant heater (TD) or pyrolyzer (TP) temperature leads to higher net carrier concentration, achieving a net carrier concentration of 1016 cm−3 and 20% doping efficiency with a TD/TP combination of 600 °C/1100 °C. By tuning the Cd/Sb flux ratio during CdSeTe:Sb deposition, the lowest defect concentration is achieved at Cd/Sb of 1.4:1, which produced the best VOC CdSeTe:Sb cell. This demonstrates a path to produce high net carrier concentration polycrystalline CdTe thin film with a low concentration of dopant-induced defects.
{"title":"Pyrolyzer Assisted Vapor Transport Deposition of Antimony-Doped Cadmium Telluride","authors":"Bin Du;Gregory A. Manoukian;Harvey Guthrey;Aayush Nahar;António J. N. Oliveira;Kevin D. Dobson;Brian McCandless;Aaron Arehart;Jason B. Baxter;William N. Shafarman","doi":"10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3633076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOTOV.2025.3633076","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we developed a new method for in situ Sb doping of CdTe thin films combining vapor transport deposition with a Group V pyrolyzer to address Sb doping concentration and doping efficiency. The Sb doped CdSeTe (CdSeTe:Sb) films were deposited in solar cell structures under variations of Sb dopant source heater, vapor pyrolyzer temperature, and Cd vapor excess. Results indicate that although these parameters do not affect the CdTe morphology or crystal structure, they critically influence doping efficiency and trap concentration. Capacitance–voltage measurements show that a higher dopant heater (T<sub>D</sub>) or pyrolyzer (T<sub>P</sub>) temperature leads to higher net carrier concentration, achieving a net carrier concentration of 10<sup>16</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup> and 20% doping efficiency with a T<sub>D</sub>/T<sub>P</sub> combination of 600 °C/1100 °C. By tuning the Cd/Sb flux ratio during CdSeTe:Sb deposition, the lowest defect concentration is achieved at Cd/Sb of 1.4:1, which produced the best V<sub>OC</sub> CdSeTe:Sb cell. This demonstrates a path to produce high net carrier concentration polycrystalline CdTe thin film with a low concentration of dopant-induced defects.","PeriodicalId":445,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics","volume":"16 1","pages":"88-97"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145802359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3627878
Khaled Hamed El-Shorbagy;A. M. Gouda
A new study investigates the interaction of a relativistic electron beam (REB) with plasma inside the waveguide. The filled plasma is characterized by magnetized, movable, warm, and cold inhomogeneous medium. The resultant dispersion relation helps describe the propagation of the electromagnetic waves (EM waves) and the associated damped rate. A comparison between the homogenous and inhomogeneous plasma with the same boundary condition occurred. REB plays an essential role in the field instability and controlling the attenuation thus leading to minimizing the energy loss across the waveguide.
{"title":"Waves Excitation in a Waveguide Filled With Inhomogeneous Magnetized Movable Plasma","authors":"Khaled Hamed El-Shorbagy;A. M. Gouda","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3627878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3627878","url":null,"abstract":"A new study investigates the interaction of a relativistic electron beam (REB) with plasma inside the waveguide. The filled plasma is characterized by magnetized, movable, warm, and cold inhomogeneous medium. The resultant dispersion relation helps describe the propagation of the electromagnetic waves (EM waves) and the associated damped rate. A comparison between the homogenous and inhomogeneous plasma with the same boundary condition occurred. REB plays an essential role in the field instability and controlling the attenuation thus leading to minimizing the energy loss across the waveguide.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"54 1","pages":"236-242"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2025.3635030
J. D. Sethian;B. Adolf;N. Chaturvedi;J. Chittenden;G. V. Dowhan;M. Forkin;J. L. Giuliani;F. Hegeler;R. Jensen;B. Piercy;A. E. Robson
The Z-Pinch Initiation Facility (ZIF) was built to investigate the effect of initial conditions (e.g., rate of voltage rise) on the stability of a dense Z-pinch formed from a frozen deuterium fiber. The motivation was work initially performed in 1987 by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) that reported stability far longer than predicted by magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) theory. NRL observed stability as long as the current was rising, up to 640 kA and 130 ns. ZIF can drive up to 250 kA in 80 ns through a single 34-cm-long fiber. In some cases, apparent stability was observed based on visible light streak camera photographs and neutron detectors, which replicated the NRL results. However, in all cases on ZIF, the more extensive diagnostics revealed turbulent $m =0$ behavior that dominated the pinch dynamics. Visible light framing images showed short wavelength $m =0$ activity (ka~20) as early as 30 ns after start of the current. Laser shadowgraphy also showed $m =0$ activity. These are consistent with 2-D and 3-D simulations of the experiments. The 2.45-MeV neutrons are produced during the current rise and as much as 120–230 ns after current peak. There are still unresolved differences between the ZIF and previous results, which may be due to differences in the Z-pinch current driver. This is one of four papers on ZIF. Others discuss the ZIF pulsed power, the ZIF diagnostic suite, and simulations. An archive of all results will be made available to the public in 2026.
{"title":"The Frozen Deuterium Fiber Revisited on the Z-Pinch Initiation Facility (ZIF)","authors":"J. D. Sethian;B. Adolf;N. Chaturvedi;J. Chittenden;G. V. Dowhan;M. Forkin;J. L. Giuliani;F. Hegeler;R. Jensen;B. Piercy;A. E. Robson","doi":"10.1109/TPS.2025.3635030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPS.2025.3635030","url":null,"abstract":"The Z-Pinch Initiation Facility (ZIF) was built to investigate the effect of initial conditions (e.g., rate of voltage rise) on the stability of a dense Z-pinch formed from a frozen deuterium fiber. The motivation was work initially performed in 1987 by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) that reported stability far longer than predicted by magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) theory. NRL observed stability as long as the current was rising, up to 640 kA and 130 ns. ZIF can drive up to 250 kA in 80 ns through a single 34-cm-long fiber. In some cases, apparent stability was observed based on visible light streak camera photographs and neutron detectors, which replicated the NRL results. However, in all cases on ZIF, the more extensive diagnostics revealed turbulent <inline-formula> <tex-math>$m =0$ </tex-math></inline-formula> behavior that dominated the pinch dynamics. Visible light framing images showed short wavelength <inline-formula> <tex-math>$m =0$ </tex-math></inline-formula> activity (ka~20) as early as 30 ns after start of the current. Laser shadowgraphy also showed <inline-formula> <tex-math>$m =0$ </tex-math></inline-formula> activity. These are consistent with 2-D and 3-D simulations of the experiments. The 2.45-MeV neutrons are produced during the current rise and as much as 120–230 ns after current peak. There are still unresolved differences between the ZIF and previous results, which may be due to differences in the Z-pinch current driver. This is one of four papers on ZIF. Others discuss the ZIF pulsed power, the ZIF diagnostic suite, and simulations. An archive of all results will be made available to the public in 2026.","PeriodicalId":450,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science","volume":"54 1","pages":"279-289"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11273098","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145957908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1109/OJNANO.2025.3639059
Joseph Batta-Mpouma;Gurshagan Kandhola;Jaspreet Kaur;Jae-Woon Lim;Kalindu Perera;Hoon Seonwoo;Joshua Sakon;Jin-Woo Kim
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have emerged as versatile nanomaterials with exceptional mechanical, optical, and surface-chemical properties that enable their integration into diverse composite systems. This review summarizes key strategies for engineering CNC-based composites through covalent, non-covalent, and hybrid crosslinking mechanisms, highlighting how these interactions govern material structure and performance. Beyond conventional bulk composites, recent studies have explored their incorporation into interfacial and surface-assembled systems, thereby broadening the design space for CNC-enabled materials. These approaches are finding utility across multiple application areas, particularly in biomedical, packaging, and functional material design. Collectively, these developments underscore CNCs’ versatility as multifunctional building blocks and their growing potential to drive next-generation material innovation.
{"title":"Physicochemical Dynamics and Site-Specific Crosslinking at Cellulose Nanocrystal Interfaces for Multifunctional Material Design","authors":"Joseph Batta-Mpouma;Gurshagan Kandhola;Jaspreet Kaur;Jae-Woon Lim;Kalindu Perera;Hoon Seonwoo;Joshua Sakon;Jin-Woo Kim","doi":"10.1109/OJNANO.2025.3639059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OJNANO.2025.3639059","url":null,"abstract":"Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have emerged as versatile nanomaterials with exceptional mechanical, optical, and surface-chemical properties that enable their integration into diverse composite systems. This review summarizes key strategies for engineering CNC-based composites through covalent, non-covalent, and hybrid crosslinking mechanisms, highlighting how these interactions govern material structure and performance. Beyond conventional bulk composites, recent studies have explored their incorporation into interfacial and surface-assembled systems, thereby broadening the design space for CNC-enabled materials. These approaches are finding utility across multiple application areas, particularly in biomedical, packaging, and functional material design. Collectively, these developments underscore CNCs’ versatility as multifunctional building blocks and their growing potential to drive next-generation material innovation.","PeriodicalId":446,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Nanotechnology","volume":"7 ","pages":"18-33"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11271597","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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