Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101047
Lujie Qin , Lihua Tang , Ziyue Ling , Yin Fu , Yan Cao , Zhongyi Chang , Deming Jiang , Hongliang Gao , Caifeng Jia
This study developed a novel autoclave-assisted extraction technology to isolate a cryo-active polysaccharide (FVP-N1) from Flammulina velutipes mycelium and evaluated its potential as a natural cryoprotectant. FVP-N1 demonstrated significant ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) activity, reducing ice crystal size by 92.38 % compared to the control. Structural analysis identified FVP-N1 as a heteropolysaccharide (MW: 6.76×105 Da) composed of glucose, xylose, and mannose (molar ratio 44.11:36.82:14.93), featuring a backbone of 1,3,4-linked α-d-glucopyranosyl residues interspersed with 1,3-linked α-d-mannopyranosyl units. Critical structural motifs included O4-branched side chains terminated by β-d-xylopyranosyl residues. Morphological studies (SEM/AFM) revealed hierarchical self-assembly into porous lamellar sheets aggregated into spherical clusters interconnected by fibrillar chains, suggesting a dual IRI mechanism involving ice surface adsorption and hydrogen-bond-mediated water ordering. Notably, FVP-N1 at an ultra-low concentration (0.005 % w/v) effectively maintained fluidity, protein solubility, and moisture homogeneity in frozen egg yolk. These findings elucidate the structure-function relationship of FVP-N1 and validate its practical utility as a highly effective, natural cryoprotectant for industrial frozen food applications.
{"title":"Autoclave-assisted green extraction of a hierarchical self-assembling polysaccharide from Flammulina velutipes Mycelium for ultra-efficient cryoprotection of frozen egg yolk","authors":"Lujie Qin , Lihua Tang , Ziyue Ling , Yin Fu , Yan Cao , Zhongyi Chang , Deming Jiang , Hongliang Gao , Caifeng Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study developed a novel autoclave-assisted extraction technology to isolate a cryo-active polysaccharide (FVP-N1) from <em>Flammulina velutipes</em> mycelium and evaluated its potential as a natural cryoprotectant. FVP-N1 demonstrated significant ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI) activity, reducing ice crystal size by 92.38 % compared to the control. Structural analysis identified FVP-N1 as a heteropolysaccharide (MW: 6.76×10<sup>5</sup> Da) composed of glucose, xylose, and mannose (molar ratio 44.11:36.82:14.93), featuring a backbone of 1,3,4-linked α-<span>d</span>-glucopyranosyl residues interspersed with 1,3-linked α-<span>d</span>-mannopyranosyl units. Critical structural motifs included O4-branched side chains terminated by β-<span>d</span>-xylopyranosyl residues. Morphological studies (SEM/AFM) revealed hierarchical self-assembly into porous lamellar sheets aggregated into spherical clusters interconnected by fibrillar chains, suggesting a dual IRI mechanism involving ice surface adsorption and hydrogen-bond-mediated water ordering. Notably, FVP-N1 at an ultra-low concentration (0.005 % w/v) effectively maintained fluidity, protein solubility, and moisture homogeneity in frozen egg yolk. These findings elucidate the structure-function relationship of FVP-N1 and validate its practical utility as a highly effective, natural cryoprotectant for industrial frozen food applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101047"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101048
Mehdi Barzegarzadeh, Mohammad Sadegh Amini-Fazl
Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide, has been frequently detected in water resources, raising concerns about environmental and health risks. In this study, hydrogel beads based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were synthesized by incorporating magnetic activated carbon derived from orange peel waste (0–30 wt%). The prepared composites were characterized using FT-IR, XRD, FESEM, BET, VSM, and other techniques. Adsorption parameters were optimized through the Taguchi method, identifying the optimal conditions at an initial chlorpyrifos concentration of 90 mg/L, adsorbent dosage of 2 g/L, contact time of 60 min, and solution pH of 9. The hydrogel containing 30 wt% magnetic activated carbon (CMC/MAC30) exhibited nearly 100 % removal efficiency. Nonlinear fitting revealed that the adsorption process followed the Toth model under ultrasonic irradiation and the Sips model in its absence. According to the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity increased from 162.96 to 211.86 mg/g upon ultrasonic treatment, attributed to enhanced mass transfer via cavitation. Comparative analysis with previously reported adsorbents confirmed the superior adsorption capacity of CMC/MAC30. Moreover, the adsorbent maintained 92 % removal efficiency after eight regeneration cycles. Importantly, CMC/MAC30 was also evaluated in simulated agricultural wastewater containing competing ions, where the removal efficiency decreased from ∼100 % to ∼70 %, yet still demonstrated the strong potential of the adsorbent in realistic complex matrices. These findings highlight CMC/MAC30, especially when assisted by ultrasound, as a promising green adsorbent for the efficient removal of chlorpyrifos from aqueous environment.
{"title":"Ultrasound-assisted removal of chlorpyrifos using magnetic activated carbon– carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel beads derived from orange peel waste","authors":"Mehdi Barzegarzadeh, Mohammad Sadegh Amini-Fazl","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101048","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101048","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide, has been frequently detected in water resources, raising concerns about environmental and health risks. In this study, hydrogel beads based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were synthesized by incorporating magnetic activated carbon derived from orange peel waste (0–30 wt%). The prepared composites were characterized using FT-IR, XRD, FESEM, BET, VSM, and other techniques. Adsorption parameters were optimized through the Taguchi method, identifying the optimal conditions at an initial chlorpyrifos concentration of 90 mg/L, adsorbent dosage of 2 g/L, contact time of 60 min, and solution pH of 9. The hydrogel containing 30 wt% magnetic activated carbon (CMC/MAC30) exhibited nearly 100 % removal efficiency. Nonlinear fitting revealed that the adsorption process followed the Toth model under ultrasonic irradiation and the Sips model in its absence. According to the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity increased from 162.96 to 211.86 mg/g upon ultrasonic treatment, attributed to enhanced mass transfer via cavitation. Comparative analysis with previously reported adsorbents confirmed the superior adsorption capacity of CMC/MAC30. Moreover, the adsorbent maintained 92 % removal efficiency after eight regeneration cycles. Importantly, CMC/MAC30 was also evaluated in simulated agricultural wastewater containing competing ions, where the removal efficiency decreased from ∼100 % to ∼70 %, yet still demonstrated the strong potential of the adsorbent in realistic complex matrices. These findings highlight CMC/MAC30, especially when assisted by ultrasound, as a promising green adsorbent for the efficient removal of chlorpyrifos from aqueous environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101048"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil salinity limits agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions where large-scale leaching is impractical. Biopolymer-based microencapsulation for bioinoculant delivery offers a sustainable approach to rehabilitating saline soils and improving crop performance. We evaluated twelve halotolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPB ) applied as free cells and chitosan–starch microcapsules, with or without organic liquid fertilizer (OLF), to enhance safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) growth and soil desalination. Greenhouse factorial trials (three replications) assessed morphological, physiological, and biochemical plant traits, and soil Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and electrical conductivity (EC). Data were analyzed using factorial ANOVA (LSD, p < 0.05) in SAS v9.4, with multivariate relationships explored by PCA in Python (scikit-learn v1.4.0). Microencapsulation enhanced PGPB viability, colonization, and function. Integrator strains (Rhizobium sp., Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Rhizobium radiobacter) reduced EC by up to ∼51%. Specialist strains (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Micrococcus luteus) increased targeted metabolites, while persistent strains (Bacillus licheniformis, Kushneria sp.) maintained remediation. The chitosan–starch carrier provided mechanical protection, enzyme stabilization, and promoted exopolysaccharide-mediated soil aggregation. Combining diverse PGPB types with biopolymer encapsulation and organic amendments offers a scalable, low-impact solution for salinity mitigation. These greenhouse findings demonstrate the potential of microencapsulated halophilic PGPB for sustainable saline soil management, pending further field validation and biosafety assessment.
{"title":"Starch–Chitosan microcapsules as biopolymeric carriers of halotolerant PGPB: Enhancing safflower‐mediated phytoremediation and salinity tolerance","authors":"Fateme Aghamir , Ghasem Eghlima , Zinab Moradi Alvand , Leila Ordibehesti , Mohsen Farzaneh , Hasan Rafati","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101055","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil salinity limits agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions where large-scale leaching is impractical. Biopolymer-based microencapsulation for bioinoculant delivery offers a sustainable approach to rehabilitating saline soils and improving crop performance. We evaluated twelve halotolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPB ) applied as free cells and chitosan–starch microcapsules, with or without organic liquid fertilizer (OLF), to enhance safflower (<em>Carthamus tinctorius</em> L.) growth and soil desalination. Greenhouse factorial trials (three replications) assessed morphological, physiological, and biochemical plant traits, and soil Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and electrical conductivity (EC). Data were analyzed using factorial ANOVA (LSD, <em>p</em> < 0.05) in SAS v9.4, with multivariate relationships explored by PCA in Python (scikit-learn v1.4.0). Microencapsulation enhanced PGPB viability, colonization, and function. Integrator strains (<em>Rhizobium</em> sp., <em>Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Rhizobium radiobacter</em>) reduced EC by up to ∼51%. Specialist strains <em>(Pseudomonas fluorescens, Micrococcus luteus</em>) increased targeted metabolites, while persistent strains (<em>Bacillus licheniformis, Kushneria</em> sp.) maintained remediation. The chitosan–starch carrier provided mechanical protection, enzyme stabilization, and promoted exopolysaccharide-mediated soil aggregation. Combining diverse PGPB types with biopolymer encapsulation and organic amendments offers a scalable, low-impact solution for salinity mitigation. These greenhouse findings demonstrate the potential of microencapsulated halophilic PGPB for sustainable saline soil management, pending further field validation and biosafety assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101055"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145684133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101058
Sofía Mares-Bou , Damaris A. Pazmiño-Eugenio , William Cheung , Carolina I. Contreras-Monzón , Andy Hernández-Montoto , Gloria Gallego-Ferrer , Joel Girón-Hernández , Piergiorgio Gentile
Pectin, a multifunctional polysaccharide with food, pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, can be sustainably extracted from Theobroma cacao and Coffea arabica pod husk waste. This study optimized an eco-friendly, ascorbic-acid-assisted acid extraction to maximize galacturonic acid (GalA) content, achieving optimal conditions for cocoa (R= 0.02 g/mL, P= 45:55 v/v AA:HCl, T= 65 min) and coffee (R= 0.01 g/mL, P= 100:0 v/v AA, T= 65 min). The extraction yielded pectin with ≥74% GalA, meeting USP/FCC pharmaceutical-grade criteria, with cocoa and coffee husk yields of ∼7% and ∼21%, respectively. Dialysis increased purity, raising molecular weight up to ∼297,000 Da and narrowing dispersity. Extracted pectin exhibited higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents than commercial citrus pectin and showed superior antioxidant capacity (ORAC up to 53.1 mg TE/g; DPPH up to 2420 mg TE/g), supported by metabolomic profiling that identified abundant antioxidant metabolites such as protocatechuic acid, trigonelline and catechol. In vitro assays with human dermal fibroblasts demonstrated cytocompatibility at 0.1 mg/mL, mild ROS-scavenging effects and selective modulation of inflammatory cytokines, with cocoa pectin reducing IL-6 and dialyzed coffee pectin showing strong IL-6 suppression.
{"title":"Ascorbic acid-assisted extraction of bioactive pectin from cocoa and coffee husks with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential","authors":"Sofía Mares-Bou , Damaris A. Pazmiño-Eugenio , William Cheung , Carolina I. Contreras-Monzón , Andy Hernández-Montoto , Gloria Gallego-Ferrer , Joel Girón-Hernández , Piergiorgio Gentile","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pectin, a multifunctional polysaccharide with food, pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, can be sustainably extracted from <em>Theobroma cacao</em> and <em>Coffea arabica</em> pod husk waste. This study optimized an eco-friendly, ascorbic-acid-assisted acid extraction to maximize galacturonic acid (GalA) content, achieving optimal conditions for cocoa (R= 0.02 g/mL, P= 45:55 v/v AA:HCl, T= 65 min) and coffee (R= 0.01 g/mL, P= 100:0 v/v AA, T= 65 min). The extraction yielded pectin with ≥74% GalA, meeting USP/FCC pharmaceutical-grade criteria, with cocoa and coffee husk yields of ∼7% and ∼21%, respectively. Dialysis increased purity, raising molecular weight up to ∼297,000 Da and narrowing dispersity. Extracted pectin exhibited higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents than commercial citrus pectin and showed superior antioxidant capacity (ORAC up to 53.1 mg TE/g; DPPH up to 2420 mg TE/g), supported by metabolomic profiling that identified abundant antioxidant metabolites such as protocatechuic acid, trigonelline and catechol. <em>In vitro</em> assays with human dermal fibroblasts demonstrated cytocompatibility at 0.1 mg/mL, mild ROS-scavenging effects and selective modulation of inflammatory cytokines, with cocoa pectin reducing IL-6 and dialyzed coffee pectin showing strong IL-6 suppression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101058"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145684134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101053
Zsombor Miskolczy , Mónika Megyesi , Beáta Mándityné Huszka , István Mándity , László Biczók
The association of polyanionic β-cyclodextrin (βCD) derivatives with the nonaggregating polycationic antimicrobial peptide Dhvar4 was studied in water at 296 K without a buffer to explore their potential for forming nanoparticles capable of encapsulating bioactive isoquinoline alkaloids. The βCD bearing sulfobutyl ether moieties formed a 1:1 inclusion complex with Dhvar4, exhibiting a binding constant of (1.1 ± 0.3) × 105 M–1. In contrast, βCD substituted with SO₃⁻ groups (S13βCD) promoted the self-assembly into nanoparticles with a narrow and uniform size distribution. When Dhvar4 was present in large excess relative to S13βCD, positively charged nanoparticles were produced. Conversely, negatively charged nanoparticles were obtained at S13βCD/Dhvar4 charge ratios above 2.5, which maintained their size for at least 30 days. The incorporation of pharmaceutically active isoquinoline alkaloids had minimal impact on the properties of nanoparticles formed in the presence of a >35 molar% excess of S13βCD over Dhvar4. Encapsulation efficiencies of 99 % and 72 % were achieved for coralyne and sanguinarine, respectively. Job plot and isothermal titration calorimetry measurements demonstrated that each S13βCD macrocycle could bind ∼13 molecules of these alkaloids. The present findings lay the groundwork for future biological validation and applications of nanoparticles composed of three types of biomedically important compounds.
{"title":"Nanoparticle formation of an antimicrobial peptide induced by sulfated β-cyclodextrin: Application to alkaloid encapsulation","authors":"Zsombor Miskolczy , Mónika Megyesi , Beáta Mándityné Huszka , István Mándity , László Biczók","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The association of polyanionic β-cyclodextrin (βCD) derivatives with the nonaggregating polycationic antimicrobial peptide Dhvar4 was studied in water at 296 K without a buffer to explore their potential for forming nanoparticles capable of encapsulating bioactive isoquinoline alkaloids. The βCD bearing sulfobutyl ether moieties formed a 1:1 inclusion complex with Dhvar4, exhibiting a binding constant of (1.1 ± 0.3) × 10<sup>5</sup> M<sup>–1</sup>. In contrast, βCD substituted with SO₃⁻ groups (S<sub>13</sub>βCD) promoted the self-assembly into nanoparticles with a narrow and uniform size distribution. When Dhvar4 was present in large excess relative to S<sub>13</sub>βCD, positively charged nanoparticles were produced. Conversely, negatively charged nanoparticles were obtained at S<sub>13</sub>βCD/Dhvar4 charge ratios above 2.5, which maintained their size for at least 30 days. The incorporation of pharmaceutically active isoquinoline alkaloids had minimal impact on the properties of nanoparticles formed in the presence of a >35 molar% excess of S<sub>13</sub>βCD over Dhvar4. Encapsulation efficiencies of 99 % and 72 % were achieved for coralyne and sanguinarine, respectively. Job plot and isothermal titration calorimetry measurements demonstrated that each S<sub>13</sub>βCD macrocycle could bind ∼13 molecules of these alkaloids. The present findings lay the groundwork for future biological validation and applications of nanoparticles composed of three types of biomedically important compounds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101053"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates how ion valency and coordination behavior modulate the formation, viscoelasticity, and recovery of hyaluronic acid (HA)/-carrageenan (CG) hydrogels. Hydrogels were prepared by combining HA and CG in the presence of monovalent (K), divalent (Ca2＋), and trivalent (Al3＋) ions at concentrations of 15–60 mM. Microrheology, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and bulk oscillatory rheology were employed to correlate molecular interactions with mechanical behavior.
Frequency sweep measurements revealed that the moduli of the hyaluronic acid/-carrageenan (HA–CG) blend increased by nearly two orders of magnitude relative to HA alone, confirming synergistic network reinforcement. Among ion-enriched systems, Ca2＋ produced the highest (20 kPa) and lowest modulus loss between 25 and 37 (), while Al3＋ induced intermediate moduli. Recovery tests demonstrated that Ca2＋-enriched hydrogels recovered 55% of their initial elasticity within 15 min, compared to 30% for K and 40% for Al3＋ systems. Microrheology confirmed corresponding trends in probe confinement, with subdiffusive exponents () ranging from 0.18 (K) to 0.32 (Ca2＋).
FTIR analysis revealed that while K primarily stabilized CG helices, Ca2＋ reinforced sulfate junction zones, and Al3＋ introduced additional HA–carboxylate coordination. Collectively, these results demonstrate that both ion charge and concentration govern the balance between elasticity and deformability in HA–CG systems, defining whether true interpenetrating or semi-interpenetrating networks emerge. These insights establish design guidelines for improvement of mechanical performance in chemically unmodified HA-based hydrogels.
{"title":"Charge density-driven IPN formation and recovery in hyaluronic acid/κ-carrageenan hydrogels: Novel insights from echo-DWS microrheology, bulk rheology and FTIR","authors":"Foluso Akin-Ige , Cindy Rivera , Valentina de Gennaro , Yael Faroud Rivera , Samiul Amin","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates how ion valency and coordination behavior modulate the formation, viscoelasticity, and recovery of hyaluronic acid (HA)/<span><math><mi>κ</mi></math></span>-carrageenan (<span><math><mi>κ</mi></math></span>CG) hydrogels. Hydrogels were prepared by combining HA and <span><math><mi>κ</mi></math></span>CG in the presence of monovalent (K<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>), divalent (Ca<sup>2＋</sup>), and trivalent (Al<sup>3＋</sup>) ions at concentrations of 15–60 mM. Microrheology, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and bulk oscillatory rheology were employed to correlate molecular interactions with mechanical behavior.</div><div>Frequency sweep measurements revealed that the moduli of the hyaluronic acid/<span><math><mi>κ</mi></math></span>-carrageenan (HA–<span><math><mi>κ</mi></math></span>CG) blend increased by nearly two orders of magnitude relative to HA alone, confirming synergistic network reinforcement. Among ion-enriched systems, Ca<sup>2＋</sup> produced the highest <span><math><msubsup><mrow><mi>G</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>plateau</mtext></mrow><mrow><mo>′</mo></mrow></msubsup></math></span> (<span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>20 kPa) and lowest modulus loss between 25 <span><math><mrow><mo>°</mo><mi>C</mi></mrow></math></span> and 37 <span><math><mrow><mo>°</mo><mi>C</mi></mrow></math></span> (<span><math><mrow><mo><</mo><mn>10</mn><mtext>%</mtext></mrow></math></span>), while Al<sup>3＋</sup> induced intermediate moduli. Recovery tests demonstrated that Ca<sup>2＋</sup>-enriched hydrogels recovered <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>55% of their initial elasticity within 15 min, compared to <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>30% for K<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math></span> and <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>40% for Al<sup>3＋</sup> systems. Microrheology confirmed corresponding trends in probe confinement, with subdiffusive exponents (<span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span>) ranging from 0.18 (K<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>) to 0.32 (Ca<sup>2＋</sup>).</div><div>FTIR analysis revealed that while K<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math></span> primarily stabilized <span><math><mi>κ</mi></math></span>CG helices, Ca<sup>2＋</sup> reinforced sulfate junction zones, and Al<sup>3＋</sup> introduced additional HA–carboxylate coordination. Collectively, these results demonstrate that both ion charge and concentration govern the balance between elasticity and deformability in HA–<span><math><mi>κ</mi></math></span>CG systems, defining whether true interpenetrating or semi-interpenetrating networks emerge. These insights establish design guidelines for improvement of mechanical performance in chemically unmodified HA-based hydrogels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101042"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145684137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Developing efficient and pH-sensitive drug delivery systems can facilitate the expedited and cost-effective treatment of cancer, a leading global cause of mortality. A nanocarrier composed of xanthan gum, guar gum, and halloysite nanotubes was prepared via a double nanoemulsion approach and applied to achieve sustained and pH-responsive quercetin release. This system can deliver quercetin to the required site in a controlled way. The presence of each component (HNTs, GG, XG) and the interactions between them were confirmed through FT-IR spectroscopy results. The crystalline structure and related characteristics for each component and the nanocarrier were determined by studying and analyzing XRD. The FE-SEM images indicated that the nanocomposite possesses a hydrogel morphology along with an average particle size of 193 nm. The nanocomposite, moreover, exhibited excellent stability, possessing a surface charge of +43 mV. The addition of HNTs led to improved entrapment and loading efficacy for the drugs, from 70.50 % to 84.75 % and from 36 % to 45.5 %, in contrast to the system containing no HNT. In addition to that, the addition of the polymers XG and GG enhanced the pH sensitivity for the nanocarrier and the release behavior for quercetin (QC), as in vitro experiment results testified. Furthermore, by the study of various kinetic models, the release kinetics for the drugs were determined. MTT assay revealed the nanocarrier to possess significant cytotoxic activity against the HepG2 cancerous cells. While the in vitro results effectively confirm the therapeutic performance of the nanocarrier, their translation to in vivo conditions, unlike in vitro, where the drug interacts directly with the target cells, is influenced by biological factors such as bioavailability, biodistribution, and route of administration. Overall, considering all the obtained results, the GG/XG/HNTs@QC nanocarrier can act effectively in the tumor tissue environment by responding appropriately to pH.
{"title":"Synthesis of Xanthan Gum/Guar Gum/Halloysite nanotubes pH-sensitive hydrogel nanocomposite for controlled release of Quercetin","authors":"Negin Nazifi , Mehrab Pourmadadi , Ali Maleki , Majid Abdouss","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101060","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing efficient and pH-sensitive drug delivery systems can facilitate the expedited and cost-effective treatment of cancer, a leading global cause of mortality. A nanocarrier composed of xanthan gum, guar gum, and halloysite nanotubes was prepared via a double nanoemulsion approach and applied to achieve sustained and pH-responsive quercetin release. This system can deliver quercetin to the required site in a controlled way. The presence of each component (HNTs, GG, XG) and the interactions between them were confirmed through FT-IR spectroscopy results. The crystalline structure and related characteristics for each component and the nanocarrier were determined by studying and analyzing XRD. The FE-SEM images indicated that the nanocomposite possesses a hydrogel morphology along with an average particle size of 193 nm. The nanocomposite, moreover, exhibited excellent stability, possessing a surface charge of +43 mV. The addition of HNTs led to improved entrapment and loading efficacy for the drugs, from 70.50 % to 84.75 % and from 36 % to 45.5 %, in contrast to the system containing no HNT. In addition to that, the addition of the polymers XG and GG enhanced the pH sensitivity for the nanocarrier and the release behavior for quercetin (QC), as in vitro experiment results testified. Furthermore, by the study of various kinetic models, the release kinetics for the drugs were determined. MTT assay revealed the nanocarrier to possess significant cytotoxic activity against the HepG2 cancerous cells. While the in vitro results effectively confirm the therapeutic performance of the nanocarrier, their translation to in vivo conditions, unlike in vitro, where the drug interacts directly with the target cells, is influenced by biological factors such as bioavailability, biodistribution, and route of administration. Overall, considering all the obtained results, the GG/XG/HNTs@QC nanocarrier can act effectively in the tumor tissue environment by responding appropriately to pH.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101060"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145684136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101050
Manuel Pariguana , Liz Gonzalez , Clément de Loubens , Esteban Vargas , Adolfo Marican , Ricardo Castro , Gustavo Cabrera-Barjas , Esteban F. Durán-Lara
The rational design of thiolated polysaccharides offers new opportunities to enhance the performance of gastroretentive drug delivery systems by improving mucoadhesive and rheological properties. In this study, thiolated carboxymethyl tara gum (CMTG-SH) was synthesized and optimized (DSSH ≈ 0.9; 2.88 mmol g-1 of thiols) as a novel, sustainable biopolymer. Structural characterization (FTIR, 1HNMR , DSC/TGA, SEM, rheology) confirmed successful thiolation and revealed microstructural and thermal modifications. CMTG-SH showed pH-responsive solubility, increasing from 7 to 12 mg mL-1 (pH 2–3) to 17–40 mg mL-1 (pH 5–6). Oscillatory rheology demonstrated predominant elastic behavior, and mixtures with mucin (1:2 w/w) exhibited a 40-fold increase in storage modulus (ΔG′/G′ = 39.4 ± 2.6 Pa at pH 6.8) and a maximum bioadhesive force (Fbio = 12.9), evidencing strong synergistic interactions. Even under acidic conditions (pH 4.0), positive reinforcement persisted (ΔG′ = 24.9 ± 2.1 Pa). These results establish CMTG-SH as a robust and sustainable thiomer with significant translational potential for gastroretentive and mucosal drug delivery applications.
{"title":"Development of a Thiolated Carboxymethyl tara gum derivative with enhanced mucoadhesive and rheological behavior","authors":"Manuel Pariguana , Liz Gonzalez , Clément de Loubens , Esteban Vargas , Adolfo Marican , Ricardo Castro , Gustavo Cabrera-Barjas , Esteban F. Durán-Lara","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rational design of thiolated polysaccharides offers new opportunities to enhance the performance of gastroretentive drug delivery systems by improving mucoadhesive and rheological properties. In this study, thiolated carboxymethyl tara gum (CMTG-SH) was synthesized and optimized (DSSH ≈ 0.9; 2.88 mmol g<sup>-1</sup> of thiols) as a novel, sustainable biopolymer. Structural characterization (FTIR, <sup>1</sup>HNMR , DSC/TGA, SEM, rheology) confirmed successful thiolation and revealed microstructural and thermal modifications. CMTG-SH showed pH-responsive solubility, increasing from 7 to 12 mg mL<sup>-1</sup> (pH 2–3) to 17–40 mg mL<sup>-1</sup> (pH 5–6). Oscillatory rheology demonstrated predominant elastic behavior, and mixtures with mucin (1:2 w/w) exhibited a 40-fold increase in storage modulus (ΔG′/G′ = 39.4 ± 2.6 Pa at pH 6.8) and a maximum bioadhesive force (Fbio = 12.9), evidencing strong synergistic interactions. Even under acidic conditions (pH 4.0), positive reinforcement persisted (ΔG′ = 24.9 ± 2.1 Pa). These results establish CMTG-SH as a robust and sustainable thiomer with significant translational potential for gastroretentive and mucosal drug delivery applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101050"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145618105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101052
Jiheng Xiao , Tianqi Liu , Wentian Wang , Hao Liu , Wei Chang , Yiran Zhang , Xianglin Zhang , Yingze Zhang , Bin Wu , Liming Xiong
The exposed bone wound is defined as a kind of wound with bone denuded of periosteum and the deficiency of full-thickness skin and muscles. The wound have no matrix microenvironment and is prone to infection and, hence, hard to heal. Granulation tissue is significant during wound healing, providing a matrix and resisting infection. 3D printing is adopted to fabricate dermis and epidermis regeneration. However, the porosity of most 3D-printed scaffolds is low, leading to a poor drug-loading capacity. To address these limitations, this study developed an alginate-based hierarchical porous scaffold fabricated via cryogenic bi-nozzle 3D printing, enabling dual-factor spatial delivery of VEGF and LL-37 to simultaneously promote angiogenesis and immunomodulation. The alternating dual nozzle printing allows the scaffolds to carry two biological factors with spatial distribution while maintaining the structure integrity. In vitro studies demonstrated enhanced tube formation and endothelial migration, while in vivo implantation in rabbit exposed bone wounds revealed accelerated granulation tissue regeneration and re-epithelialization. The drug-loaded scaffolds can induce the tube formation of vascular endothelial cells, assist inflammatory cells in resisting infection, and ultimately form a fully functional granulation tissue. These results demonstrate the potential clinical applicability of this immunomodulatory dual-factor scaffold for challenging exposed bone wound repair.
{"title":"Alginate-Based cryogenic Bi-nozzle 3D printed hierarchical porous scaffold for accelerating granulation tissue regeneration in exposed bone wounds","authors":"Jiheng Xiao , Tianqi Liu , Wentian Wang , Hao Liu , Wei Chang , Yiran Zhang , Xianglin Zhang , Yingze Zhang , Bin Wu , Liming Xiong","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The exposed bone wound is defined as a kind of wound with bone denuded of periosteum and the deficiency of full-thickness skin and muscles. The wound have no matrix microenvironment and is prone to infection and, hence, hard to heal. Granulation tissue is significant during wound healing, providing a matrix and resisting infection. 3D printing is adopted to fabricate dermis and epidermis regeneration. However, the porosity of most 3D-printed scaffolds is low, leading to a poor drug-loading capacity. To address these limitations, this study developed an alginate-based hierarchical porous scaffold fabricated via cryogenic bi-nozzle 3D printing, enabling dual-factor spatial delivery of VEGF and LL-37 to simultaneously promote angiogenesis and immunomodulation. The alternating dual nozzle printing allows the scaffolds to carry two biological factors with spatial distribution while maintaining the structure integrity. In vitro studies demonstrated enhanced tube formation and endothelial migration, while in vivo implantation in rabbit exposed bone wounds revealed accelerated granulation tissue regeneration and re-epithelialization. The drug-loaded scaffolds can induce the tube formation of vascular endothelial cells, assist inflammatory cells in resisting infection, and ultimately form a fully functional granulation tissue. These results demonstrate the potential clinical applicability of this immunomodulatory dual-factor scaffold for challenging exposed bone wound repair.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 101052"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-21DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101051
Sangwoo Kwon , Gunhee Park , Hyunho Jang , Su-il Park
Starch-based biodegradable polymer blends are promising candidates for sustainable packaging, pairing renewability and biodegradability with reducing environmental burdens. However, thermoplastic starch is hindered by inherent hydrophilicity, limited mechanical strength, and high moisture sensitivity. Moreover, the intrinsic incompatibility between starch and biodegradable polymers such as poly(lactic acid) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) leads to poor interfacial adhesion, phase separation, and reduced mechanical integrity. Addressing this interfacial disparity is therefore essential to achieving performance levels suitable for large-scale packaging applications. This review systematically evaluates recent advances in compatibilization strategies for starch-based biodegradable polymer blends, which are categorized into three major classes, namely, physical, reactive, and hybrid nanofiller-assisted approaches. Each strategy is analyzed in terms of its interfacial mechanisms and their effects on morphological evolution and overall mechanical performance. Emerging green compatibilization pathways, including deep eutectic solvent (DES)-assisted and bio-derived systems, are also assessed for their potential to reconcile environmental sustainability with industrial scalability. Reactive and hybrid methods generally provide superior interfacial stability and mechanical reinforcement, though challenges persist regarding processing control, scalability, and biodegradability preservation. Collectively, these insights establish a framework for designing high-performance starch-based blends that integrate structural functionality with sustainable processing, accelerating their transition from laboratory-scale concepts to practical, low-carbon packaging solutions.
{"title":"Compatibilization strategies and mechanical performances of starch-based blends for sustainable packaging","authors":"Sangwoo Kwon , Gunhee Park , Hyunho Jang , Su-il Park","doi":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.carpta.2025.101051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Starch-based biodegradable polymer blends are promising candidates for sustainable packaging, pairing renewability and biodegradability with reducing environmental burdens. However, thermoplastic starch is hindered by inherent hydrophilicity, limited mechanical strength, and high moisture sensitivity. Moreover, the intrinsic incompatibility between starch and biodegradable polymers such as poly(lactic acid) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) leads to poor interfacial adhesion, phase separation, and reduced mechanical integrity. Addressing this interfacial disparity is therefore essential to achieving performance levels suitable for large-scale packaging applications. This review systematically evaluates recent advances in compatibilization strategies for starch-based biodegradable polymer blends, which are categorized into three major classes, namely, physical, reactive, and hybrid nanofiller-assisted approaches. Each strategy is analyzed in terms of its interfacial mechanisms and their effects on morphological evolution and overall mechanical performance. Emerging green compatibilization pathways, including deep eutectic solvent (DES)-assisted and bio-derived systems, are also assessed for their potential to reconcile environmental sustainability with industrial scalability. Reactive and hybrid methods generally provide superior interfacial stability and mechanical reinforcement, though challenges persist regarding processing control, scalability, and biodegradability preservation. Collectively, these insights establish a framework for designing high-performance starch-based blends that integrate structural functionality with sustainable processing, accelerating their transition from laboratory-scale concepts to practical, low-carbon packaging solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100213,"journal":{"name":"Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 101051"},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145698041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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