Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications最新文献

A naturally occurring biopolymer, chitosan has found widespread application in the fields of biomedical research and healthcare enhancement. Through a thorough analysis of recent research findings and technological advancements, this review seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest developments and potential uses of chitosan in the field of biomedicine. Microbe cells' anionic lipopolysaccharides and surface proteins interact with the polycationic composition, releasing intracellular components and resulting in cell death. The degree of antimicrobial activity is highly dependent on the particular type of microbe being targeted. Chitosan is highly susceptible to enzymatic hydrolytic breakdown pathways in the human body, especially when lysozymes are involved. Moreover, adding chitosan derivatives to mice's diet improved their health by increasing their enzymatic activity, which is related to its scavenging properties and shows anti-microbial activity. Furthermore, the assessment of sutures manufactured from this substance emphasizes their noteworthy input to the field of modern wound care.

Versatile material properties coupled with high degree of biocompatibility and biodegradability has made biopolymers as potential candidates for diverse applications in the biomedical field. Natural biopolymers derived from various plant, animal and microbial sources with different biochemical compositions are extensively used in biomaterial industry with or without further medication to their native form. Biopolymeric biomaterials have been employed in a wide range of biomedical applications like tissue engineering, drug delivery, bone regeneration, wound dressings and cardiovascular surgery. Carbohydrate based biopolymers and protein based biopolymers are extensively used for several applications in the biomedical field including cartilage regeneration, periodontal tissue regeneration, bone regeneration, corneal regeneration, drug delivery and wound healing. This review work presents a comprehensive outlook on the applications of various biopolymers in biomedical field. The work elaborates the biochemistry of these polymers with special focus on their crucial properties in the biomedical industry. Further a detailed description on the most recent application of various biopolymers in the biomedical filed is presented in this review. This work further summarizes the current challenges and future prospects in the use of biopolymers in biomedical field.

In this study, cellulose extraction from Posidonia oceanica (PO) waste was studied in order to reduce chemicals in the process, in line with the green chemistry principles. Thus, subcritical water extraction (SWE) was applied to promote the separation of non-cellulosic compounds, such as hemicellulose and lignin, followed by bleaching treatments using hydrogen peroxide, alternatively to the usual sodium chlorite. Two SWE temperatures (150 and 170 °C) were tested, while hydrogen peroxide was used at 4 and 8 % (v/v) at pH 12 in four one-hour bleaching cycles. This treatment was also carried out with sodium chlorite for comparison purposes. SWE efficiently reduced hemicellulose and lignin content in the solid extraction fraction, mainly at 170 °C, which yielded 63 wt.% of solid fraction, with 51 % of cellulose content. This highest temperature also promoted the efficiency of the subsequent bleaching step. Using H₂O₂ as the bleaching agent, alternatively to chlorine agents, was effective at purifying cellulose but partially altered the cellulose structure through oxidative mechanisms. A combination of SWE at 170 °C and bleaching with H₂O₂ at 4 or 8 % (v/v) yielded 24 wt.% bleached material from PO waste, with a high cellulose richness (near 90 %).

This in vitro study aimed to assess the biocompatibility and osteogenic inducing properties of a new scaffold composed of chitosan, collagen type I, and hyaluronic acid. For in vitro assays, pre-osteoblastic immortalized cells were cultivated in standard medium (SD) and osteogenic medium (OM) in the following groups: a) Control (C) – cells cultured directly on the polystyrene plate, and b) Chitosan + Collagen type I + Hyaluronic Acid (CH + COL + HA) - cells cultured in a scaffold produced by the association of type I collagen, chitosan and hyaluronic acid. Cells in CH+COL+ HA scaffold presented metabolic activity similar to the control group. After 14 days, the CH+ COL+ HA scaffold induced a higher mineral nodule deposition compared than the control group, regardless of the cultured condition (SD or OM medium). In addition, the CH + COL + HA scaffold itself increased of the alkaline phosphatase activity and mRNA levels for Runx2 and Ocn genes, which occurred earlier than control group. Based on the results, it is possible to conclude that the dense lamellar scaffold composed of CH/COL (type I)/HA stimulated osteogenic phenotype maturation of cells and can be a promising material for future bone regenerative approaches.

Starch cryogel is a strong, yet light and porous material with various applications. Neat starch cryogel often suffers from suboptimal mechanical properties. In this study, we investigate the effects of additives on the material properties of starch-based cryogels. Cellulose fibre and glycerol were selected as reinforcing agent and plasticizer, respectively, to formulate starch-based hydrogels, which were freeze-dried into cryogels. Cryogels were characterized in terms of moisture content, density, microstructure, and mechanical properties. Our results show that adding cellulose fibres improves the Young's modulus and structural stability of composite materials. Conversely, adding glycerol significantly enhanced the ductility of the composite materials (i.e., higher maximum flexural strain) without compromising on their Young's modulus. We attributed these results to the impact of the additives on ice formation in the hydrogels during freezing and the structural stability of the matrix during freeze drying, which yielded in distinct microstructures of glycerol-containing samples. This study shows edible composite materials with a large range of material properties can be obtained with the aid of additives, to substitute engineering materials with equivalent properties for various applications.

Yogurt is one of the most popular consumed fermented dairy products in the world due to its high nutritional content and considerable benefits to human health. Polysaccharides are a major component associated with their texture and mouthfeel. Composition-wise of yogurts, casein micelles form aggregates with whey proteins in yogurts and then contribute to the formation of a protein gel, which is responsible for the well-known consistency of the yogurt. Food thickening agents are widely used to modify textural, rheological, and physicochemical properties, as well as to enhance the consistency and sensory attributes of yogurts. Improvement in moisture binding capacity, structural modification, and altering flow behavior properties are the major functions of food thickeners. Because of the ability to increase the viscosity of solutions, emulsions, and suspensions, polysaccharides can be considered strong candidates for thickeners in yogurts; however, few studies have focused on this field. Thus, we were directed to write a review article to summarize recent advances in using polysaccharides as thickening agents focusing on the rheological, textural, and microstructural properties of supplemented yogurts. Thus, this review may contribute to the knowledge about the application of polysaccharides in emulsions, mainly in the food industry.

This study explores the fabrication of cellulose acetate microbeads using the premix membrane emulsification technique and their subsequent conversion to cellulose microbeads through deacetylation, emphasizing the need for environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional synthetic microbeads. By systematically investigating critical processing parameters such as oil-to-water phase ratio, cellulose acetate concentration, dispersion solvent, drying temperature, and flux rate, we optimized the conditions for producing uniform and well-dispersed microbeads. The optimal oil-to-water phase ratio was identified at 6:1, with higher concentrations of cellulose acetate yielding better dispersion and reduced bead size. The flux rate significantly influenced the morphology of the microbeads, with lower rates favoring spherical shapes. Non-polar solvents like hexane were found to enhance bead dispersion, whereas the drying temperature showed no significant impact. The successful transformation from cellulose acetate to cellulose microbeads was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy, demonstrating the removal of acetyl groups and indicating complete deacetylation. Our findings provide valuable insights into the production of cellulose-based microbeads, offering a sustainable alternative for various industrial and environmental applications.

Cellulose was extracted from newspaper waste and purified by alkali treatment process. The white color cellulose without ink and glue was obtained and then characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis reported that the purified cellulose was thermally stable at the room temperature. The microstructure of cellulose showed random orientation of fiber with air-instituted in between, confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and laser confocal microscopy. The purified cellulose was applied as the substrate for enzymatic colorimetric sensor. The sensor was fabricated by immobilizing pH indicator and diamine oxidase on the cellulose surface. Then, the sensor responses toward the bogenic amines (cadaverine, putrescine and histamine), the food spoilage indicator, were measured by naked eye and spectrophotometry. The color change from orangish to a blueish color with linear range of 0.25–2.0 mg/mL for cadaverine, 0.05–2.0 mg/mL for putrescine, and 2.5–10.0 mg/mL for histamine, were obtained. This platform was advantageous due to ease of use, low cost, portable size, and user-friendly readout. Ultimately, this recycled newspaper based colorimetric biogenic amine sensor was applied for the detection of biogenic amines in ground pork samples with satisfactory results.

Mitochondria are the major source of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and play an essential role in a plethora of physiological functions, including regulating metabolism and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with the onset of several cardiovascular diseases and, although several approaches currently exist to counteract it, no treatment using mitochondria as a therapeutic target exists to date. Recently, mitochondrial transplantation (MT) has been identified as a potential therapy that leads to increased ATP production, reduced oxidative stress, and improved bioenergetics. MT involves the replacement of damaged mitochondria, following injury or diseases.

With MT, mitochondria must survive an inhospitable extracellular environment often characterized by oxidizing agents due to pathological and/or inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, only a small percentage of the injected mitochondria reaches the target site due to dispersion throughout the body.

In this work, an MT strategy involving degalactosylated xyloglucan hydrogel encapsulating mitochondria, to overcome MT problems and improve its efficiency, is illustrated for the treatment of cardiovascular damage. The presence of the hydrogel presents the following advantages: improves the health of mitochondria; plays a protective role towards mitochondria from the extracellular environment and oxidative stress; allows for sustained release of viable mitochondria and local transfer into host cells.

This study was conducted in response to a gap in the production of hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) edible films from Satureja khuzestanica essential oil (SKEO) and to survey the preservation effect of natural edible films on the vapor phase. For these purpose varying concentrations of SKEO ranging from 1.25 % (EF1) to 7.5 % (EF5) led to producing different edible films for potential food packaging applications and the physicochemical, mechanical, and antimicrobial properties of edible films were evaluated across solid, liquid, and vapor phases. The incorporation of nanoemulsions into the polymer films led to an increase in thickness and opacity, while the addition of SKEO resulted in reduced water solubility without impacting film density. Notably, the antibacterial efficacy of the films was most pronounced against S. aureus, with a zone of inhibition measuring 41 ± 1 mm for EF5 on solid media. Time killing assays further demonstrated that specific formulations (EF3, EF4, and EF5) were capable of eradicating all microorganisms within 60 min. Moreover, SKEO edible films exhibited significant inhibitory effects against E. coli under refrigeration conditions (4 °C). These results highlighted the effect of herbal edible films in enhancing the functionality of bioactive food packaging technologies.