Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications最新文献

This study aimed to extract and characterize natural fibers from the P. undulata plant and to evaluate their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, including the influence of alkali treatment on the bio-physicochemical properties. The average yield of raw fibers obtained was 28.1 %. The raw fibers of P. undulata were rich in cellulose (36.2 %), followed by hemicellulose (30.3 %), lignin (16.2 %), moisture (11.1 %), and pectin (3.9 %). However, the alkali treatment removed 75.7 % of hemicellulose and 50.6 % of lignin from the raw fiber sample and also increased its crystallinity and hydrophobicity. Similarly, the degradation temperature of P. undulata fibers also increased from 324.4 °C to 332.6 °C after alkali treatment. The raw fiber showed promising radical scavenging and reducing power properties, and demonstrated antifungal activity against Candida albicans. In contrast, alkali-treated fibers showed a significant decrease in radical scavenging activity (almost 7–8 fold) and reducing power potential (6-fold) and exhibited no antifungal activity, potentially due to the loss of bioactive components such as lignin and essential oils. Overall, the findings of this study highlight the potential applications of raw P. undulata fibers in the healthcare and cosmetics products.

Chitosan is one of the most promising natural polymers, its fundamental scientific research is growing uninterruptedly and has been applied in a wide and varied range of domains, including biomedical and water treatment applications. Therefore, the search and implementation of non-synthetic and non-toxic cross-linkers for chitosan-based hydrogels is crucial for the development of more sustainable and biocompatible materials. Herein, an alternative approach has been developed to explore and exploit methanolic and aqueous extracts from five red seaweed species as covalent cross-linkers for chitosan-based hydrogels. The formation of a gel could be denoted for all extracts, whereas the protein-rich methanolic extractions afforded instantaneous gel-forming ability and greater stiffness and stability. The obtained hydrogels present large porous system with high degrees of swelling up to ca. 3000 %, and were successfully applied as dye adsorbent to remove industrial dye methyl orange withing a circular process with adsorption capacities of 728.46 ± 66.17 mg/g. Furthermore, cytotoxicity and cell-adhesion studies revealed the biocompatibility of the hydrogels and their potential applicability for tissue-engineering. This work demonstrated that methanolic and aqueous extracts from different red seaweed species could replace toxic cross-linkers. Furthermore, the unexpected ability of some extracts could pave the way for the development of new formulations for additive manufacturing, in particular for 3D printing approaches.

The study investigates the complex coacervation process of sodium alginate (SA) and chitosan (CS), aiming to optimize the yield of coacervates formed from these marine polysaccharides. Structural interactions between SA and CS were analyzed across varying chitosan concentrations (0.01 mg to 20 mg/mL) using turbidimetric analysis. The optimal chitosan concentration for maximum coacervate formation was determined to be 10 mg/mL. Under these conditions, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bt) strain Bt-127 was successfully microencapsulated, achieving an entrapment rate of 56 %. Boric acid was selected as the cross-linking agent due to its compatibility with Bt and the SA-CS coacervates. Microscopic analysis confirmed the formation of coacervates/microcapsules and effective entrapment of Bt within them, with an entrapment efficiency of 98 %. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy verified the chemical interactions between SA and CS within the coacervates. Bioassays against Spodoptera litura larvae using the leaf dip method demonstrated the efficacy of the encapsulated Bt formulation, showing an LC₅₀ of 0.51 g/L. These findings highlight the potential of SA-CS coacervates for effective Bt microencapsulation and application in pest control.

Spent coffee grounds (SCGs) contain abundant polysaccharides consisting of mannose (29 %), galactose (11 %), and glucose (11 %) and are a promising source of holocellulose nanofibers (HCNFs). In this study, the mannan-rich HCNFs were isolated from the SCG holocellulose in the yield of 52 % SCGs using an ultrahigh-pressure wet jet mill. The HCNF was refined by passing the suspension through a high-pressure homogenizer with a 95 μm nozzle 1–15 times. The 5-pass HCNFs were 2.4 nm wide and 0.7 μm long with 143 viscosity-average degrees of polymerization and contained mannan I crystals (5–10 nm in size) on cellulose microfibrils. The delignification process in water at 75 °C based on the Wise method allowed recrystallization of mannan on a cellulose microfibril substrate. The once-freeze-dried HCNFs had 30–50 nm widths and were not fully nanofibrillated in water when shaking the HCNF/water suspensions but exhibited comparable viscosities to those prepared by mechanical milling. The SCGs-derived HCNFs have a high potential for application in the food industry.

In this study, to investigate the feasibility of applying pectin as an adsorbent to prevent pollinosis, we focused on the two types, low- and high‑methoxy pectin, and investigated its properties for application in nasal mucosa-protective preparations. A film adhesion test was performed, and the number of fluorescent microspheres (FMs) adsorbed to the pectin layer was prepared using a hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride filter, and mucin was quantified by fluorescence. High‑methoxy pectin (HMP) caught more FMs than low‑methoxy pectin (LMP)(p < 0.05). The quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring revealed that HMP adhered more to mucin than LMP. The concentration of HMP did not affect adhesiveness. Furthermore, from evaluating the adsorbency of FMs on pectin and mucin, HMP shows higher adsorbency than LMP (p < 0.05). From these results, it could be concluded that pectin with an HMP had stronger interactions with mucin than LMP and could be applied to the nasal formulation to prevent pollinosis.

Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide that has earned much credit in the pharmaceutical field due to its broad implementation in drugs, antigens, and vaccine delivery. Owing to unique characteristics of biocompatibility, biodegradability, mucoadhesiveness, and less toxicity, chitosan holds promise as a vaccine adjuvant or vaccine delivery system. Furthermore, chitosan exhibits antiviral properties making it an ideal vaccine adjuvant and carrier for the delivery of vaccine. The presence of ridiculous functional groups in the parent structure of chitosan enables the creation of modified chitosan derivatives having improved physiochemical properties which provide enhanced vaccine adjuvant properties of chitosan. This review summarizes the potential of chitosan and its modified derivatives as an antiviral agent and vaccine adjuvant along with patents related to the application of chitosan as a vaccine adjuvant and vaccine carrier.

Cellulose, a natural linear biopolymer composed of hierarchically arranged cellulose nanofibrils, presents a compelling avenue for sustainable nanocellulose synthesis from agricultural by-products. This innovative approach both mitigates organic waste and landfill disposal and unlocks the latent potential of nanocellulose, transforming agricultural residue into valuable resources. This paradigm shift towards sustainability resonates across diverse industrial sectors, particularly in biomedical research and development. In recent years, the remarkable attributes of nanocellulose, including its biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and exceptional water-holding capacity for cell immobilization, have propelled its adoption in various medical applications. From drug delivery systems to wound healing, tissue engineering, and antimicrobial treatments, nanocellulose has emerged as a versatile biomaterial. Moreover, the strategic integration of nanocellulose into composites and its structural functionalization enable customizing its properties for specific functions, further expanding its utility. This comprehensive review explores prominent types of nanocellulose—including cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibrils, and microbial or bacterial cellulose—elucidating their biomedical applications. This review underscores the sustainability principles underpinning its utilization by exploring the cellulose sources derived from biowaste and industrial processes for nanocellulose production. As a crucial component in a wide array of biomedical materials, nanocellulose both drives innovation and propels the advancement of biomedicine toward sustainability.

Diabetes, a metabolic syndrome, is a leading global cause of morbidity and mortality. Dietary polysaccharide intervention besides medication, helps in diabetes through managing blood glucose levels. The present study elucidates the anti-hyperglycemic mechanism of water-soluble LMWC (∼20 kDa), the chitosan derivative, in type-1 diabetic (T1DM) male Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin (STZ, 36 mg/kg b.w.). LMWC1 (100 mg/kg b.w.) and LMWC2 (250 mg/kg b.w.) were administered orally on alternative days for 4 weeks. LMWC lowered fasting blood glucose levels and improved symptoms like polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria, and serum insulin levels in a dose-dependent manner. It also ameliorated hyperglycemia & dyslipidemia by mitigating the levels of pro-inflammatory factors and oxidative stress levels in the pancreas and liver. Additionally, LMWC increased the activity of key proteins involved in insulin signaling in these organs through the AKT/PI3K/FOXO pathway, enhancing insulin secretion and improving glucose metabolism in T1DM rats. This contributed to improved hepatic glycogen synthesis and suppression of gluconeogenesis in T1DM rats. In summary, LMWC could be an effective antidiabetic supplement, offering insights into dietary treatment for diabetes management.

The Phyllanthus emblica L. highly medicinal value used for jaundice, anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial etc., activities so for that current research explored the application of nanotechnology in developing anticancer strategies through the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using natural extracts from leaves. Various characterization techniques were employed to assess the anticancer properties against the human MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Line. This study in UV‒visible spectroscopy AgNPs detected at 436 nm, FT-IR analysis indicated the presence of specific functional groups with high peak intensity at 3105 cm⁻¹. In SEM measurements revealed synthesized AgNPs at 25.4 nm, TEM exposed perfectly round particles with a lattice spacing of 0.295 nm, and XRD analysis revealed reflections at (111), (200), (220), and (310) with corresponding 2θ values of 39.1°, 46.1°, 68.7°, and 79.2°, respectively, along with the observation of (311). EDX analysis confirmed the composite nature of quartz with AgNPs at a 50:50 ratio. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of AgNPs 30 nm in size. Furthermore, breast cancer one of the major disease, targeted application of our study focused anticancer activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, observed that plant extract exhibits 92% cancer cell death at 500 µg/ml, showed potential anticancer activity against breast cancer cells. In flowcytometry cancer cells phase distribution was observed at AgNPs (100 to 200 µg/ml). Prolonged exposure to the extract led to cell death and arrested the apoptotic cell death cycle after 24 hours. Research has also evaluated the potential of nanoparticles to inhibit cancer progression, revealing promising prospects for enhancing anticancer therapies. During the treatment against cancer cells observed cell deaths, concluded that green, nanotechnology potential tool for modern world.

This study investigates the synergy of varying concentrations of graphene oxide (GO) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) molecular weight (MW) on the UV protection, transparency, and tensile strength (TS) of PVA/GO/CNC films. GO and CNCs were sustainably synthesized from graphite and office waste paper. PVA MW ranged from 20 to 130 kDa for broad applicability. The maximum percent of TS improvement (POTSI) reached 40% under 65% relative humidity, influenced more by CNC and GO concentrations than PVA MW. GO significantly impacted the films' optical properties. For low PVA MW (20 kDa), the optimized film (1.00 wt% GO, 3.52 wt% CNC) achieved excellent UVA (82.3%) and UVB (91.7%) barriers, acceptable transparency (43.9%), and a POTSI of 33.5%. For high PVA MW (130 kDa), the optimized film (0.6 wt% GO, 1.86 wt% CNC) exhibited higher transparency (50.8%) but reduced UVA (69.2%) and UVB (77.9%) barriers, and a POTSI of 36.5%. UV barriers can be controllably improved by increasing GO concentration, followed by CNC adjustment to preserve TS. Conversely, transparency can be enhanced by reducing GO and CNC concentrations, with some compromise in UV protection. These findings guide the optimization of PVA/GO/CNC films for enhanced performance in the composite industry.