Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-06-04DOI: 10.1016/j.clce.2025.100185
R Rathika, S Srinivasan, M Sindhu Devi
This research delves into the creation of polymetallic nanoparticles composed of Cu/Ag/Ru/Gd/Te (PNS), utilizing the seed filtrate from the medicinal plant Abutilon indicum. A variety of characterization techniques have demonstrated a robust surface plasmon resonance in the range of 200 to 400 nm. Furthermore, the study examined the morphology, shape, composition, oxidation states, particle size, and thermal properties of the nanoparticles through SEM, EDX, XPS, AFM, and DTA/TG methods. The crystalline sizes were found to be 18.3 nm for Cu, 17.2 nm for Ag, 17.9 nm for Ru, 18.1 nm for Gd, and 17.9 nm for Te. The study also explored antibacterial and photocatalytic properties, revealing significant in vitro antidiabetic activity, with IC50 values of 326 µg/ml for the α-amylase inhibition assay and 303 µg/ml for α-glucosidase inhibition. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of PNS was measured, yielding an IC50 value of 127 µg/ml and an R² value of 0.9172.
{"title":"Phyto-mediated synthesis of polymetallic nanoparticles (Cu/Ag/Ru/Gd/Te) using abutilon indicum filtrate: Antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic and photocatalytic potentials","authors":"R Rathika, S Srinivasan, M Sindhu Devi","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100185","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100185","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research delves into the creation of polymetallic nanoparticles composed of Cu/Ag/Ru/Gd/Te (PNS), utilizing the seed filtrate from the medicinal plant <em>Abutilon indicum</em>. A variety of characterization techniques have demonstrated a robust surface plasmon resonance in the range of 200 to 400 nm. Furthermore, the study examined the morphology, shape, composition, oxidation states, particle size, and thermal properties of the nanoparticles through SEM, EDX, XPS, AFM, and DTA/TG methods. The crystalline sizes were found to be 18.3 nm for Cu, 17.2 nm for Ag, 17.9 nm for Ru, 18.1 nm for Gd, and 17.9 nm for Te. The study also explored antibacterial and photocatalytic properties, revealing significant in vitro antidiabetic activity, with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 326 µg/ml for the α-amylase inhibition assay and 303 µg/ml for α-glucosidase inhibition. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of PNS was measured, yielding an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 127 µg/ml and an R² value of 0.9172.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144365927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Industrial effluent comprises several highly toxic substances that have polluted water and harmed natural resources. The existence of heavy metals in wastewater, on the other hand, limits the biodegradability of major organic pollutants, transforming them into long-term ecosystem components. Membrane separation, advanced oxidation, and adsorption have all been used to treat wastewater, but adsorption has proven to be preferable due to its low technical skill demand and relatively high pollutant removal efficiency while employing a low adsorbent dose. As a result, one of the approaches that has yielded promising results and sparked widespread attention is the synthesis of novel adsorbents. Recently, there has been a lot of interest in immobilizing microbial cells on biosorbents to reduce contaminants. Compared to other biological treatment technologies, biosorbent immobilized microorganisms can increase microbial abundance, repeated utilization ratio, microbial metabolic capability, and so on. However, the study on this approach is still in its early stages. The interaction between biosorbent and microbes has received little attention, with many research projects limited to laboratory settings. Further explanation is needed to address issues such as challenging recovery and secondary contamination from remaining contaminants following biosorbent adsorption. This article provides a detailed overview of biosorbent-based wastewater treatment technologies. It investigated the mechanics of immobilized microorganisms and assessed their applicability in wastewater treatment using biosorbents.
{"title":"Review on advancing heavy metals removal: The use of iron oxide nanoparticles and microalgae-based adsorbents","authors":"Nomthandazo Precious Sibiya , Thembisile Patience Mahlangu , Emmanuel Kweinor Tetteh , Sudesh Rathilal","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2024.100137","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2024.100137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Industrial effluent comprises several highly toxic substances that have polluted water and harmed natural resources. The existence of heavy metals in wastewater, on the other hand, limits the biodegradability of major organic pollutants, transforming them into long-term ecosystem components. Membrane separation, advanced oxidation, and adsorption have all been used to treat wastewater, but adsorption has proven to be preferable due to its low technical skill demand and relatively high pollutant removal efficiency while employing a low adsorbent dose. As a result, one of the approaches that has yielded promising results and sparked widespread attention is the synthesis of novel adsorbents. Recently, there has been a lot of interest in immobilizing microbial cells on biosorbents to reduce contaminants. Compared to other biological treatment technologies, biosorbent immobilized microorganisms can increase microbial abundance, repeated utilization ratio, microbial metabolic capability, and so on. However, the study on this approach is still in its early stages. The interaction between biosorbent and microbes has received little attention, with many research projects limited to laboratory settings. Further explanation is needed to address issues such as challenging recovery and secondary contamination from remaining contaminants following biosorbent adsorption. This article provides a detailed overview of biosorbent-based wastewater treatment technologies. It investigated the mechanics of immobilized microorganisms and assessed their applicability in wastewater treatment using biosorbents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143161615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Methane is an important greenhouse gas that has been linked to climate change impacts and the industry of oil and natural gas (O&G) energy is a major source of methane emissions. These emissions arise from leaks and regular venting that occurs throughout O&G operations. Mitigating these emissions from the operations of the studied industry has advantages for air quality and health. There are several policy options that are considered as solutions available to mitigate the emissions of methane from O&G operations. Choosing the appropriate policy option is a complex multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem that needs to use an intelligent and robust decision support system (DSS) to employ a smart and resilient model to decrease uncertainty in the decision-making process. The proposed DSS of this work incorporates the Delphi method and Method based on the Removal Effects of Criteria (MEREC) integration method (DEAMEIM) and Measurement of Alternatives and Ranking according to Compromise Solution (MARCOS) model under the quartic fuzzy set (QFS). Moreover, a hybrid criteria system, which involves 19 criteria has been used to evaluate policy options for methane emissions reduction. The criteria are selected according to the integration of 1) sustainability pillars and 2) health, safety, and environmental (HSE) aspects. The results of evaluations exhibit that the Regulation of methane leak detection and repair (LDAR) programs, is the most suitable scenario for methane emissions reduction from the operations. Computational analysis confirms the practicality and applicability of the DSS in determining the best possible scenario.
{"title":"Evaluation of methane emissions reduction methods in the oil and natural gas operations using a decision support system under quartic fuzzy DEAMEIM-MARCOS model","authors":"Abdolvahhab Fetanat , Mohsen Tayebi , Elham Gholampour","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Methane is an important greenhouse gas that has been linked to climate change impacts and the industry of oil and natural gas (O&G) energy is a major source of methane emissions. These emissions arise from leaks and regular venting that occurs throughout O&G operations. Mitigating these emissions from the operations of the studied industry has advantages for air quality and health. There are several policy options that are considered as solutions available to mitigate the emissions of methane from O&G operations. Choosing the appropriate policy option is a complex multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem that needs to use an intelligent and robust decision support system (DSS) to employ a smart and resilient model to decrease uncertainty in the decision-making process. The proposed DSS of this work incorporates the Delphi method and Method based on the Removal Effects of Criteria (MEREC) integration method (DEAMEIM) and Measurement of Alternatives and Ranking according to Compromise Solution (MARCOS) model under the quartic fuzzy set (QFS). Moreover, a hybrid criteria system, which involves 19 criteria has been used to evaluate policy options for methane emissions reduction. The criteria are selected according to the integration of 1) sustainability pillars and 2) health, safety, and environmental (HSE) aspects. The results of evaluations exhibit that the Regulation of methane leak detection and repair (LDAR) programs, is the most suitable scenario for methane emissions reduction from the operations. Computational analysis confirms the practicality and applicability of the DSS in determining the best possible scenario.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144239768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-07-11DOI: 10.1016/j.clce.2025.100192
Raymond T. Iorhemen, Abdulmumin A. Nuhu, Israel K. Omoniyi, Abubakar B. Aliyu
Oil spill impact negatively on the environment. Its remediation has been very challenging, and researchers have developed high efficient methods in handling this anomaly, but end up introducing secondary pollutants to the environment. The aim of this study is to synthesise a copper-based organometallogelator with cholesteryl chloroformate and apply it for oil spill remediation in water. In the methodology, the aromatic linker coded CuAL (copper aromatic linker) was first synthesised from a reaction of copper complex (coper reacting with hydrazine) with isophthaloyl chloride, then cholesteryl chloroformate was added to produce a gelator coded CuGe (copper gelator) with the A(LS)2 (aromatic, linker and steroid) network, which were subsequently characterised. MS results for CuAL and CuGe showed fragments corresponding to the proposed structures, and were both highly crystalline, especially CuGe. Aliphatic primary amines, aromatic rings, aromatic overtones, and conjugated ketones were present in both CuAL and CuGe, with slight variation in peak positions, and the average particle diameter were 5.9 μm (CuAL), and 47.0 μm (CuGe), respectively. The synthesised compounds were thermally stable up to 338 °C (60.1 %) for CuAL and 469.9 °C (74.1 %) for CuGe. Heating-cooling gelation test was positive for methanol, petroleum motor spirit (PMS), kerosene (KSE), and crude oil (COL), with the longest time being 9 min. The highest gelation time and temperature (Tgel) at 2 mg were 3 min (for PMS), and 60 °C for COL respectively. Sorption capacities were 3.0 ± 0.3, 2.0 ± 0.1, and 3.7 ± 0.3 3.0, for PMS, KSE, and COL respectively. The removal efficiency CuGe was 95 % for COL, 89 % for PMS, and 80 % for KSE and is recyclable. In conclusion, a thermally stable, crystalline, eco-friendly, and recyclable copper-cholesteryl chloroformate-based metallogelator has been successfully synthesised. The gelator, CuGe, was successfully applied in the gelation of KSE, PMS, and COL from water with good efficiencies.
{"title":"Synthesis and application of copper-based cholesteryl chloroformate gelator for oil spill remediation","authors":"Raymond T. Iorhemen, Abdulmumin A. Nuhu, Israel K. Omoniyi, Abubakar B. Aliyu","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100192","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100192","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oil spill impact negatively on the environment. Its remediation has been very challenging, and researchers have developed high efficient methods in handling this anomaly, but end up introducing secondary pollutants to the environment. The aim of this study is to synthesise a copper-based organometallogelator with cholesteryl chloroformate and apply it for oil spill remediation in water. In the methodology, the aromatic linker coded CuAL (copper aromatic linker) was first synthesised from a reaction of copper complex (coper reacting with hydrazine) with isophthaloyl chloride, then cholesteryl chloroformate was added to produce a gelator coded CuGe (copper gelator) with the A(LS)<sub>2</sub> (aromatic, linker and steroid) network, which were subsequently characterised. MS results for CuAL and CuGe showed fragments corresponding to the proposed structures, and were both highly crystalline, especially CuGe. Aliphatic primary amines, aromatic rings, aromatic overtones, and conjugated ketones were present in both CuAL and CuGe, with slight variation in peak positions, and the average particle diameter were 5.9 μm (CuAL), and 47.0 μm (CuGe), respectively. The synthesised compounds were thermally stable up to 338 °C (60.1 %) for CuAL and 469.9 °C (74.1 %) for CuGe. Heating-cooling gelation test was positive for methanol, petroleum motor spirit (PMS), kerosene (KSE), and crude oil (COL), with the longest time being 9 min. The highest gelation time and temperature (Tgel) at 2 mg were 3 min (for PMS), and 60 °C for COL respectively. Sorption capacities were 3.0 ± 0.3, 2.0 ± 0.1, and 3.7 ± 0.3 3.0, for PMS, KSE, and COL respectively. The removal efficiency CuGe was 95 % for COL, 89 % for PMS, and 80 % for KSE and is recyclable. In conclusion, a thermally stable, crystalline, eco-friendly, and recyclable copper-cholesteryl chloroformate-based metallogelator has been successfully synthesised. The gelator, CuGe, was successfully applied in the gelation of KSE, PMS, and COL from water with good efficiencies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-05-10DOI: 10.1016/j.clce.2025.100180
Qiwei Yang , Jingjing Chai , Li Yang, Zhen Chen, Yuanhang Qin, Tielin Wang, Wei Sun, Cunwen Wang
Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) demonstrates significant potential for post-combustion CO2 capture from coal-fired flue gas (15 % CO2/85 % N2). This study systematically investigates two-bed, four-bed, and six-bed structural configurations of pressure swing adsorption (PSA) systems to elucidate the purity-recovery trade-off relationship. The six-bed process, incorporating triple pressure equalization steps, achieves the breakthrough performance of 92.7 % CO2 purity and 92.4 % recovery under industrially feasible conditions (10 bar adsorption pressure, 40 s cycle time), surpassing conventional two-bed systems where neither metric exceeds 90 %. While the four-bed configuration attains ultra-high purity (∼99 % CO2), its scalability in recovery remains constrained. Rigorous optimization of operational parameters (adsorption pressure, cycle time, bed aspect ratio) balances energy efficiency and separation performance. Results highlight multi-bed PSA, particularly the six-bed system, as a scalable solution for industrial CO2 capture, effectively bridging the gap between high-purity benchmarks and practical recovery targets.
{"title":"Optimization and comparison of multi-beds PSA technology for separation of carbon dioxide mixtures by processes simulations","authors":"Qiwei Yang , Jingjing Chai , Li Yang, Zhen Chen, Yuanhang Qin, Tielin Wang, Wei Sun, Cunwen Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100180","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100180","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) demonstrates significant potential for post-combustion CO<sub>2</sub> capture from coal-fired flue gas (15 % CO<sub>2</sub>/85 % N<sub>2</sub>). This study systematically investigates two-bed, four-bed, and six-bed structural configurations of pressure swing adsorption (PSA) systems to elucidate the purity-recovery trade-off relationship. The six-bed process, incorporating triple pressure equalization steps, achieves the breakthrough performance of 92.7 % CO<sub>2</sub> purity and 92.4 % recovery under industrially feasible conditions (10 bar adsorption pressure, 40 s cycle time), surpassing conventional two-bed systems where neither metric exceeds 90 %. While the four-bed configuration attains ultra-high purity (∼99 % CO<sub>2</sub>), its scalability in recovery remains constrained. Rigorous optimization of operational parameters (adsorption pressure, cycle time, bed aspect ratio) balances energy efficiency and separation performance. Results highlight multi-bed PSA, particularly the six-bed system, as a scalable solution for industrial CO<sub>2</sub> capture, effectively bridging the gap between high-purity benchmarks and practical recovery targets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Erratum to “Optimization, Kinetics and Thermodynamic Modeling of Pulp Production from Plantain stem using the Kraft Process” [Cleaner Chemical Engineering, Volume 11, (2025), 100129]","authors":"Effi Evelyn, Akindele Oyetunde Okewale, Chiedu Ngozi Owabor","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100206","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145019159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2024-12-18DOI: 10.1016/j.clce.2024.100133
Wei Wang , Mingan Zhou , Haijiang Xie , Bin Dai , Hualin Lin , Sheng Han
Cutting fluids have long occupied an essential position in industrial manufacturing, but traditional mineral oil-based cutting fluids have limited their application in advanced manufacturing due to hazardous health, non-degradability, and poor thermal conductivity and cleaning ability. To this end, MXene (Ti3C2) was combined with oil-in-water (O/W) Pickering emulsion prepared from β-cyclodextrin-stabilized cottonseed oil to develop a new, highly efficient, environmentally friendly nano-cutting fluid. Among them, β-cyclodextrin, a cyclic oligosaccharide, can be employed as Pickering particles to improve the antioxidant and emulsion stability of cottonseed oil; MXene, an emerging class of 2D nanomaterials possessing excellent lubricating properties, mechanical properties, and thermal stability, is an ideal material for the preparation of high-performance nano-cutting fluids. Optimized by the response surface design, the prepared Pickering emulsion with MXene (0.1wt.%) remained stable for about a month without delamination and improved the thermal conductivity by 136.4 % compared to cottonseed oil. Meanwhile, the coefficient of friction (COF), wear spot diameter (WSD), and tapping torque of Pickering emulsion with MXene were reduced by 35.64 %, 10.90 %, and 17.13 %, respectively, compared with cottonseed oil, and also outperformed commercial cutting fluids. The reduction is attributed to the fact that the oxygen functional groups on the surface of MXene can form hydrogen bonds, which are adsorbed on the friction side to form a strong and dense lubricant film.
{"title":"MXene combined with β-cyclodextrin stabilized cottonseed oil Pickering emulsions for the preparation of nano-cutting fluids","authors":"Wei Wang , Mingan Zhou , Haijiang Xie , Bin Dai , Hualin Lin , Sheng Han","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2024.100133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2024.100133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cutting fluids have long occupied an essential position in industrial manufacturing, but traditional mineral oil-based cutting fluids have limited their application in advanced manufacturing due to hazardous health, non-degradability, and poor thermal conductivity and cleaning ability. To this end, MXene (Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>) was combined with oil-in-water (O/W) Pickering emulsion prepared from β-cyclodextrin-stabilized cottonseed oil to develop a new, highly efficient, environmentally friendly nano-cutting fluid. Among them, β-cyclodextrin, a cyclic oligosaccharide, can be employed as Pickering particles to improve the antioxidant and emulsion stability of cottonseed oil; MXene, an emerging class of 2D nanomaterials possessing excellent lubricating properties, mechanical properties, and thermal stability, is an ideal material for the preparation of high-performance nano-cutting fluids. Optimized by the response surface design, the prepared Pickering emulsion with MXene (0.1wt.%) remained stable for about a month without delamination and improved the thermal conductivity by 136.4 % compared to cottonseed oil. Meanwhile, the coefficient of friction (COF), wear spot diameter (WSD), and tapping torque of Pickering emulsion with MXene were reduced by 35.64 %, 10.90 %, and 17.13 %, respectively, compared with cottonseed oil, and also outperformed commercial cutting fluids. The reduction is attributed to the fact that the oxygen functional groups on the surface of MXene can form hydrogen bonds, which are adsorbed on the friction side to form a strong and dense lubricant film.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143161317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-18DOI: 10.1016/j.clce.2025.100207
Neeraj Kumar , Deepak Kumar , Ashutosh Mishra
The adoption of alternative fuels can boost energy security and minimize carbon emissions. Addressing the global climate change challenge, many countries have committed to net-zero targets. Achieving net-zero emissions necessitates decarbonizing every sector of the economy. Hydrogen, produced from renewable energy, poses minimal environmental risks, and expanding its production will aid in meeting net-zero goals. The present study investigates the impact of hydrogen induction with diesel and biodiesel (lemon and orange peel oils) in dual fuel operation to evaluate the engine performance and emissions characteristics. A single-cylinder, diesel engine was used for experimentation. The hydrogen flow rates of 4 litres per minute (L/min),6 L/min, and 8 L/min were used with diesel and biodiesel. A 32.12 % increase in Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) and a 22.89 % decrease in Brake Specific Energy Consumption (BSEC) were observed when using pure diesel combined with 6 L/min of hydrogen gas. The addition of hydrogen significantly reduced exhaust emissions. Being a carbon-free fuel, hydrogen does not directly contribute to the formation of carbon-related pollutants such as CO, HC, and PM. Furthermore, its high diffusivity and wide flammability range promote superior mixing with intake air, which enhances the homogeneity of the charge and facilitates more complete combustion. The introduction of hydrogen acts as a combustion enhancer, enabling leaner combustion with higher flame propagation rates and more efficient oxidation of the primary fuel. Diesel combined with 6 L/min of hydrogen resulted in minimal Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Hydrocarbons (HC) as well as lower Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and smoke emissions. But the increase in cylinder temperature and pressures led to a rise in Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions caused by hydrogen addition.
{"title":"A study on hydrogen supplementation in a compression ignition engine fuelled with diesel/biodiesel mixtures: Efficiency and emission trade-offs","authors":"Neeraj Kumar , Deepak Kumar , Ashutosh Mishra","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The adoption of alternative fuels can boost energy security and minimize carbon emissions. Addressing the global climate change challenge, many countries have committed to net-zero targets. Achieving net-zero emissions necessitates decarbonizing every sector of the economy. Hydrogen, produced from renewable energy, poses minimal environmental risks, and expanding its production will aid in meeting net-zero goals. The present study investigates the impact of hydrogen induction with diesel and biodiesel (lemon and orange peel oils) in dual fuel operation to evaluate the engine performance and emissions characteristics. A single-cylinder, diesel engine was used for experimentation. The hydrogen flow rates of 4 litres per minute (L/min),6 L/min, and 8 L/min were used with diesel and biodiesel. A 32.12 % increase in Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) and a 22.89 % decrease in Brake Specific Energy Consumption (BSEC) were observed when using pure diesel combined with 6 L/min of hydrogen gas. The addition of hydrogen significantly reduced exhaust emissions. Being a carbon-free fuel, hydrogen does not directly contribute to the formation of carbon-related pollutants such as CO, HC, and PM. Furthermore, its high diffusivity and wide flammability range promote superior mixing with intake air, which enhances the homogeneity of the charge and facilitates more complete combustion. The introduction of hydrogen acts as a combustion enhancer, enabling leaner combustion with higher flame propagation rates and more efficient oxidation of the primary fuel. Diesel combined with 6 L/min of hydrogen resulted in minimal Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Hydrocarbons (HC) as well as lower Carbon Dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and smoke emissions. But the increase in cylinder temperature and pressures led to a rise in Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions caused by hydrogen addition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145108866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-06-06DOI: 10.1016/j.clce.2025.100187
Lukka Thuyavan Yogarathinam , Sani I. Abba , Jamilu Usman , Muthumareeswaran Ramamoorthy , Isam H. Aljundi
Industrial wastewater contaminated with proteins and phosphates poses a significant challenge for producing clean water. This study innovatively employed regression-based machine learning (ML) algorithms to predict the separation performance of proteins with varying molecular weights from synthetic phosphate-laden wastewater using commercially available membranes with different pore sizes. The chosen ML tools are bi-layered neural network (BNN), linear regression (LR), least squares support vector machine (LSSVM), and Gaussian process regression (GPR). Correlation was employed to select the most pertinent variables for constructing an effective model combination while safeguarding against data leakage within the frugal dataset. Among the ML tools, the BNN and GPR algorithms demonstrated effective predictive capabilities for protein rejection. The collaborative integration of all input variable combinations resulted in superior predictive accuracy (R²=0.99) for protein rejection, showcasing minimal error rates for both the BNN and GPR algorithms. Interpretable SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis indicated that the molecular weight cutoff (MWCO), protein molecular weight (PMw), and isoelectric point (IEP) were the most influential factors affecting protein separation performance, with mean SHAP values of approximately 25, 12, and 15, respectively. The ML tools revealed that the input variables of MWCO, PMw, and IEP exerted a more substantial impact compared to hydro-dynamic variables. This study provides insights into advancing the development of ML tools tailored to sparse datasets, particularly for accurately predicting protein separation from phosphate-laden wastewater.
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Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.clce.2025.100147
M. Mashamba , L. Tshuma , L.B. Moyo , N. Tshuma , G.S. Simate
The perennial disparity between supply and demand of energy as a result of burgeoning populations, expeditious urbanisation and industrialisation has driven the need for alternative energy sources. Biodiesel has emerged as a promising vehicular fuel due to its similar physiochemical properties to mineral diesel and its potential to minimise environmental impact. However, the commercialisation of biodiesel production faces challenges, particularly related to feedstock and catalyst selection. This study explored the utilisation of waste laboratory glass to synthesize heterogeneous catalyst for producing biodiesel from a blend of beef tallow and waste cooking oil. Heterogeneous catalysts are crucial for achieving high conversion efficiency, reusability, ease of separation and minimal environmental degradation. The particle size distribution of the catalysts was heterogeneous, with 23.33 % of particles passing 710 μm, 30.83 % passing 500 μm, and 45.83 % passing 350 μm. XRF analysis revealed that silica was the primary elemental constituent, comprising over 70 % of the total sample composition, and successful incorporation of Na, Mg, and Zn in the respective treated catalysts was observed. FTIR analysis of the calcined and uncalcined catalysts showed a sharp decrease in hydroxyl functional groups, indicating successful calcination. All glass-based catalyst samples exhibited strong Si-O-Si vibration stretches around 1100, confirming the presence of silicon as the glass precursor. The FTIR results of the crude biodiesel samples produced by the catalysts at 15 min intervals showed that the NaOH treated glass-based catalyst exhibited the fastest transesterification reaction.. The results showed that the NaOH treated, MgO treated, Zncl2 treated, and control glass-based catalysts achieved catalyst yields of 80.63 %, 86.13 %, 91.38 %, and 94.25 % respectively, upon calcination. Furthermore, the produced biodiesel was characterised to evaluate its fuel properties: the tested parameters kinematic viscosity, density, flash point and acid value were within the desirable limits for biodiesel according to American and European standards . Moreover, the catalyst showed that it can be reused as after six cycles of reuse a biodiesel yield above 89 % was realised.
{"title":"Synthesis of glass-based catalysts for biodiesel production from a blend of beef tallow and waste cooking oil","authors":"M. Mashamba , L. Tshuma , L.B. Moyo , N. Tshuma , G.S. Simate","doi":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clce.2025.100147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The perennial disparity between supply and demand of energy as a result of burgeoning populations, expeditious urbanisation and industrialisation has driven the need for alternative energy sources. Biodiesel has emerged as a promising vehicular fuel due to its similar physiochemical properties to mineral diesel and its potential to minimise environmental impact. However, the commercialisation of biodiesel production faces challenges, particularly related to feedstock and catalyst selection. This study explored the utilisation of waste laboratory glass to synthesize heterogeneous catalyst for producing biodiesel from a blend of beef tallow and waste cooking oil. Heterogeneous catalysts are crucial for achieving high conversion efficiency, reusability, ease of separation and minimal environmental degradation. The particle size distribution of the catalysts was heterogeneous, with 23.33 % of particles passing 710 μm, 30.83 % passing 500 μm, and 45.83 % passing 350 μm. XRF analysis revealed that silica was the primary elemental constituent, comprising over 70 % of the total sample composition, and successful incorporation of Na, Mg, and Zn in the respective treated catalysts was observed. FTIR analysis of the calcined and uncalcined catalysts showed a sharp decrease in hydroxyl functional groups, indicating successful calcination. All glass-based catalyst samples exhibited strong Si-O-Si vibration stretches around 1100<span><math><mrow><mi>c</mi><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, confirming the presence of silicon as the glass precursor. The FTIR results of the crude biodiesel samples produced by the catalysts at 15 min intervals showed that the NaOH treated glass-based catalyst exhibited the fastest transesterification reaction.. The results showed that the NaOH treated, MgO treated, <em>Zncl</em><sub>2</sub> treated, and control glass-based catalysts achieved catalyst yields of 80.63 %, 86.13 %, 91.38 %, and 94.25 % respectively, upon calcination. Furthermore, the produced biodiesel was characterised to evaluate its fuel properties: the tested parameters kinematic viscosity, density, flash point and acid value were within the desirable limits for biodiesel according to American and European standards . Moreover, the catalyst showed that it can be reused as after six cycles of reuse a biodiesel yield above 89 % was realised.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100251,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner Chemical Engineering","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143162098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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