Chemical record最新文献

Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines are privileged nitrogen-bridged heterocycles with significant applications in medicinal chemistry, materials science, and pharmaceuticals. The synthetic approaches through conventional modes rely on hazardous reagents, toxic solvents, and energy-intensive conditions, posing environmental and economic concerns. To overcome these bottlenecks, recent research has initiated focused efforts on sustainable and eco-friendly strategies aligning with green chemistry principles. This review evaluates recent advancements (2020-2024) in synthesis, including microwave-assisted, ultrasound-assisted, catalyst-free, solvent-free, green solvent-mediated, and homogenous catalyst-assisted approaches. The mechanistic pathways, efficiency, and sustainability of these methodologies are thoroughly analyzed, along with their advantages and inherent limitations. Furthermore, key challenges such as scalability, catalyst recovery, and industrial applicability are discussed alongside innovations such as biocatalysis, photocatalysis, and electrosynthesis. The integration of these advanced strategies is expected to drive the transition toward greener, cost-effective, and scalable methodologies for a sustainable future in heterocyclic chemistry.

Solid-state nanochannels, as an emerging single-molecule sensing platform, have shown great potential in environmental monitoring, biomedical diagnostics, and food safety owing to their high stability, tunable geometry, and facile surface functionalization. However, in complex matrices, nonspecific adsorption, ion competition, and background noise often compromise the accuracy and reliability of detection. In recent years, interfacial modification has provided effective solutions to these challenges. This review summarizes various interfacial engineering methods for solid-state nanochannels, focusing on three main aspects: stability enhancement, specific recognition, and signal amplification. For stability enhancement, strategies such as antifouling coating, surface charge/hydrophilicity regulation, and covalent crosslinking are highlighted. For specific recognition, structure-adaptive modification, biomimetic engineering, and cooperative self-assembly are discussed. For signal amplification, in situ nucleic acid amplification, nanotag-assisted amplification, and catalysis-mediated signal amplification are presented. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are outlined, emphasizing that the integration of interfacial modification with multidisciplinary approaches, including nanomaterials, molecular engineering, and artificial intelligence-driven signal processing, which will further advance high-precision detection in complex matrices.

The rising global energy demand requires the development of high-performance supercapacitors (SCs) that synergize high-power density with substantial energy density. The pursuit of such energy storage devices is fundamentally related to the innovation of advanced electrode materials. Two-dimensional graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) has recently emerged as a compelling candidate, distinguished by its unique nitrogen-rich structure, tunable electronic properties, and facile synthesis. This review provides a comprehensive and critical investigation of g-C₃N₄-based materials for SCs. We systematically analyze the crystal structure, physicochemical properties, and synthesis methodologies of g-C₃N₄, correlating these characteristics with their electrochemical performance. For the first time, a detailed comparative analysis is presented, categorizing strategies into the engineering of pristine g-C₃N₄, heteroatom doping, and the construction of composites. We place particular emphasis on the superior performance of composites formed with conductive polymers, transition metal oxides/sulfides (TMOs/TMSs), graphene, MXenes, and other families, where synergistic effects enhance conductivity, stability, and charge storage capacity. Finally, we provide a critical outlook on the existing challenges and future possible directions, aiming to guide the rational design of next-generation g-C₃N₄-based electrode materials to unlock their full potential in SCs.

MXenes are a rapidly expanding family of two-dimensional transition metal nitrides and carbides that are recognized as highly effective electrocatalysts due to their hydrophilic nature, variable surface chemistry, and exceptional conductivity. Alongside these intrinsic features, recent advancements in surface functionalization, heterostructure design, and transition-metal hybridization have significantly enhanced their catalytic efficiency for vital energy-related reactions, including the hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, carbon dioxide reduction reaction, and oxygen reduction reaction. This review offers a critical examination of the latest strategies that extend beyond traditional MXene applications, with a particular focus on their incorporation into rechargeable zinc-air batteries. We highlight how functional group engineering, interlayer spacing modulation, and lattice strain control influence catalytic performance and reaction kinetics. Despite these advancements, MXenes still face challenges such as structural instability, surface termination heterogeneity, and limited defect control during scalable synthesis. We conclude by discussing emerging solutions, including Janus-type surface patterning and defect engineering, as future directions to guide the strategic development of highly efficient MXene-based electrocatalysts.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has long been widely utilized to investigate, characterize, and monitor highly reactive paramagnetic chemical species generated in materials upon exposure to ionizing radiation. This personal account presents EPR observations and spectral analyses of several fundamental paramagnetic species, including cations, anions, and neutral radicals, isolated using a low-temperature solid matrix isolation (MI) technique combined with radiation exposure, a method in which the author has extensive experience. These findings are not only of significant interest in the field of molecular science but also demonstrate the utility of the MI technique as a laboratory-based approach to exploring chemical evolution in space. Recent density functional theory analyses, which reveal a second-order Jahn-Teller distortion, suggest that the stability of the distorted structure of the silacyclohexane radical cation is considerably less pronounced than previously indicated by Hartree-Fock-based theoretical calculations. Furthermore, EPR results for the perfluorocubane radical anion, a species that has recently attracted significant attention, are also presented.

Fatty amines (FAMs), aliphatic amines possessing a mostly linear C₈₊ hydrocarbon fragments, are large-capacity chemicals widely used in production of detergents, emulsifiers, adjuvants, fabric softeners, fuel and oil additives, corrosion inhibitors, etc. The current technologies of FAMs are based on fatty acids (nitrile process) and alcohols, obtained from triglycerides and petrochemical feedstocks. Alternative catalytic approaches to amines, intensively studied in recent decades, are direct amination of alkenes, reductive amination and aminomethylation of carbonyl compounds, hydrogen-borrowing amination of alcohols, and single-stage triglyceride or waste conversion. However, only a fraction of recent top-rated works was related to the synthesis of FAMs. In the present review, we describe and discuss above-mentioned current and prospective catalytic approaches to FAMs. The advantages and shortcomings of these approaches are evaluated from the practical point of view, indicating the most promising directions of the further industrially oriented research.

Thermoelectric (TE) materials offer a direct and sustainable means of converting heat into electricity, enabling applications ranging from industrial waste-heat recovery to solid-state cooling and self-powered microdevices. The performance of TE systems is critically influenced by the synthesis techniques employed, which determine phase purity, compositional uniformity, microstructural features, and transport behavior. This review comprehensively analyses synthesis approaches across multiple material scales, bulk, nanostructured, and thin-film, highlighting how processing-structure-property correlations govern TE efficiency. Bulk synthesis routes such as arc melting, levitation melting, melt spinning, zone melting and self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) are discussed with emphasis on their control of grain growth, defect formation, and compositional homogeneity. Nanostructure-oriented methods, including high-energy ball milling, hydrothermal/solvothermal synthesis, coprecipitation, sol-gel processing, spark plasma sintering (SPS), and hot extrusion (HE), are evaluated for their ability to enhance phonon scattering and tailor carrier concentration through controlled grain refinement and defect engineering. Thin-film deposition techniques such as physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and wet-chemical methods are further reviewed for their precision in thickness control, crystallographic orientation, and interface stability, which are crucial for device-level integration. By linking processing strategies to TE performance, this review highlights hybrid synthesis, interface engineering, and eco-friendly materials as critical avenues for developing efficient and scalable TE technologies.

Electrochemical water splitting offers a sustainable pathway for green hydrogen production; however, it remains constrained by the sluggish kinetics of the hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution reactions. Nature's metalloenzymes, such as [FeFe] hydrogenases and the Mn₄CaO₅ cluster in photosystem II, exemplify exceptional catalytic efficiency using earth-abundant metals via proton-coupled electron transfer and cooperative metal-site interactions. This review highlights the advances in biomimetic electrocatalysts and traces their evolution from molecular analogs to heterogeneous systems, including oxygen-evolving complex mimic Mn/Ca clusters, biomimetic metal-porphyrinoids, metal-organic and covalent frameworks, nanostructured layered double hydroxides, Janus chalcogenides, high-entropy alloys, and single-atom catalysts. Hierarchical, self-healing, and dynamically stable architectures that sustain catalytic activity under operational stress are emphasized, supported by ultrafast operando spectroscopies that capture real-time active-site transformations. Emerging strategies, such as decoupled water splitting, direct seawater electrolysis, and the integration of machine learning and digital twin frameworks, are accelerating predictive catalyst design and system-level optimization. Adapting bioinspired design principles into electrolyzer architectures further enhances system efficiency. Despite meaningful advances, biomimetic systems remain hampered by their constrained durability, synthetic scale-up challenges, and unresolved mechanistic intricacies. Their progress toward practical electrolyzer technologies hinges on the concerted integration of bioinspired design, material innovation, and high-fidelity characterization.

Among various emerging 2D nanomaterials, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have garnered major recognition due to their distinct morphological and chemical features, including high surface area, tunable bandgaps, strong photoluminescence, and atomically thin structures. Their integration with optical biosensors has opened new avenues for enhancing sensor performance, offering improved sensitivity and lower detection limits compared to conventional platforms. This review covers structural and optical properties of 2D TMDs, followed by surface functionalization strategies-covalent and noncovalent-using both organic and inorganic nanomaterials to enhance biosensor functionality. The review then provides key optical detection methods such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR), evanescent wave techniques, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), label-free sensing, and signal amplification. Further, fabrication strategies for 2D TMD-based optical biosensors and methods for biomolecule immobilization are covered. Applications in protein and nucleic acid detection, cellular imaging, and environmental monitoring are highlighted in this review. Additionally, the review addresses sensor stability, reproducibility, and integration with microfluidics and lab-on-chip technologies. Finally, it explores emerging trends including multimodal sensing, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in biosensor data analysis, personalized sensing, and 5^th and 6^th generation sensing, emphasizing the transformative potential of 2D TMDs in future biosensing technologies. In addition, we highlighted the challenges and future prospects concerning structural engineering and advancement in TMDs-based optical biosensors. This review will lead researchers to explore novel detection methods, integration strategies, and progress in AI and ML-assisted 2D TMDs-based optical biosensors for personalized and high-performance sensing applications.

Indoles, as aromatic heterocyclic alkaloids, are commonly found in natural products and pharmaceuticals and are valued as versatile building blocks in organic syntheses. Electrochemical methods have recently emerged as a sustainable and efficient strategy to regioselectively functionalize indoles at the C2, C3, N1, or multiple sites, utilizing electrons as traceless reagents. This review systematically categorizes recent advancements in electrochemical indole functionalization based on reaction sites, encompassing mono-, di-, and tri-functionalization and ring-opening reactions. A wide range of coupling partners have been exploited to construct CC, C-heteroatom, NC, and N-heteroatom bonds through cross-coupling, cyclization, difunctionalization, and dearomative difunctionalization reactions. The review discussed substrate scope, functional group tolerance, and reaction mechanisms, supported by illustrative schemes containing proposed mechanistic pathways, oxidation potentials, and potential bioactivities of the products, which aims to stimulate advancements in the regioselective functionalization of indoles.