Chemical record最新文献

Allyl sulfones are common motifs in many drugs and natural products, exhibiting a wide range of biological activities such as anticancer and antibacterial properties, etc. An overview is provided on the synthesis of allylic sulfones via generation of metal π-allyl complexes in metal-catalyzed sulfonylation over the period from 2020 to the present. The generation process of metal π-allyl complexes is introduced from the perspective of reaction mechanism and the reaction processes such as nucleophilic substitution, insertion of SO₂, and reductive elimination involving metal π-allyl complexes is discussed. In order to effectively organize this study, several metal π-allyl intermediates will be reviewed and can be divided into i) generation of palladium π-allyl complexes in palladium-catalyzed sulfonylation and ii) generation of other metal π-allyl complexes in other metal-catalyzed sulfonylation.

Water electrolysis for hydrogen production has become an industrial focus in the era of green chemistry due to its high purity of hydrogen production and environmentally friendly, efficient process. As the half reaction of water splitting at the anode, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) features a complex and sluggish process that restricts the efficiency of water splitting. The mechanism of OER varies with different electrolytes. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have become a research hotspot due to their advantages, such as nearly 100% atomic utilization efficiency and abundant, uniform active sites. Through structural optimization and coordination environment regulation, SACs can effectively enhance the efficiency of OER. This review comprehensively summarizes the OER mechanisms under both acidic and alkaline conditions, systematically compiles the performance and applications of precious-metal and nonprecious-metal SACs in OER, and provides mechanistic insights through density functional theory calculations. Finally, it provides an outlook on the research prospects of single-atom electrocatalysts, offering references and guidance for the preparation of higher-performance single-atom electrocatalysts.

Chromones, characterized by a benzo-annulated γ-pyrone core, represent a privileged scaffold, offering a diverse pharmacological spectrum. Clinically approved drugs such as disodium cromoglycate and flavoxate underscore their therapeutic significance. Recent advancements in synthetic strategies have facilitated the development of novel chromone derivatives with improved bioactivity, selectively modulating key molecular targets implicated in cancer, inflammation, diabetes, infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, their emerging utility as imaging probes and regulators of pharmacologically relevant targets, such as pyridoxal phosphatase (PDXP), highlights their expanding role in modern drug discovery. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress in the identification of bioactive chromone-based natural products and synthetic analogs, emphasizing their therapeutic potential. Additionally, critical innovations in recent synthetic methodologies and targeted therapeutic applications are discussed, reinforcing chromones as a sustainable and multifunctional framework for next-generation drug development.

Ammonia is one of the most important inputs in the global chemical industry, used primarily in fertilizers and explosives. It is increasingly recognized as a potential energy carrier. Its production is dominated by the Haber-Bosch process, which requires high energy consumption and significant capital investment, and contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. For this reason, electrochemical pathways have become a possible sustainable alternative, as they operate under mild conditions and can be powered by renewable energy. However, the development of electrocatalysts that simultaneously achieve high selectivity, activity, and long-term stability remains a major challenge for this type of industry. Among emerging materials, graphene-derived carbon systems stand out for their high conductivity, large surface area, and tunable electronic properties, which can improve nitrogen adsorption and stabilization of potential reaction intermediates. This review summarizes the latest advances in the electrochemical synthesis of ammonia, with an emphasis on carbon-based electrocatalysts and their structure-performance relationships. Current challenges are analyzed, and future research directions are proposed to accelerate the development of environmentally friendly ammonia production strategies beyond the Haber-Bosch process.

The synthesis of biomass-derived nanocarbons via ball milling has emerged as an innovative, sustainable, and cost-effective strategy in the field of nanotechnology. This review comprehensively explores the principles, mechanisms, and process parameters that influence the production of high-quality nanocarbons from biomass using ball milling. This process efficiently transforms biomass residues into nanoscale carbon, including graphene, carbon nanotubes, and nanofibers, with tunable physicochemical properties tailored for advanced applications. The structural evolution of nanocarbons during ball milling, facilitated by mechanical forces such as exfoliation, fragmentation, and defect engineering, enhances their electrochemical performance, catalytic activity, and environmental applications. This review highlights the advantages of ball milling over conventional synthesis methods, including its solvent-free nature, scalability, and precise control over nanocarbon morphology. The diverse applications of nanocarbons, ranging from energy storage to catalysis, photocatalysis, water purification, gas sensing, soil remediation, oil recovery, anticorrosion coatings, inkjet ink formulation, and biomedical uses, underscore their potential for sustainable technological advancement. The novelty of this review lies in the comprehensive synthesis of recent developments in biomass-derived nanocarbon synthesis via ball milling, bridging the gap between fundamental processing mechanisms and practical applications. The challenges and future perspectives are discussed to guide further research and industrial adoption of green nanotechnology.

Flow fields (FFs) play multifaceted roles in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) by facilitating the transport and distribution of species, removal of products, support to the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), electrical conductivity, water, and thermal management. Therefore, the performance of DMFC is directly related to the pattern and geometry of the FF. DMFCs can generate power density of up to ≈100–300 mW cm⁻²; however, their performance is impeded by cathode flooding, CO₂ gas bubbles formation, and mass transfer limitations. These can be mitigated by employing appropriate FF designs with modifications in their geometrical parameters, such as rib area, channel width, and aspect ratio. This review underscores the importance of the five different FF patterns (parallel, serpentine, interdigitated, pin-type, and bioinspired) on the performance of the DMFC by highlighting the different experimental and computational investigations. How different FF patterns can aid in extenuating the limitations of DMFC and thereby boost their performance is discussed. Subsequently, the importance of employing computational fluid dynamics models to investigate the different FF patterns for developing efficient DMFC is also assessed. Finally, as a future prospect, how efficient FF designs can aid the development of μ-DMFC for portable applications is discussed.

The Friedländer quinoline synthesis represents a fundamental method for the construction of quinoline derivatives, a versatile class of heterocyclic compounds widely prevalent in pharmaceuticals and materials science. This synthesis traditionally involves the condensation of 2-aminoaryl ketones with carbonyl compounds, typically ketones or aldehydes, in the presence of an acid or base under reflux conditions. However, recent advancements have highlighted indirect approaches (starting from 2-aminobenzyl alcohol) to achieve the same quinoline framework, offering distinct advantages in selectivity, substrate scope, and functional group tolerance. We have reviewed various indirect methods employed in the Friedländer quinoline synthesis, encompassing strategies such as oxidative processes, metal-catalyzed reactions, and innovative cascade reactions. All the reported reactions are discussed in detail by highlighting the advantages and the shortcomings. Moreover, the generality is discussed for each methodology, with examples and mechanisms that are discussed to elucidate the synthetic pathways and the strategic advantages of these indirect methodologies. The synthesis of quinoline derivatives through indirect approaches not only enhances the synthetic flexibility and efficiency but also opens avenues for the development of novel bioactive compounds and materials with tailored properties.

Transition metal oxides (TMOs) are a promising material for use as anodes in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). TMO anode can be classified on the basis of their lithiation/delithiation mechanism, such as intercalation mechanism-based TMO anode, conversion mechanism-based TMOs, and alloying/dealloying mechanism-based TMO anode. Each class of TMOs has its own advantages and limitations. To address those limitations, a clear understanding of the dependency of performance on lithiation/delithiation behavior and the dependency of lithiation/delithiation on various factors, such as element, crystal structure, and hybrid structures, is reasonably necessary. This review article provides a mechanistic overview of all these factors that affect the specific performance of TMOs’ anode for next-generation LIBs. Moreover, emerging strategies to increase the performance of TMOs’ anode in LIBs have also been discussed. Finally, some future outlooks on TMOs’ anode research are also provided, which paved the pathways for developing next-generation LIBs.

The development of sensors for monitoring breath acetone, a key biomarker for ketosis in diabetes mellitus, represents a critical frontier in medical diagnostics, promising a painless alternative to invasive blood tests. This review provides a comprehensive and critical evaluation of the state-of-the-art in acetone gas sensing technologies, including chemiresistive, optical, electrochemical, conductometric, and microwave platforms. We focus specifically on recent breakthroughs driven by advanced materials, analyzing how novel nanostructures from two-dimensional (2D) materials such as MXenes to porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are engineered to push performance to clinically relevant parts-per-billion (ppb) sensitivity. Despite these advances, we identify the persistent, multifaceted challenges that impede widespread adoption: the technical trade-offs between sensitivity and stability, the physiological complexities of the biomarker itself, and the significant gap between laboratory performance and real-world clinical validation. Looking forward, we outline the essential research trajectories required to bridge this bench-to-bedside gap, emphasizing the development of intelligent sensor arrays, the application of machine learning (ML) for interference compensation, and the urgent need for standardized protocols to enable the large-scale clinical trials that are currently lacking. By synthesizing performance data with critical analysis of underlying challenges, this review provides a comprehensive roadmap for materials scientists, engineers, and clinicians working to realize the potential of non-invasive diabetes monitoring.

An α-aryl-substituted enantioenriched ketone is a valuable building block for the production of both natural and medicinal compounds. Research into their asymmetric synthesis can be challenging yet rewarding because of the need to control regio-, chemo-, and enantioselectivity carefully. A wide range of catalytic strategies has been developed during the past three decades to gain access to these favored motifs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of catalytic approaches for the asymmetric synthesis of chiral α-aryl ketones, classifying the methods according to the type of catalyst employed, including chiral Brønsted acid and Lewis acid-assisted Brønsted acid catalysis, transition metal catalysis (palladium, nickel, copper, and cobalt systems), and N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis. The mechanistic diversity of these methods, encompassing enolate arylation, acylation, hydroacylation, protonation, rearrangement, and direct CH functionalization, has facilitated the synthesis of various chiral α-aryl ketones under consistently milder and more sustainable circumstances.