Chemical record最新文献

Indole and its derivatives represent a crucial class of heterocyclic compounds with broad applications in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science. The indole core is a fundamental structural motif in numerous biologically active natural products, including alkaloids, as well as synthetic molecules exhibiting diverse pharmacological properties such as anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities. This review concisely addresses the biosynthesis of the indole nucleus and highlights several noteworthy derivatives, including tryptophan, indigo, and indole-3-carbinol, among others. It explores the chemistry of indole derivatives, emphasizing their multidisciplinary relevance, and substantial impact across various fields of scientific research. Furthermore, the review discusses both classical and contemporary synthetic methodologies for constructing the indole framework, with an emphasis on sustainable approaches aligned with green chemistry principles.

This review briefly and systematically overviews C–H and N–H functionalization reactions of pyrazoles, aimed at creating new CC and Cheteroatom bonds on the pyrazole ring. It discusses various strategies, including traditional cross-coupling reactions that necessitate prefunctionalized pyrazoles as well as direct functionalization reactions, which offer a more efficient approach to obtaining a diverse array of functionalized derivatives in only one step.

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) presents a significant challenge in developing electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems. Although non-noble metals exhibit commendable OER activity, their widespread application is often constrained by stability issues and elevated costs for large-scale deployment. As a result, the focus is shifting from non-noble metals to metal-free catalysts, which offer both abundance and effective catalytic performance. Metal-free catalysts, including carbon-based materials and polymers, typically demonstrate suboptimal catalytic activity in their pure forms. These materials are often doped with other metal-free substances to enhance their performance and modify their electronic structures, increasing the availability of active sites and facilitating improved electron flow for enhanced OER performance. This review examines the latest advancements in the creation of metal-free catalysts for OER and the associated challenges and opportunities within the expanding field of metal-free electrocatalysis. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of metal-free OER catalysts for researchers entering this dynamic study area.

The electrochemical reduction of CO₂ (ECO₂RR) has emerged as a promising route for converting CO₂ into value-added chemicals and fuels using renewable electricity. Among transition metals, copper uniquely enables the formation of C₁ and C₂ products, but it suffers from poor selectivity and stability in its monometallic form. This review explores recent advances in Cu–Zn and Cu–Bi bimetallic systems, emphasizing how their structural, electronic, and interfacial characteristics influence ECO₂RR pathways and product distribution. Mechanistic insights into active site behavior, alloying effects, and the role of surface facets are provided. Limitations such as catalyst degradation and scalability are critically discussed, including a comparing performance across different electrochemical cell configurations. Finally, design guidelines and future research directions are proposed to enhance Cu-based bimetallic catalysts’ selectivity, stability, and scalability for ECO₂RR.

The increasing global energy demand and the declining efficiency of conventional oil recovery methods underscore the urgency for advanced enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques. While chemical EOR enhances recovery, traditional surfactants face limitations such as high retention, thermal instability, and poor performance in high-salinity environments. Imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as a promising alternative due to their superior thermal stability, tunable interfacial properties, and potential for recyclability. This review evaluates their role in EOR, focusing on interfacial tension (IFT) reduction, wettability alteration, emulsification, viscosity control, and crude oil interactions. Long-chain ILs like [C₁₆mim][Br] achieve over 99.8% IFT reduction while improving rock wettability and dispersing asphaltenes—key for enhancing oil mobility and recovery. In addition to technical performance, the review addresses the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of ILs. Despite higher initial costs, their advancement in synthesis, lower consumption rates, reusability, and reduced ecological impact offer long-term advantages over conventional surfactants. Future directions include hybrid IL formulations, large-scale applications, and AI-assisted molecular design to optimize EOR efficiency across varied reservoir conditions.

Aptamers have emerged as promising therapeutic oligonucleotides (TOs) due to their structural adaptability, high binding affinity, and remarkable specificity toward diverse biological targets. Among them, G-quadruplex-forming aptamers stand out for their unique secondary structures and distinct chemical properties. Their potential in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's lies in their ability to inhibit protein aggregation and modulate pathogenic pathways. However, their application is hindered by enzymatic degradation and limited membrane permeability. To overcome these issues, chemical modifications, such as backbone and sugar alterations, and nanomaterial-based delivery strategies have been developed. Notably, clay nanoparticles, such as halloysite nanotubes and montmorillonite, have gained attention as effective carriers for TOs, enhancing their structural stability and bioavailability. This review discusses recent advancements in aptamer-based TOs, with a focus on G-quadruplex-forming oligonucleotides, their therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases, and innovative nanocarrier systems that can improve their stability and targeted delivery. Finally, it highlights current challenges and future directions in the chemical design and formulation of aptamer-based therapeutics for targeted applications.

This review article highlights the significant advances in the synthesis of dibenzo[b,f]oxepines over the past decade. Dibenzo[b,f]oxepines, important heterocyclic compounds, have attracted increasing interest due to their wide-ranging applications in medicinal chemistry and materials applications. The review addresses traditional approaches and recent developments, highlighting efficient synthetic strategies such as cross-coupling reactions, intramolecular cyclizations, and molecular diversification strategies. Additionally, the efficiency, selectivity, and sustainability of these methods are discussed. Emerging trends and future challenges in the synthesis of dibenzo[b,f]oxepines are also explored, including the search for more sustainable methods, the expansion of structural diversity, and the optimizing reaction conditions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in this field, providing valuable insights for researchers aiming to develop novel synthetic strategies and applications for dibenzo[b,f]oxepines.

Nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) based micro–nano structural materials have emerged as a class of highly promising functional materials in the field of energy storage and conversion due to their unique electronic structures, excellent electrochemical properties, and abundant natural reserves. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the preparation methods and energy-related applications of Ni and Co-based micro–nano structure materials. Various synthetic strategies are introduced, including hydrothermal methods, solvothermal methods, electrodeposition, template-assisted approaches, and other emerging techniques, with particular emphasis on the precise control of morphology, composition, and microstructure. The review then comprehensively discusses their applications in key energy technologies such as lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, and oxygen reduction reaction. For each application, the fundamental working mechanisms are analyzed, and how the micro–nano structures’ performance enhancement are highlighted. Finally, current challenges and provide perspectives on future research directions, including scalable production, performance optimization, and advanced characterization, are outlined. This review aims to provide valuable insights for the rational design of high-performance Ni and Co-based materials for next-generation energy applications.

Recent rapiddevelopmentsin the design of nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) have significantly enhanced the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells (OSCs). Tetracyano-bridged chromophores [(tetracyanobutadiene (TCBD) and dicyanoquinodimethane (DCNQ)] have emerged as a promising class of materials, gaining widespread attention for the development of NFAs. This review focuses on advances in TCBD- and DCNQ-based molecules reported in the last few years as NFAs by highlighting their strong electron-accepting abilities, tunable broad absorption, and adjustable energy levels. Despite their nonplanar geometry, which hinders charge transport, these acceptors have revealed remarkable photovoltaic performance through rational molecular design. The molecular design, the role of extending π-conjugation, and the use of a donor–acceptor approach are discussed which contributes to the development of efficient TCBD/DCNQ-bridged NFAs. This review highlights key examples of NFAs based on TCBD/DCNQ-bridged molecules and achieved power conversion efficiencies up to 9.29% in binary blends and 17.36% in ternary devices. By consolidating recent developments in this field, this review provides critical insights into their potential as NFAs while addressing current challenges and future opportunities for next-generation OSC applications.

Accurate detection of oral disease biomarkers is crucial for improving treatment, yet conventional diagnostic approaches often suffer from low sensitivity, specificity, and limited point-of-care applicability. In this review, carbon quantum dot-encapsulated metal–organic framework (CQD@MOF) hybrids as fluorescent biosensors for oral disease biomarker detection are analyzed, focusing on their synthesis strategies, structural advantages, fluorescence sensing mechanisms, and clinical potential. These hybrids combine the fluorescence and biocompatibility of CQDs with the high surface area and tunable porosity of MOFs, enabling enhanced biomarker recognition and signal transduction. Encapsulation protects CQDs from photobleaching and aggregation, improving fluorescence stability, sensor longevity, and robustness in complex oral environments. CQD@MOF sensors exhibit excellent sensitivity and selectivity for diverse biomarkers, including proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules, enabling noninvasive, real-time detection. Characterization techniques (TEM, SEM, XRD, FT-IR, TGA, and BET) confirm uniform CQD distribution within MOF matrices, supporting efficient fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Reported detection limits reach the nano- to picomolar range for clinically relevant biomarkers, meeting early diagnosis requirements. The design strategies for multiplexed detection, challenges in clinical translation, and future directions for integrating CQD@MOF platforms into portable, cost-effective diagnostic devices are discussed. This review underscores CQD@MOF hybrids as an advancement in oral diagnostics and personalized medicine.