Pyrrole-embedded organic molecules received a considerable importance due to their numerous biological and material applications. Hence, several synthetic strategies have been devised for the construction of diverse pyrrole analogues over the years. Among these, the Clauson-Kaas reaction is one of the most widely used protocols for the synthesis of various N-substituted pyrroles. This review briefly describes the Clauson-Kaas reaction along with modifications and a detailed account on its applications in the various sectors of organic synthesis.
{"title":"Applications of Clauson-Kaas Reaction in Organic Synthesis.","authors":"Pargat Singh, Abhijeet Singh, Dileep Kumar Singh, Mahendra Nath","doi":"10.1002/tcr.202400112","DOIUrl":"10.1002/tcr.202400112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pyrrole-embedded organic molecules received a considerable importance due to their numerous biological and material applications. Hence, several synthetic strategies have been devised for the construction of diverse pyrrole analogues over the years. Among these, the Clauson-Kaas reaction is one of the most widely used protocols for the synthesis of various N-substituted pyrroles. This review briefly describes the Clauson-Kaas reaction along with modifications and a detailed account on its applications in the various sectors of organic synthesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":10046,"journal":{"name":"Chemical record","volume":" ","pages":"e202400112"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142459333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2024-11-07DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202400110
Suleiman Magaji, Ijaz Hussain, Zuhair Malaibari, Mohammad M Hossain, Ziyauddin S Qureshi, Shakeel Ahmed
The catalytic cracking of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) has attracted significant attention due to its importance in producing valuable feedstocks for the petrochemical industry. This review provides an overview of recent developments in zeolite-based catalyst technology for converting LPG into light olefins. Catalytic cracking utilizes zeolite-based catalysts usually associated with stability challenges, such as coking and sintering. The discussion focused on the underlying mechanisms that govern the catalytic cracking process and provided insights into the complex reaction pathways involved. A comprehensive analysis of various strategies employed for improving the effectiveness of zeolite catalysts has been discussed in this review. These strategies encompass using transition metals to modify catalyst properties, treatments involving phosphorous modification, alkaline earth metals, and alkali metals to alter the acidity level of the zeolites. The elucidation of the impact of silica-to-alumina ratios in zeolites and the development of hierarchical zeolite-based catalysts through top-down and bottom-up methodologies are also discussed.
{"title":"Catalytic Cracking of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) to Light Olefins Using Zeolite-Based Materials: Recent Advances, Trends, Challenges and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Suleiman Magaji, Ijaz Hussain, Zuhair Malaibari, Mohammad M Hossain, Ziyauddin S Qureshi, Shakeel Ahmed","doi":"10.1002/tcr.202400110","DOIUrl":"10.1002/tcr.202400110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The catalytic cracking of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) has attracted significant attention due to its importance in producing valuable feedstocks for the petrochemical industry. This review provides an overview of recent developments in zeolite-based catalyst technology for converting LPG into light olefins. Catalytic cracking utilizes zeolite-based catalysts usually associated with stability challenges, such as coking and sintering. The discussion focused on the underlying mechanisms that govern the catalytic cracking process and provided insights into the complex reaction pathways involved. A comprehensive analysis of various strategies employed for improving the effectiveness of zeolite catalysts has been discussed in this review. These strategies encompass using transition metals to modify catalyst properties, treatments involving phosphorous modification, alkaline earth metals, and alkali metals to alter the acidity level of the zeolites. The elucidation of the impact of silica-to-alumina ratios in zeolites and the development of hierarchical zeolite-based catalysts through top-down and bottom-up methodologies are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":10046,"journal":{"name":"Chemical record","volume":" ","pages":"e202400110"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142603187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2024-11-09DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202400099
Xiran Li, Mengyuan Liu, Wenhan Li, Xin Wang, Shiyu Wang, Haoran Yin, Ning Yan, Xin Jin, Chaohe Yang
Global efforts toward establishing a circular carbon economy have guided research interests towards exploring renewable technologies that can replace environmentally harmful fossil fuel-based production routes. In this context, sugar-based bio-derived substrates have been identified as renewable molecules for future implementation in chemical industries. Tartaric acid, a special C4 bio-compound with two hydroxyl and carboxylic groups in the structure, displays great potential for the food, polymer, and pharmaceutical industries due to its unique biological reactivity and performance-enhancing properties. To this point, there has yet to be a comprehensive literature review and perspective on the applications and synthesis of tartaric acid. As such, we have conducted a detailed and thorough outlook and discussion in terms of biological activity, organic synthesis, catalysis, structural characterization and synthetic routes. Lastly, we provide a critical discussion on the applications and synthesis of tartaric acid to give our insights into developing sustainable chemical technologies for the future.
{"title":"Toward Sustainable Utilization and Production of Tartaric Acid.","authors":"Xiran Li, Mengyuan Liu, Wenhan Li, Xin Wang, Shiyu Wang, Haoran Yin, Ning Yan, Xin Jin, Chaohe Yang","doi":"10.1002/tcr.202400099","DOIUrl":"10.1002/tcr.202400099","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Global efforts toward establishing a circular carbon economy have guided research interests towards exploring renewable technologies that can replace environmentally harmful fossil fuel-based production routes. In this context, sugar-based bio-derived substrates have been identified as renewable molecules for future implementation in chemical industries. Tartaric acid, a special C<sub>4</sub> bio-compound with two hydroxyl and carboxylic groups in the structure, displays great potential for the food, polymer, and pharmaceutical industries due to its unique biological reactivity and performance-enhancing properties. To this point, there has yet to be a comprehensive literature review and perspective on the applications and synthesis of tartaric acid. As such, we have conducted a detailed and thorough outlook and discussion in terms of biological activity, organic synthesis, catalysis, structural characterization and synthetic routes. Lastly, we provide a critical discussion on the applications and synthesis of tartaric acid to give our insights into developing sustainable chemical technologies for the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":10046,"journal":{"name":"Chemical record","volume":" ","pages":"e202400099"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142616057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202400082
Huda S Alghamdi, Ahsan Ali, Afnan M Ajeebi, Abdesslem Jedidi, Mohammed Sanhoob, Mahbuba Aktary, A H Shabi, Mohammad Usman, Wasan Alghamdi, Shahad Alzahrani, Md Abdul Aziz, M Nasiruzzaman Shaikh
Restructuring the current energy industry towards sustainability requires transitioning from carbon based to renewable energy sources, reducing CO2 emissions. Hydrogen, is considered a significant clean energy carrier. However, it faces challenges in transportation and storage due to its high reactivity, flammability, and low density under ambient conditions. Liquid organic hydrogen carriers offer a solution for storing hydrogen because they allow for the economical and practical storage of organic compounds in regular vessels through hydrogenation and dehydrogenation. This review evaluates several hydrogen technologies aimed at addressing the challenges associated with hydrogen transportation and its economic viablity. The discussion delves into exploring the catalysts and their activity in the context of catalysts' development. This review highlights the pivotal role of various catalyst materials in enhancing the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation activities of multiple LOHC systems, including benzene/cyclohexane, toluene/methylcyclohexane (MCH), N-ethylcarbazole (NEC)/dodecahydro-N-ethylcarbazole (H12-NEC), and dibenzyltoluene (DBT)/perhydrodibenzyltoluene (H18-DBT). By exploring the catalytic properties of noble metals, transition metals, and multimetallic catalysts, the review provides valuable insights into their design and optimization. Also, the discussion revolved around the implementation of a hydrogen economy on a global scale, with a particular focus on the plans pertaining to Saudi Arabia and the GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) countries. The review lays out the challenges this technology will face, including the need to increase its H2 capacity, reduce energy consumption by providing solutions, and guarantee the thermal stability of the materials.
{"title":"Catalysts for Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs): Efficient Storage and Transport for Renewable Energy.","authors":"Huda S Alghamdi, Ahsan Ali, Afnan M Ajeebi, Abdesslem Jedidi, Mohammed Sanhoob, Mahbuba Aktary, A H Shabi, Mohammad Usman, Wasan Alghamdi, Shahad Alzahrani, Md Abdul Aziz, M Nasiruzzaman Shaikh","doi":"10.1002/tcr.202400082","DOIUrl":"10.1002/tcr.202400082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Restructuring the current energy industry towards sustainability requires transitioning from carbon based to renewable energy sources, reducing CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. Hydrogen, is considered a significant clean energy carrier. However, it faces challenges in transportation and storage due to its high reactivity, flammability, and low density under ambient conditions. Liquid organic hydrogen carriers offer a solution for storing hydrogen because they allow for the economical and practical storage of organic compounds in regular vessels through hydrogenation and dehydrogenation. This review evaluates several hydrogen technologies aimed at addressing the challenges associated with hydrogen transportation and its economic viablity. The discussion delves into exploring the catalysts and their activity in the context of catalysts' development. This review highlights the pivotal role of various catalyst materials in enhancing the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation activities of multiple LOHC systems, including benzene/cyclohexane, toluene/methylcyclohexane (MCH), N-ethylcarbazole (NEC)/dodecahydro-N-ethylcarbazole (H12-NEC), and dibenzyltoluene (DBT)/perhydrodibenzyltoluene (H18-DBT). By exploring the catalytic properties of noble metals, transition metals, and multimetallic catalysts, the review provides valuable insights into their design and optimization. Also, the discussion revolved around the implementation of a hydrogen economy on a global scale, with a particular focus on the plans pertaining to Saudi Arabia and the GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) countries. The review lays out the challenges this technology will face, including the need to increase its H<sub>2</sub> capacity, reduce energy consumption by providing solutions, and guarantee the thermal stability of the materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":10046,"journal":{"name":"Chemical record","volume":" ","pages":"e202400082"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142388469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The demand for renewable energy sources has become more urgent due to climate change and environmental pollution. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) plays a crucial role in green energy sources. This article primarily explores the potential of using non-noble metals, such as transition and rare earth metals, to enhance the efficiency of the OER process. Due to their cost-effectiveness and unique electronic structure, these non-noble metals could be a game-changer in the field. 'Doping,' which is the process of adding a small amount of impurity to a material to alter its properties, and 'synergistic effects,' which refer to the combined effect of two or more elements that is greater than the sum of their individual effects, are two key concepts in this field. Transition and rare earth metals can reduce the overpotential, a measure of the excess potential required to drive a reaction, thus enhancing the OER process by engineering the electronic and surface molecular structure. This article summarizes the roles of various non-noble metals in the OER process and highlights opportunities for researchers to propose innovative ways to optimize the OER process.
由于气候变化和环境污染,对可再生能源的需求变得更加迫切。氧进化反应(OER)在绿色能源中发挥着至关重要的作用。本文主要探讨了使用过渡金属和稀土金属等非贵金属来提高氧进化反应过程效率的潜力。由于其成本效益和独特的电子结构,这些非贵金属可能会改变该领域的游戏规则。掺杂 "和 "协同效应 "是这一领域的两个关键概念。"掺杂 "是指在材料中添加少量杂质,以改变其特性;"协同效应 "是指两种或两种以上元素的综合效应大于其单独效应的总和。过渡金属和稀土金属可以降低过电位,过电位是衡量驱动反应所需的过剩电位的一个指标,因此可以通过对电子和表面分子结构进行工程设计来增强 OER 过程。本文总结了各种非贵金属在 OER 过程中的作用,并强调了研究人员提出优化 OER 过程的创新方法的机会。
{"title":"Recent Progress in Non-Noble Metal Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction: A Focus on Transition and Rare-Earth Elements.","authors":"Jala Bib Khan, Yuan-Chang Liang","doi":"10.1002/tcr.202400151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.202400151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The demand for renewable energy sources has become more urgent due to climate change and environmental pollution. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) plays a crucial role in green energy sources. This article primarily explores the potential of using non-noble metals, such as transition and rare earth metals, to enhance the efficiency of the OER process. Due to their cost-effectiveness and unique electronic structure, these non-noble metals could be a game-changer in the field. 'Doping,' which is the process of adding a small amount of impurity to a material to alter its properties, and 'synergistic effects,' which refer to the combined effect of two or more elements that is greater than the sum of their individual effects, are two key concepts in this field. Transition and rare earth metals can reduce the overpotential, a measure of the excess potential required to drive a reaction, thus enhancing the OER process by engineering the electronic and surface molecular structure. This article summarizes the roles of various non-noble metals in the OER process and highlights opportunities for researchers to propose innovative ways to optimize the OER process.</p>","PeriodicalId":10046,"journal":{"name":"Chemical record","volume":" ","pages":"e202400151"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142496102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Break-in or conditioning phase of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack plays a crucial role in the final performance as well as durability. The cover picture shows the effects of break-in with a before and after comparison of the catalyst layer on a submicron scale. This process is deconvoluted into several different mechanisms that may have either beneficial or detrimental effect on PEMFC stack. More details can be found in the article by Mitja Kostelec, Matija Gatalo and Nejc Hodnik (DOl: 10.1002/tcr.202400114