Chemical record最新文献

The value of caricatures for the understanding of the history of sciences, particularly chemistry, has long been recognized by general historians. The most striking and rare contemporary and ancient caricatures of some famous chemists whose names have entered the annals of chemistry have been collected in this manuscript. The purpose of this article is to show that a caricature can not only make you smile, but also throw light on the substantive content of scientific concepts, hypotheses, and discussions on the most important problems and challenges of different periods.

By mimicking artificial photosynthesis, utilizing abundant solar energy to directly convert CO₂ into renewable fuels or high-value chemicals offers a promising approach to tackle energy scarcity and global warming. Porphyrins and their derivatives, renowned for their unique conjugated structures and adaptable metal active sites, facilitate the reversible transformation of light, electrical, and chemical energy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in porphyrin-based materials, from molecular structures to framework systems, emphasizing strategies to enhance photocatalytic CO₂ conversion. Initially, the principles and distinctive attributes of porphyrin-based photocatalysis for CO₂ reduction are outlined, highlighting recent innovations in porphyrin molecular engineering to boost light absorption, charge separation, and catalytic efficiency. Then, porphyrin-based molecular heterogeneous photocatalytic systems are explored, which merge the advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts for CO₂ reduction, including porphyrin-based covalent organic frameworks, metal–organic frameworks, and covalent organic polymers. Finally, future research directions, emphasizing the optimization of porphyrin structures, the exploration of new photocatalytic mechanisms, and the integration of porphyrin-based materials into practical devices for efficient CO₂ conversion are discussed. This review aims to offer fresh perspectives on the application of porphyrin-based materials in photocatalytic CO₂ reduction, inspiring innovative strategies in energy conversion.

Phenothiazine is a very useful heterocyclic compound with applications in drugs, dyes, and electronic industries. Because of the presence of electron-rich sulfur and nitrogen atoms in its core, phenothiazines are strong electron donors and form charge-transfer salts with many acceptors. Phenothiazines are involved in fast and reversible electron transfer reactions and have been used as photoactive materials in organic light-emitting devices and solar cells. Phenothiazine possesses several active positions on its core where different functional groups have been introduced, and several useful phenothiazine derivatives have been synthesized for various applications. In recent times, attention has been directed toward synthesis of phenothiazine unit(s) as a part of a macrocyclic framework because of their interesting photophysical and redox properties and their potential applications in different fields. Thus, various phenothiazine-embedded macrocyclesa such as calix[n]phenothiazines, phenothiazine-based imine-bridged macrocycles, phenothiazine-based cyclophanes, phenothiazine-based crown ethers, cyclic phenothiaizine arrays, phenothiazine-embedded porphyrinoids, and so on have been synthesized in recent years and exploited their structure and physicochemical properties. In this review, synthesis, structure, and properties of various types of phenothiazine-embedded macrocycles has been described with a hope of stimulating further research on phenothiazine containing macrocycles and their use for a wide range of potential applications.

Indole and its derivatives represent a crucial class of heterocyclic compounds with broad applications in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science. The indole core is a fundamental structural motif in numerous biologically active natural products, including alkaloids, as well as synthetic molecules exhibiting diverse pharmacological properties such as anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities. This review concisely addresses the biosynthesis of the indole nucleus and highlights several noteworthy derivatives, including tryptophan, indigo, and indole-3-carbinol, among others. It explores the chemistry of indole derivatives, emphasizing their multidisciplinary relevance, and substantial impact across various fields of scientific research. Furthermore, the review discusses both classical and contemporary synthetic methodologies for constructing the indole framework, with an emphasis on sustainable approaches aligned with green chemistry principles.

This review briefly and systematically overviews C–H and N–H functionalization reactions of pyrazoles, aimed at creating new CC and Cheteroatom bonds on the pyrazole ring. It discusses various strategies, including traditional cross-coupling reactions that necessitate prefunctionalized pyrazoles as well as direct functionalization reactions, which offer a more efficient approach to obtaining a diverse array of functionalized derivatives in only one step.

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) presents a significant challenge in developing electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems. Although non-noble metals exhibit commendable OER activity, their widespread application is often constrained by stability issues and elevated costs for large-scale deployment. As a result, the focus is shifting from non-noble metals to metal-free catalysts, which offer both abundance and effective catalytic performance. Metal-free catalysts, including carbon-based materials and polymers, typically demonstrate suboptimal catalytic activity in their pure forms. These materials are often doped with other metal-free substances to enhance their performance and modify their electronic structures, increasing the availability of active sites and facilitating improved electron flow for enhanced OER performance. This review examines the latest advancements in the creation of metal-free catalysts for OER and the associated challenges and opportunities within the expanding field of metal-free electrocatalysis. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of metal-free OER catalysts for researchers entering this dynamic study area.

The electrochemical reduction of CO₂ (ECO₂RR) has emerged as a promising route for converting CO₂ into value-added chemicals and fuels using renewable electricity. Among transition metals, copper uniquely enables the formation of C₁ and C₂ products, but it suffers from poor selectivity and stability in its monometallic form. This review explores recent advances in Cu–Zn and Cu–Bi bimetallic systems, emphasizing how their structural, electronic, and interfacial characteristics influence ECO₂RR pathways and product distribution. Mechanistic insights into active site behavior, alloying effects, and the role of surface facets are provided. Limitations such as catalyst degradation and scalability are critically discussed, including a comparing performance across different electrochemical cell configurations. Finally, design guidelines and future research directions are proposed to enhance Cu-based bimetallic catalysts’ selectivity, stability, and scalability for ECO₂RR.

The increasing global energy demand and the declining efficiency of conventional oil recovery methods underscore the urgency for advanced enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques. While chemical EOR enhances recovery, traditional surfactants face limitations such as high retention, thermal instability, and poor performance in high-salinity environments. Imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as a promising alternative due to their superior thermal stability, tunable interfacial properties, and potential for recyclability. This review evaluates their role in EOR, focusing on interfacial tension (IFT) reduction, wettability alteration, emulsification, viscosity control, and crude oil interactions. Long-chain ILs like [C₁₆mim][Br] achieve over 99.8% IFT reduction while improving rock wettability and dispersing asphaltenes—key for enhancing oil mobility and recovery. In addition to technical performance, the review addresses the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of ILs. Despite higher initial costs, their advancement in synthesis, lower consumption rates, reusability, and reduced ecological impact offer long-term advantages over conventional surfactants. Future directions include hybrid IL formulations, large-scale applications, and AI-assisted molecular design to optimize EOR efficiency across varied reservoir conditions.

Aptamers have emerged as promising therapeutic oligonucleotides (TOs) due to their structural adaptability, high binding affinity, and remarkable specificity toward diverse biological targets. Among them, G-quadruplex-forming aptamers stand out for their unique secondary structures and distinct chemical properties. Their potential in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's lies in their ability to inhibit protein aggregation and modulate pathogenic pathways. However, their application is hindered by enzymatic degradation and limited membrane permeability. To overcome these issues, chemical modifications, such as backbone and sugar alterations, and nanomaterial-based delivery strategies have been developed. Notably, clay nanoparticles, such as halloysite nanotubes and montmorillonite, have gained attention as effective carriers for TOs, enhancing their structural stability and bioavailability. This review discusses recent advancements in aptamer-based TOs, with a focus on G-quadruplex-forming oligonucleotides, their therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases, and innovative nanocarrier systems that can improve their stability and targeted delivery. Finally, it highlights current challenges and future directions in the chemical design and formulation of aptamer-based therapeutics for targeted applications.

This review article highlights the significant advances in the synthesis of dibenzo[b,f]oxepines over the past decade. Dibenzo[b,f]oxepines, important heterocyclic compounds, have attracted increasing interest due to their wide-ranging applications in medicinal chemistry and materials applications. The review addresses traditional approaches and recent developments, highlighting efficient synthetic strategies such as cross-coupling reactions, intramolecular cyclizations, and molecular diversification strategies. Additionally, the efficiency, selectivity, and sustainability of these methods are discussed. Emerging trends and future challenges in the synthesis of dibenzo[b,f]oxepines are also explored, including the search for more sustainable methods, the expansion of structural diversity, and the optimizing reaction conditions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in this field, providing valuable insights for researchers aiming to develop novel synthetic strategies and applications for dibenzo[b,f]oxepines.