Journal of Behavior, Health & Social Issues最新文献

The aim of this study was to assess the levels of work engagement in organizations located in Mexico City using standardized tests, and to determine its relationship with the occurrence of occupational burnout (OB), organizational socialization (OS), and psychological resilience. To a sample of 1110 employees, the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, the Organizational Socialization Inventory, the Occupational Burnout Scale, and the Mexican Resilience Scale were applied. A path analysis with structural equation modeling was carried out to determine the causal relationship between the different variables, specifically, we were interested to see if OS and resilience influence the levels of work engagement. Indeed, our model showed a good fit to the data and suggested that SO and resilience positively affected work engagement. On the contrary, all these measurements were diminished in OB cases, suggesting that work engagement casually decreased the probability of developing OB. These findings can be used to design effective interventions to prevent OB and promote positive behaviors such as work engagement.

This study evaluated the role of the exposure to different kinds of contingential arrays (non-shared individual, non-shared collective and shared) within the establishment and quality (in terms of its particular, general or strategic character) of the verbal exchanges that the experimental participants established, as well as its effect on the election of shared alternatives of partial altruism.

A virtual puzzle solving task was used, puzzles were displayed in two computers that could be or not connected on a network, depending on the experimental condition in turn. The experimental sequences were planned on a way where their fundamental difference resided on the exposure time to non-shared contingencies before the choice conditions between shared or non-shared contingencies of partial altruism, based on Ribes (2001) theorical-methodological framework for social behavior study from a psychological perspective. Participants were placed in the same or in different experimental rooms in order to achieve máximum control over their possibility or not to establish verbal exchanges of any kind and to be able to assess its effect on the choice of shared alternatives of partial altruism.

In general, it was found that the kind of contingency to which participants were exposed was directly related to the quality of the verbal exchanges thatthey established between them, and that the choice of shared alternatives of partial altruism was favored by the presence of verbal exchanges of strategic quality.

This study assessed the psychometric properties of the SOC-13 scale in a sample of 448 Peruvian college students aged 18-29 years old. Internal consistency reliability was estimated; criterion validity and factor structure analysis were also analyzed. Cronbach's alpha for the full scale was .80. The dimensional structure of the SOC was evaluated by means of Multidimensional Scaling and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The former assessed goodness of fit of two proposed structure models namely a one factor solution against a three factor solution. An acceptable model fit was found for the three-factor solution (RMSEA = 0.06, CFI = .92). SOC Correlations with Mental and Physical Health were r = .59, p < .001 and r = .40, p < .001 respectively. The SOC-13 scale showed appropriate psychometric properties regarding internal consistency, criterion validity and factor structure when tested in this Peruvian sample. Limitations were due to strong homogeneity within the sample, age range and non-representative sample size for all Peruvian population. Future studies should focus on further analyzing the SOC-13 structure and the ability of all items to properly measure Sense of Coherence in Peruvian young adults.

Depression is a major public health problem in children and adolescents, which makes the identification and implementation of effective interventions an increasing concern. Therefore, the main aim of this article is to discuss theoretically different psychological interventions for depression. In particular, those focused on psychopathology and depressive symptom reduction and the new interventions based on the positive psychology approach, which focus on optimal functioning and wellbeing. Empirically supported interventions for children and adolescents, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT), have focus on symptom reduction, which represents an incomplete vision of youth functioning. In contrast, interventions based on positive psychology promote a more balanced approach that takes into consideration the negative and positive aspects of experience and aims to enhance well-being. We present and discuss new interventions, such as the Optimal Functioning Therapy for Adolescents, which suggest that the focus of interventions for depressed adolescents should integrate symptom reduction and well-being enhancement to achieve optimal functioning. Helping young people be happier and more engaged in their lives is part of a new perspective for clinical psychology practice.

The multidisciplinary approach of gender has been stalled by a lack of precision and conceptual clarity, including category errors as they are known from a rylean perspective, taking concepts that belongs to a given scope (i.e. psychology) trying to extrapolate them to analyze a phenomena that belongs to another area of knowledge (i.e. sociology). We argue in favor of clarity defining the different facets of the study of gender. An interbehavioral approach emphasizes individual adjustment to the conventions of gender, suggesting that the analysis of the interaction between gender and risk-taking behaviors related to health should involve identifying specific situational elements and relationships: macrocontingencies (i.e. conventions, values, beliefs) and microcontingencies (i.e. specific situation, people, dispositional factors). We conclude that the implementation of the analysis proposed here will facilitate the detection of risk-taking behaviors and the development of effective strategies for their prevention.

The present study assessed if the transfer of behavior depends on the functional complexity of the initial task. Four groups of college students were exposed to second-order matching-to-samples tasks and two kinds of transfer trials: intramodal/extrarelational and extramodal/extrarelational. Between groups, tasks differed in both conditionality relations (i.e., conditional discrimination versus simple discrimination) and response requirements (i.e., instrumental versus observational). The highest percentage of correct responses in transfer tests were observed for the group exposed to the conditional discrimination situation and the instrumental response requirement. Results are discussed in relation to previous experiments on the effects of intrasituational contingencies upon linguistically-regulated behavior and variability.

Studies about the psychological well-being in university’s housewife-teachers, particularly from the point of burnout, have been little studied. The evaluation of this relation can help to understand the phenomenon and bring some knowledge for prevent or decrease the presence of Burnout in future studies composed by similar groups. Objective: To describe the relationship between psychological well-being and burnout in a sample of university’s housewife-teachers. Methodology: Transversal study with 120 housewife-university teachers; previous informant consent, it was applied the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Riff scale of psychological well-being. The statistical analysis was made in SPSS version 20. The variables were analyzed with descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation were used for estimate the association. Results: It was found a significant correlation (p ≤ .01) between well-being and burnout, and some significant associations (p ≤ .05 and p ≤ .01) between the variables of the study and sociodemographic data. The results are discussed according to their implication on the construction of future prevention and rehabilitation programs.

The functional interaction of language active mode (pointing, speaking, and writing) and reactive mode (observing, listening, and reading) were evaluated in a second-order conditional discrimination process. Two experiments were planned in which the relative effectiveness of each linguistic mode was compared, both within and between subjects, with or without the corresponding reactive mode. Twenty-four children’s of both sexes aged 8 to 12 experimentally naïve participated in the experiments. These were conducted in a test/post-test design in three learning sequences and transfer tests. The results showed the highest percentages of correct responses in matching during acquisition, maintenance and transference, when feedback was used. The highest translativity was observed from writing to speaking. The acquisition differences on conditional discrimination depend on the linguistic response mode and the absence or presence of the reactive feedback.

The aims of this paper were to describe the distribution of the Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay men scale (ATLG; Herek, 1984), estimate the percentages of rejection, and provide evidence regarding its concurrent validity. An incidental sample of 452 undergraduate students of health sciences was collected. The distribution of ATLG total score fitted to a normal distribution. The percentage of rejection was 18% (including 3% extreme rejection). The correlation between the ATLG total score and a homophobia scale was positive and with a large effect size. Male participants showed higher scores of open rejection toward gay men than female participants. The means of ATLG total score were higher in heterosexuals than non-heterosexuals, and in persons not having homosexual friends or relatives than in persons who did have, and in students who had started their couple sexual life than in those who had not. Hence, validity evidences were found. It is recommended the use of ATLG scale in Mexico.

The study of social phobia is gradually increasing, arguing association between social phobia and multiple measures of dysfunction. After institutional approval, and in accordance with the ethical principles required for social research, socio-demographic data, measurements of social anxiety and alcohol consumption pattern, were obtained from 3164 Mexican adolescents volunteers (men and women) ages 12-18 years ($\overline{x}=14.7,SD1.7$), in different school schedule (morning or afternoon) and with record of their extracurricular activities” (to participate or not in sports, arts and been involved or not in a dating relationship). The participants were divided into two groups, according to the score on the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents: high (n = 524) ($\overline{x}=44.2,SD=5.7$), and low (n = 2640)($\overline{x}=25.9,SD=5.8$), degree of social anxiety. Also, their levels of alcohol consumption were compared. The results of the study showed that: In contrast to the suggested by the literature in adults, the pattern of alcohol consumption in adolescents of low social anxiety group and the high social anxiety group, did not presented statistically significant differences (X² = 1.201, gl = 2, p = .361). A likely explanation of these reported differences in drinking among socially anxious and not socially anxious adults, is that they occur only in certain variants of social phobia, or maybe, it requires other mediating variables between social phobia and alcohol abuse.