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Aerosol-Assisted CVD of Bismuth Vanadate Thin Films and Their Photoelectrochemical Properties† 气溶胶辅助钒酸铋薄膜的CVD及其光电化学性质
Pub Date : 2015-01-07 DOI: 10.1002/cvde.201407142
Paul Brack, Jagdeep S. Sagu, T. A. Nirmal Peiris, Andrew McInnes, Mauro Senili, K. G. Upul Wijayantha, Frank Marken, Elena Selli
Thin film bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) photoelectrodes are prepared by aerosol-assisted (AA)CVD for the first time on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates. The BiVO4 photoelectrodes are characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (RS), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and are found to consist of phase-pure monoclinic BiVO4. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows that the thin film is uniform with a porous structure, and consists of particles approximately 75−125 nm in diameter. The photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties of the BiVO4 photoelectrodes are studied in aqueous 1 M Na2SO4 and show photocurrent densities of 0.4 mA cm−2, and a maximum incident-photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (IPCE) of 19% at 1.23 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). BiVO4 photoelectrodes prepared by this method are thus highly promising for use in PEC water-splitting cells.
首次采用气溶胶辅助(AA)气相沉积(CVD)技术在掺氟氧化锡(FTO)玻璃衬底上制备了钒酸铋(BiVO4)薄膜光电极。通过x射线衍射(XRD),拉曼光谱(RS)和能量色散x射线(EDX)光谱对BiVO4光电极进行了表征,发现其由相纯单斜BiVO4组成。扫描电镜(SEM)分析表明,该薄膜具有均匀的多孔结构,由直径约75 ~ 125 nm的颗粒组成。在1 M Na2SO4水溶液中研究了BiVO4光电极的光电化学(PEC)性能,其光电流密度为0.4 mA cm−2,与可逆氢电极(RHE)相比,在1.23 V时入射光子到电子的最大转换效率(IPCE)为19%。因此,用这种方法制备的BiVO4光电极在PEC水分解电池中具有很高的应用前景。
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引用次数: 51
3D CFD Simulations: Effect of Operation Parameters on the Deposition of Photocatalytic TiO2 Nanoparticles by MOCVD 三维CFD模拟:操作参数对MOCVD沉积光催化TiO2纳米粒子的影响
Pub Date : 2015-01-07 DOI: 10.1002/cvde.201407127
Siti Hajar Othman, Suraya Abdul Rashid, Tinia Idaty Mohd. Ghazi, Norhafizah Abdullah

A 3-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation study on the effect of temperature and carrier-gas flow rate on the deposition of photocatalytic titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles by metal-organic (MO)CVD is presented. The model predicts the temperature, velocity, mass fraction of reactants and products, kinetic rate of reaction, and surface deposition rate profiles. Increasing temperature and reducing carrier gas flow rate increases the deposition rate and hence the amount of nanoparticles produced. Unlike carrier-gas flow rate, temperature is significant in determining the rate of surface deposition. Simulation results are validated by experiments whenever possible due to limited data. Decent agreement between experiment and simulation supports the reliability of the simulation.

采用三维计算流体力学(CFD)模拟研究了温度和载气流速对金属有机气相沉积光催化二氧化钛(TiO2)纳米颗粒的影响。该模型预测了温度、速度、反应物和产物的质量分数、反应的动力学速率和表面沉积速率分布。升高温度和降低载气流速会增加沉积速率,从而增加纳米颗粒的产量。与载气流速不同,温度是决定表面沉积速率的重要因素。由于数据有限,仿真结果尽可能通过实验进行验证。实验结果与仿真结果吻合较好,支持了仿真结果的可靠性。
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引用次数: 1
An Investigation into, and Improvement of, the Non-uniformity of the Flow Field caused by the Pumping Effect in a Stagnation Flow CVD Reactor 滞流CVD反应器中泵送效应引起的流场不均匀性的研究与改进
Pub Date : 2015-01-02 DOI: 10.1002/cvde.201407141
Mei-Jiau Huang, Chien-Chou Weng

To deposit a film with uniform thickness, flow rectifiers are often used in a CVD reactor. Despite the effectiveness of these rectifiers, some degree of flow non-uniformity persists within the reaction chamber, due to variations in the flow and buoyancy effects. Here, the non-uniformity caused by the non-axisymmetric pumping system, specifically a single and non-annular pumping outlet, is investigated. A pumping liner, which directs the fluid mixture through embedded channels into a ring chamber connected to the pumping outlet, is used to improve flow uniformity. The flow resistance associated with each component in the pumping system is analyzed, then two carefully designed pumping liners, the channels of which either have non-uniform radii or are unevenly spaced, are proposed. The pumping effect is balanced through the non-uniform channel flow resistances, giving an axisymmetric flow field in the reaction chamber. This balance is confirmed in simulations.

为了沉积均匀厚度的薄膜,通常在CVD反应器中使用流动整流器。尽管这些整流器是有效的,但由于流动和浮力效应的变化,在反应室内仍然存在一定程度的流动不均匀性。本文研究了非轴对称泵送系统,特别是单个和非环形泵送出口引起的非均匀性。泵送衬管通过嵌入的通道引导流体混合物进入与泵送出口相连的环形腔室,以改善流动均匀性。分析了泵送系统中各部件的流动阻力,提出了两种精心设计的泵送衬管,其通道半径不均匀或间距不均匀。泵送效应通过不均匀的通道流动阻力得到平衡,在反应室内形成轴对称流场。这种平衡在模拟中得到了证实。
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引用次数: 2
Growth of a Carbon Micro- and Nanocoils Mixture using NiSO4 as the Catalyst Precursor 以NiSO4为催化剂前驱体生长碳微纳米线圈混合物
Pub Date : 2015-01-02 DOI: 10.1002/cvde.201407144
Ruixue Cui, Dawei Li, Xin Fu, Muhammad Asif, Lujun Pan

A mixture of carbon micro- and nanocoils (CMCs/CNCs) is synthesized by catalytic pyrolysis of acetylene at 650 °C using NiSO4 as the catalyst precursor. The morphology of the grown product is analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Experimental results indicate that, in general, the CMCs are in double-helical form, while most of the grown CNCs are in twisted single-helical form. The coil diameters of CMCs and CNCs are approximately 4 to 10 mm and 300 to 400 nm, respectively. Raman spectra indicate that the real active catalyst precursor for growing CMCs/CNCs is NiSO4, while NiO is not an effective catalyst precursor for synthesizing CMCs or CNCs.

以NiSO4为催化剂前驱体,在650℃催化裂解乙炔,合成了碳微线圈和纳米线圈的混合物。用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了生长产物的形貌。实验结果表明,体外培养的碳纳米管呈双螺旋结构,而大部分碳纳米管呈扭曲单螺旋结构。cmc和cnc的线圈直径分别约为4至10毫米和300至400纳米。拉曼光谱表明,生长cmc / cnc的真正活性前驱体是NiSO4,而NiO不是合成cmc或cnc的有效催化剂前驱体。
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引用次数: 5
Deposition of Iridium Thin Films on Three-Dimensional Structures With PE-MOCVD 用PE-MOCVD在三维结构上沉积铱薄膜
Pub Date : 2015-01-02 DOI: 10.1002/cvde.201407133
Chia-Pin Yeh, Marco Lisker, Jürgen Bläsing, Oleksandr Khorkhordin, Bodo Kalkofen, Edmund P. Burte

Iridium thin films are deposited on sub-micrometer three-dimensional trench structures by plasma-enhanced metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (PE-MOCVD). The iridium precursor used in this study is (ethylcyclopentadienyl)(1,5-cyclooctadiene)iridium [Ir (EtCp)(1,5-COD)]. Various process conditions at substrate temperatures from 300 °C to 450 °C, with and without plasma enhancement, are investigated and compared. Crystal structure of the deposited iridium films is analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Step coverage of the deposited iridium films on three-dimensional trench structures is analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Surface morphology is quantitatively evaluated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the electrical resistivity of the deposited Ir films is measured by the four-point probe method.

采用等离子体增强金属有机化学气相沉积(PE-MOCVD)技术在亚微米三维沟槽结构上沉积铱薄膜。本研究使用的铱前体为(乙基环戊二烯基)(1,5-环戊二烯)铱[Ir (EtCp)(1,5- cod)]。在衬底温度从300°C到450°C的不同工艺条件下,研究和比较了有无等离子体增强。用x射线衍射(XRD)分析了沉积铱薄膜的晶体结构。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了沉积铱膜在三维沟槽结构上的台阶覆盖度。用原子力显微镜(AFM)定量评价了表面形貌,用四点探针法测量了沉积Ir薄膜的电阻率。
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引用次数: 5
Doped Polycrystalline Silicon Thin Films Deposited on Glass from Trichlorosilane** 三氯硅烷在玻璃上沉积掺杂多晶硅薄膜**
Pub Date : 2015-01-02 DOI: 10.1002/cvde.201407139
Ariel G. Benvenuto, Román H. Buitrago, Javier A. Schmidt

Atmospheric pressure (AP) thermal CVD is used to deposit thin poly-Si films on glass substrates. Also produced are heterojunction solar cells carrying out the deposition on c-Si wafers. A batch-type hot-wall reactor, employing SiHCl3 as a precursor, H2 as a carrier and reaction gas, BBr3 as a p-type doping agent, and PCl3 as a n-type doping agent, is used. The films obtained are homogeneous and well-adhered to the substrate. Samples are structurally characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), reflectance spectroscopy in the UV-vis region, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy (RS). The electrical characterization includes conductivity measurements as a function of temperature, and Hall effect measurements. For the p-doped samples, XRD reveals a strong (220) preferential orientation of the films, while the n-doped samples lack columnar structure or preferential orientation. RS and UV-reflectance confirm a high crystalline fraction. Dark conductivity measurements as a function of temperature show that the films can be grown intrinsic, p-type or n-type. Activation energies between 0.61 and ∼0 eV are obtained, with reasonable values for the carrier mobilities. For the solar cells, relatively high values of VOC(∼507 mV) and JSC (∼29.6 mA cm−2) are measured. In conclusion, these results demonstrate the feasibility of directly depositing doped poly-Si thin films on glass and c-Si substrates at intermediate temperatures, with interesting characteristics for photovoltaic applications.

常压(AP)热气相沉积(CVD)用于在玻璃衬底上沉积薄的多晶硅薄膜。在c-Si晶片上进行沉积的异质结太阳能电池也被生产出来。采用SiHCl3为前驱体,H2为载体和反应气体,BBr3为p型掺杂剂,PCl3为n型掺杂剂的间歇式热壁反应器。所得到的薄膜是均匀的,并且很好地粘附在基材上。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、紫外-可见区反射光谱、x射线衍射(XRD)和拉曼光谱(RS)对样品进行了结构表征。电学特性包括作为温度函数的电导率测量和霍尔效应测量。对于p掺杂样品,XRD显示薄膜具有很强的(220)择优取向,而n掺杂样品则缺乏柱状结构或择优取向。RS和uv反射率证实了高结晶率。暗电导率随温度的变化表明,薄膜可以生长为本征型、p型或n型。得到的活化能在0.61 ~ ~ 0 eV之间,具有合理的载流子迁移率值。对于太阳能电池,测量到相对较高的VOC(~ 507 mV)和JSC (~ 29.6 mA cm−2)。总之,这些结果证明了在中间温度下直接在玻璃和c-Si衬底上沉积掺杂多晶硅薄膜的可行性,并具有光伏应用的有趣特性。
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引用次数: 3
Barrier Strain and Carbon Incorporation-Engineered Performance Improvements for AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors** 氮化镓/氮化镓高电子迁移率晶体管的势垒应变和碳掺入工程性能改进**
Pub Date : 2014-12-18 DOI: 10.1002/cvde.201407100
Tien Tung Luong, Yen Teng Ho, Binh Tinh Tran, Yuen Yee Woong, Edward Yi Chang

The improvements in electrical characteristics of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) grown using metal-organic (MO)CVD by engineering structure, barrier strain, and unintentional carbon incorporation, are demonstrated in this work. Both normal HEMT structure (with a high temperature (HT) AlN buffer) and advanced HEMT structure (with a high-low-high temperature (HLHT) AlN buffer, and a HT AlN interlayer (IL)) present a breakdown voltage higher than 200 V, while a much smaller breakdown voltage of 17 V is measured on the conventional structure using a low-temperature GaN buffer. The HT AlN IL inserted in the middle of the conventional HEMT structure introduces a reduction in the tension of the AlGaN barrier, which results in an improvement of the surface morphology (0.46 nm). As a consequence, the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) mobility increases by remarkable 46% (1900 cm2 V−1 s−1). The HLHT AlN buffer, substituting for the HT AlN buffer, leads to the enhancement of GaN crystalline quality, which contributes to the performance improvement for HEMTs. The advanced HEMT, using both an AlN IL and an HLHT AlN buffer, produces increases in the DC maximum drain current by 35.5% (∼680 A mm−1), and in the transconductance by 15% (114 mS mm−1) in comparison with the normal HEMT with an AlN buffer. The very low leakage current in the advanced HEMTs is caused by optimizing the design of the buffer and modifying growth parameters. Lastly, the reduction of AlGaN barrier tensile strain by inserting the HT AlN IL is promising for an improvement in AlGaN/GaN HEMT reliability.

通过工程结构、势垒应变和无意碳掺入,证明了利用金属有机(MO)CVD生长的AlGaN/GaN高电子迁移率晶体管(hemt)的电学特性得到了改善。普通HEMT结构(带有高温(HT) AlN缓冲器)和先进HEMT结构(带有高-低高温(HLHT) AlN缓冲器和高温AlN中间层(IL))的击穿电压均高于200 V,而在使用低温GaN缓冲器的传统结构上测量到的击穿电压要小得多,为17 V。插入到传统HEMT结构中间的HT AlN IL降低了AlGaN势垒的张力,从而改善了表面形貌(0.46 nm)。结果,二维电子气(2DEG)迁移率显著提高了46% (1900 cm2 V−1 s−1)。hht AlN缓冲液取代了hht AlN缓冲液,提高了GaN的晶体质量,从而提高了hemt的性能。与使用AlN缓冲器的普通HEMT相比,使用AlN IL和HLHT AlN缓冲器的先进HEMT产生的直流最大漏极电流增加了35.5% (~ 680 A mm−1),跨导增加了15% (114 mS mm−1)。先进hemt的极低漏电流是通过优化缓冲器设计和调整生长参数实现的。最后,通过插入HT AlN IL来降低AlGaN势垒拉伸应变,有望提高AlGaN/GaN HEMT的可靠性。
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引用次数: 8
Chem. Vap. Deposition (10–11–12/2014) Chem.Vap.沉积 (10-11-12/2014)
Pub Date : 2014-12-11 DOI: 10.1002/cvde.201471013
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引用次数: 0
Chem. Vap. Deposition (10–11–12/2014) Chem.Vap.沉积 (10-11-12/2014)
Pub Date : 2014-12-11 DOI: 10.1002/cvde.201471012
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引用次数: 0
Cover image from Jones and co-workers (Chem. Vap. Deposition 2010, 16, 257) 封面图片来自 Jones 及其合作者(Chem.)
Pub Date : 2014-12-11 DOI: 10.1002/cvde.201471011

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引用次数: 0
期刊
Chemical Vapor Deposition
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