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Effect of applying phase change materials (PCM) in building facades on reducing energy consumption 在建筑外墙应用相变材料（PCM）对降低能耗的影响

Next Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2024.100210

Houra Nasr Azadani , Amirreza Ardekani

Since fossil fuels are limited and there is an increasing demand for energy consumption, energy conservation and reducing consumption have become significant challenges. Applying phase change materials (PCM) for latent thermal energy storage (TES) systems is an effective method for energy conservation that has been widely considered in recent years. The building facade has the highest capacity for conserving or wasting energy due to its vast exposure to the environment. As a result, a change in attitude toward designing and constructing facades is considered a necessity since it is one of the key elements of building design. One approach to prevent materials from leaching from a structure where PCMs are incorporated is encapsulating and blending them with a suitable polymer. Choosing a PCM with suitable melting temperature, a polymer compatible with this material as a preserver and the best percentage of PCM in the polymer are key components. In this paper, the goal has been investigated through a 2-step process, including experimental and simulation phases. First, the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the PCM in the mixture with poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) for heat protection has been studied. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurement techniques were employed to study and determine the melting points of the samples and the mixed substructures. The results show that the best percentage for PEG in this research is 60%. In the second phase, to study the effect of polymers carrying the PCMs on the building’s energy consumption, a 5-story building with PCMs applied to its facade was simulated in EnergyPlus software. The annual heating and cooling loads of the building in each situation were then calculated. The results of the simulation and modeling shows that applying the PCMs will ultimately lead to a 40% decrease in heating load and 15% decrease in cooling load of the building.

由于化石燃料有限，而能源消耗需求日益增长，节能降耗已成为重大挑战。将相变材料（PCM）应用于潜热蓄能（TES）系统是近年来被广泛考虑的一种有效节能方法。由于建筑外墙暴露在环境中的面积巨大，因此其节约或浪费能源的能力最强。因此，由于外墙是建筑设计的关键要素之一，因此有必要改变对外墙设计和施工的态度。防止材料从含有 PCM 的结构中渗出的一种方法是将 PCM 与合适的聚合物进行封装和混合。选择具有合适熔化温度的 PCM、与这种材料兼容的聚合物作为防腐剂以及聚合物中 PCM 的最佳比例都是关键要素。本文分两步对这一目标进行了研究，包括实验和模拟阶段。首先，研究了聚乙二醇（PEG）作为 PCM 与聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）混合物的热保护效果。采用差示扫描量热法（DSC）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）测量技术研究并确定了样品和混合子结构的熔点。结果表明，本研究中 PEG 的最佳比例为 60%。在第二阶段，为了研究携带 PCM 的聚合物对建筑能耗的影响，我们在 EnergyPlus 软件中模拟了一栋外墙使用 PCM 的 5 层建筑。然后计算了建筑物在各种情况下的年供热和制冷负荷。模拟和建模结果表明，使用 PCMs 最终将使建筑物的供热负荷减少 40%，制冷负荷减少 15%。

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引用次数: 0

Humidity resistive coating strategy of perovskite film for cost-effective perovskite solar cells 高性价比过氧化物太阳能电池用过氧化物薄膜的防潮涂层策略

Next Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2024.100211

Lindong Liu , Helin Wang , Fu Yang

Despite the impressive photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the perovskite layer is susceptible to moisture and prone to degradation in humid atmospheres during the fabrication and operation process. This vulnerability stems from humidity, which is a primary factor contributing to perovskite instability and can disrupt the film growth kinetics, ultimately impacting the morphology of the film and the device's performance. To address this challenge, many researchers have opted to fabricate PSCs inside nitrogen or argon-filled glove boxes to eliminate moisture. However, this approach escalates manufacturing costs and impedes the large-scale production of PSCs. Consequently, efforts have been directed toward fabricating PSCs in high-humidity environments to investigate perovskite crystal growth kinetics, enhance the morphological properties, and bolster the stability of the perovskite film. This review underscores the modifications implemented in perovskite precursor solution and fabrication methods to advance the development of efficient PSCs under humid atmospheres. Additionally, it outlines the challenges associated with realizing the high-humidity fabrication of PSCs for commercialization.

尽管透辉石太阳能电池（PSC）的光伏性能令人印象深刻，但在制造和运行过程中，透辉石层容易受潮，在潮湿的环境中容易降解。这种脆弱性源于湿度，湿度是导致包晶体不稳定的主要因素，会破坏薄膜的生长动力学，最终影响薄膜的形态和设备的性能。为了应对这一挑战，许多研究人员选择在充满氮气或氩气的手套箱内制造 PSC，以消除湿气。然而，这种方法会增加制造成本，阻碍 PSC 的大规模生产。因此，人们开始致力于在高湿度环境中制造 PSC，以研究包晶晶体生长动力学、提高形态特性并增强包晶薄膜的稳定性。本综述强调了为推动潮湿环境下高效 PSC 的开发而对包晶前驱体溶液和制造方法所做的修改。此外，它还概述了与实现高湿度制造 PSCs 商业化相关的挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Development of nitrogen and phosphorus dual-doped reduced graphene oxide from waste plastic for supercapacitor applications: Comparative electrochemical performance in different electrolytes 利用废塑料开发氮磷双掺杂还原氧化石墨烯，用于超级电容器：不同电解质中的电化学性能比较

Next Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2024.100209

Kundan Singh Rawat , Chetna Tewari , Tanuja Arya , Young Nam Kim , Prabhat Pant , Satish Sati , Sunil Dhali , Pushpa Bhakuni Negi , Yong Chae Jung , Nanda Gopal Sahoo

The persistent non-biodegradable nature of plastic highlights the urgent need for effective waste management and resource conservation, underscoring the crucial importance of recycling and upcycling within a cradle-to-cradle framework. This research introduces an eco-friendly and straightforward upcycling process for plastic waste, which produces significant quantities of reduced graphene oxide through a carefully designed 2-stage pyrolysis method. To enhance the electrochemical properties of the reduced graphene oxide, they were doped with heteroatoms (i.e. nitrogen and phosphorus) via a hydrothermal route. Also, as the nature of the electrolyte plays a significant role in electrochemical analysis, a comparative evaluation of the supercapacitive performance of the heteroatom-doped reduced graphene oxide was conducted across various aqueous electrolytes, including 1 M H₂SO₄, 6 M KOH, and 2 M KCl, as well as hydrogel polymer electrolytes such as 1 M H₂SO₄/1 M PVA, 2 M KCl/1 M PVA, and 6 M KOH/1 M PVA. Our results demonstrate that synthesized material from waste plastic exhibits excellent performance, particularly when combined with a 1 M H₂SO₄ electrolyte, achieving the highest specific capacitance of 407.6 F/g. In conclusion, this study presents a cost-effective and sustainable approach to promoting a circular economy by repurposing waste plastic for energy storage applications.

塑料的持久不可降解性凸显了对有效废物管理和资源保护的迫切需求，强调了在 "从摇篮到摇篮 "框架内进行回收和升级再循环的重要性。本研究介绍了一种环保、简单的塑料废弃物升级再循环工艺，通过精心设计的两阶段热解方法产生大量还原氧化石墨烯。为了增强还原氧化石墨烯的电化学特性，通过水热法掺杂了杂原子（即氮和磷）。此外，由于电解质的性质在电化学分析中起着重要作用，我们对掺杂杂原子的还原型氧化石墨烯在各种水性电解质（包括 1 M H2SO4、6 M KOH 和 2 M KCl）以及水凝胶聚合物电解质（如 1 M H2SO4/1 M PVA、2 M KCl/1 M PVA 和 6 M KOH/1 M PVA）中的超级电容器性能进行了比较评估。我们的研究结果表明，从废塑料中合成的材料表现出卓越的性能，尤其是与 1 M H2SO4 电解质结合使用时，比电容最高，达到 407.6 F/g。总之，这项研究提出了一种具有成本效益和可持续发展的方法，通过将废塑料重新用于储能应用来促进循环经济。

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引用次数: 0

Calculating the impact of replacing legacy batteries with standardized lithium-ion versions in defense aircraft 计算在国防飞机上用标准化锂离子电池取代传统电池的影响

Next Energy

Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2024.100208

Brandon J. Hopkins, Fernando T. Tavares

The U.S. Department of Defense may replace custom legacy batteries with standardized lithium-ion versions to modernize many systems including defense aircraft. Lithium-ion outcompetes legacy batteries such as lead-acid and nickel–cadmium in numerous metrics, and battery standardization simplifies supply chains and logistics and cuts cost by leveraging economies of scale. While many intuit that battery standardization using lithium-ion cells will reduce defense cost, few are able to quantify potential savings. Here, we present a method for creating battery standardization plans for defense aircraft and provide a techno-economic model to calculate the total capital cost associated with each plan. Using these tools, we find strategies that may save $92 M in capital cost, reduce supply-chain complexity by 72%, and cut carbon emissions by 75%. We notably show that different standardization plans can yield dramatically different total capital cost values.

美国国防部可能会用标准化的锂离子电池取代定制的传统电池，以实现包括国防飞机在内的许多系统的现代化。锂离子电池在许多指标上都优于铅酸电池和镍镉电池等传统电池，而且电池标准化可简化供应链和物流，并通过利用规模经济降低成本。虽然许多人都认为使用锂离子电池的电池标准化将降低国防成本，但很少有人能量化潜在的节约。在此，我们提出了一种为国防飞机制定电池标准化计划的方法，并提供了一个技术经济模型，用于计算与每个计划相关的总资本成本。利用这些工具，我们找到了可节省 9200 万美元资本成本、将供应链复杂性降低 72% 并将碳排放量减少 75% 的策略。值得注意的是，我们发现不同的标准化计划会产生截然不同的总资本成本值。

引用次数: 0

Exploring semisolid liquid metal anode for lithium-ion battery 探索用于锂离子电池的半固态液态金属阳极

Next Energy

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2024.100206

Pisong Cui , Huimin Liu , Xunyong Jiang

Due to their high surface tension and mobility, liquid metals present a challenge for direct coating onto current collectors. Herein, the researchers prepared a semisolid liquid metal by mixing GaInSn liquid metal with copper particle fillers. This semisolid liquid metal's viscosity is suitable for coating and strongly bonding with the current collector without a binder. Though promising, the lithium storage performance of such semisolid liquid metals has remained largely unexplored. The electrodes displayed favorable electrical conductivity and a high initial discharge capacity of 214 mAh g⁻¹. Their discharge process involved a self-healing mechanism through the liquid-state transformation of the active component, analogous to metallic liquid systems. This work overcame the persistent liquid metal coating difficulty by modulating viscosity while revealing their notable lithium storage capabilities.

由于液态金属具有较高的表面张力和流动性，在集电极上直接镀膜是一项挑战。为此，研究人员将 GaInSn 液态金属与铜颗粒填料混合，制备出一种半固态液态金属。这种半固态液态金属的粘度适合涂覆，并能在不使用粘合剂的情况下与电流收集器牢固结合。虽然这种半固态液态金属的储锂性能前景广阔，但在很大程度上仍未得到开发。这些电极显示出良好的导电性和高达 214 mAh g-1 的初始放电容量。它们的放电过程涉及一种通过活性成分的液态转化进行自我修复的机制，类似于金属液态系统。这项研究通过调节粘度克服了长期存在的液态金属涂层难题，同时揭示了其显著的锂存储能力。

引用次数: 0

Integrating manganese oxide nanoparticles with functionalized carbon nanotubes on carbon cloth to serve as a stable anode for high-capacity Li-ion cells 在碳布上整合氧化锰纳米粒子和功能化碳纳米管，作为高容量锂离子电池的稳定阳极

Next Energy

Pub Date : 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2024.100207

Merin K. Wilson , Dhanya P. Jacob , Aldrin Antony , M.K. Jayaraj , S. Jayalekshmi

Globally, energy demands are massive, and environmental issues are rising against our sustainability. To maximize the use of renewable energy sources, development of efficient energy storage systems is mandatory. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) play an indispensable role in powering portable devices and electric vehicles, due to their high specific capacity and long cycle life. Manganese oxide (Mn₃O₄) is an environmentally friendly anode active material with high theoretical specific capacity of 936 mAh g⁻¹ for applications in Li-ion cells.

In the present work, Mn₃O₄-functionalized carbon nanotubes (FCNT) nanocomposite, coated on carbon cloth (CC) current collector and termed as Mn₃O₄-FCNT @CC, is used as the anode material. Li-ion coin cells based on this nanocomposite anode show discharge capacity of 1371 mAh g⁻¹ and charge capacity of 1141 mAh g⁻¹ at current density of 100 mA g⁻¹ with initial Coulombic efficiency of 83%. After 70 cycles, the charge-discharge capacities of the cells are 953 mAh g⁻¹ and 958 mAh g⁻¹, respectively, with capacity retention of 91% at current rate of 100 mA g⁻¹. These cells are found to deliver reversible charge capacity of 575 mAh g⁻¹ after 100 cycles at 1C (∼1 A g⁻¹) and offer prospects of stable operation at high current rates.

在全球范围内，能源需求巨大，环境问题也日益严重，不利于我们的可持续发展。为了最大限度地利用可再生能源，必须开发高效的储能系统。锂离子电池（LIB）具有比容量大、循环寿命长的特点，在为便携式设备和电动汽车供电方面发挥着不可或缺的作用。氧化锰（Mn3O4）是一种环境友好型阳极活性材料，理论比容量高达 936 mAh g-1，可应用于锂离子电池。在电流密度为 100 mA g-1 时，基于这种纳米复合阳极的锂离子纽扣电池的放电容量为 1371 mAh g-1，充电容量为 1141 mAh g-1，初始库仑效率为 83%。经过 70 次循环后，电池的充放电容量分别为 953 mAh g-1 和 958 mAh g-1，在 100 mA g-1 的电流密度下，容量保持率为 91%。这些电池在 1C 条件下循环 100 次后，可提供 575 mAh g-1 的可逆充电容量（∼1 A g-1），并有望在高电流速率下稳定运行。

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引用次数: 0

Energy storage technology and its impact in electric vehicle: Current progress and future outlook 储能技术及其对电动汽车的影响：当前进展与未来展望

Next Energy

Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2024.100202

Mohammad Waseem , G. Sree Lakshmi , Mumtaz Ahmad , Mohd Suhaib

The desirable characteristics of an energy storage system (ESS) to fulfill the energy requirement in electric vehicles (EVs) are high specific energy, significant storage capacity, longer life cycles, high operating efficiency, and low cost. In order to advance electric transportation, it is important to identify the significant characteristics, pros and cons, new scientific developments, potential barriers, and imminent prospects of various energy storage technology. The objective of current research is to analyse and find out the optimal storage technology among different electro-chemical, chemical, electrical, mechanical, and hybrid storage system. Different batteries including lead-acid, nickel-based, lithium-ion, flow, metal-air, solid state, and ZEBRA along with their operating parameters are reviewed. The potential roles of fuel cell, ultracapacitor, flywheel and hybrid storage system technology in EVs are explored. Performance parameters of various battery system are analysed through radar based specified technique to conclude the best storage medium in electric mobility. Additionally, the current study compiles a critical analysis of 264 publications from various sources.

为满足电动汽车（EV）的能源需求，储能系统（ESS）应具备以下理想特性：比能量高、存储容量大、生命周期长、运行效率高和成本低。为了推动电动交通的发展，必须明确各种储能技术的显著特点、利弊、新的科学发展、潜在障碍和即将到来的前景。当前研究的目标是分析和找出不同电化学、化学、电气、机械和混合存储系统中的最佳存储技术。研究回顾了不同的电池，包括铅酸电池、镍基电池、锂离子电池、液流电池、金属-空气电池、固态电池和 ZEBRA 电池及其运行参数。探讨了燃料电池、超级电容器、飞轮和混合存储系统技术在电动汽车中的潜在作用。通过基于雷达的特定技术分析了各种电池系统的性能参数，从而得出电动汽车中最佳存储介质的结论。此外，本研究还对 264 篇不同来源的出版物进行了批判性分析。

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引用次数: 0

Enhanced photocatalytic performance of hydrothermally synthesized TiO2 nanowires for H2 production via water splitting 增强水热合成 TiO2 纳米线的光催化性能，通过水分离产生 H2

Next Energy

Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2024.100205

Niteen Jawale, Govind Umarji, Shubhangi Damkale, Sudhir Arbuj

The effective separation and high mobility of photogenerated charge carriers are important in order to enhance the photocatalytic activity of material. The one-dimensional nanostructures are providing the path for the photogenerated charge carriers resulting higher photocatalytic activity. Herein, highly crystalline Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanowires (TNWs) having anatase phase were synthesized using hydrothermal method by varying the reaction time and temperatures. The synthesized TNWs were characterized using various techniques. Structural study revealed the formation of anatase TiO₂ along with a minor percentage of the rutile phase. Morphological study indicates the growth of TiO₂ nanowires originated from spheres-wires-flakes as a function of reaction time and temperature. FE-TEM image of TiO₂ nanowires prepared at 150 ℃ for 72 h shows complete formation of nano-wires with 7–10 nm diameter. Photocatalytic performance of the synthesized TiO₂ nanowires was investigated by observing the hydrogen (H₂) generation via water splitting and degradation of aqueous methylene blue (MB) dye under a 400 W mercury vapor lamp respectively. Among the prepared samples, the TiO₂ nanowires prepared at 150 ℃ for 48 h showed the highest H₂ generation of 7464.28 μmol/0.1 gm higher than the Degussa TiO₂. Further, the same nanostructured TiO₂ shows the 100% MB degradation within 30 min (Kapp = 13.54 × 10⁻² min⁻¹).

光生电荷载流子的有效分离和高迁移率对于提高材料的光催化活性非常重要。一维纳米结构为光生电荷载流子提供了路径，从而提高了光催化活性。本文采用水热法，通过改变反应时间和温度，合成了具有锐钛矿相的高结晶二氧化钛（TiO2）纳米线（TNWs）。利用各种技术对合成的 TNWs 进行了表征。结构研究表明形成了锐钛型二氧化钛和少量金红石相。形态学研究表明，随着反应时间和温度的变化，TiO2 纳米线从球状-线状-片状生长。在 150 ℃ 下制备 72 h 的 TiO2 纳米线的 FE-TEM 图像显示，直径为 7-10 nm 的纳米线已完全形成。在 400 W 汞蒸汽灯下，分别观察了通过水分裂产生氢气（H2）和降解亚甲基蓝（MB）染料的情况，从而研究了合成的 TiO2 纳米线的光催化性能。在制备的样品中，在 150 ℃ 下制备 48 小时的 TiO2 纳米线的氢气生成量最高，比 Degussa TiO2 高 7464.28 μmol/0.1gm。此外，同样的纳米结构二氧化钛在 30 分钟内显示出 100% 的甲基溴降解率（Kapp = 13.54 × 10-2 min-1）。

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引用次数: 0

Facile synthesis of K0.5Mn2O4·1.5H2O/rGO composites with ultrahigh zinc storage properties 轻松合成具有超高储锌性能的 K0.5Mn2O4-1.5H2O/rGO 复合材料

Next Energy

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2024.100204

Shuo Li , Shan Wang , Yanxuan Chen , Xianliang Meng , Lin Wang , Junsheng Zhu

Zinc-ion batteries have drawn much attention due to their good safety and low cost. In this work, a straightforward 1-pot pyrolysis process has been utilized to prepare novel K_0.5Mn₂O₄·1.5H₂O/rGO (KMrGO) composites. In KMrGO, the layered structure of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) can efficiently improve the electrical conductivity of K_0.5Mn₂O₄·1.5H₂O, enabling KMrGO to demonstrate high zinc storage performance. Although a very small amount of rGO (∼1.8%) has been introduced, the reversible capacity of KMrGO reaches 230.1 mAh g⁻¹ after 250 cycles at 0.2 A g⁻¹. Even after 1200 cycles at a high current density of 1 A g⁻¹, KMrGO remains a good capacity retention of 70.2%. Considering the simple preparation of KMrGO, this method can provide a new route for synthesizing other metal dioxide/rGO composites.

锌离子电池因其良好的安全性和低成本而备受关注。在这项研究中，我们利用简单的单锅热解工艺制备了新型 K0.5Mn2O4-1.5H2O/rGO (KMrGO) 复合材料。在 KMrGO 中，还原氧化石墨烯（rGO）的层状结构可有效改善 K0.5Mn2O4-1.5H2O 的导电性，从而使 KMrGO 具有较高的锌储存性能。虽然引入了极少量的 rGO（∼1.8%），但在 0.2 A g-1 的条件下循环 250 次后，KMrGO 的可逆容量达到了 230.1 mAh g-1。即使在 1 A g-1 的高电流密度下循环 1200 次，KMrGO 的容量保持率仍高达 70.2%。考虑到 KMrGO 的简单制备，该方法为合成其他金属二氧化物/rGO 复合材料提供了一条新途径。

引用次数: 0

A systematic investigation on the hybrid Darrieus-Savonius vertical axis wind turbine aerodynamic performance and self-starting capability improvement by installing a curtain 通过安装帘幕改善达里厄斯-萨沃纽斯混合垂直轴风力涡轮机气动性能和自启动能力的系统研究

Next Energy

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2024.100203

Farzad Ghafoorian , Seyed Reza Mirmotahari , Mohammad Eydizadeh , Mehdi Mehrpooya

The Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine is categorized as a lift-based power generation turbomachine. However, the challenge of self-starting capability poses a potential obstacle for this turbine. This study addressed this issue by incorporating a Savonius rotor and introducing a Darrieus-Savonius hybrid rotor to enhance the aerodynamic performance and self-starting capability. The results demonstrated a substantial increase in power coefficient by 64% at tip speed ratio (TSR) = 1.4. Furthermore, the curtain installation was investigated as a mechanism to improve rotor performance. The findings indicated that the multiplication of a curtain enhanced the self-starting capability by controlling the positive pressure gradient on the suction and pressure sides of the rotor blades. Notably, considering the flow physics and rotor efficiency in the presence of the curtain with walls featuring different angles, it was established that the optimal angles for the upper and lower walls are 20° and 45°, respectively. This configuration led to a 35% increase in rotor efficiency compared to the solo hybrid rotor. The hybrid rotor demonstrated superior performance within the low-TSR range values, while the Darrieus control case exhibited better efficiency in the high-TSR range. Despite the enhancement in performance attributed to the curtain installation, the high-TSR range still lagged behind the Darrieus control case.

达里厄斯垂直轴风力涡轮机属于升力发电涡轮机。然而，自启动能力的挑战对这种涡轮机构成了潜在的障碍。为解决这一问题，本研究采用了萨沃尼乌斯转子，并引入了达里厄斯-萨沃尼乌斯混合转子，以提高气动性能和自启动能力。结果表明，在叶尖速度比 (TSR) = 1.4 时，功率系数大幅提高了 64%。此外，还研究了帘幕安装作为提高转子性能的机制。研究结果表明，通过控制转子叶片吸入侧和压力侧的正压力梯度，帘幕的增殖增强了自启动能力。值得注意的是，考虑到帘幕存在时的流动物理和转子效率，帘幕壁具有不同的角度，确定上下壁的最佳角度分别为 20° 和 45°。与单独的混合转子相比，这种配置使转子效率提高了 35%。混合式转子在低 TSR 值范围内表现出卓越的性能，而达里厄斯控制案例在高 TSR 值范围内表现出更高的效率。尽管帘式安装提高了性能，但高 TSR 范围仍然落后于达里厄斯控制情况。

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引用次数: 0