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High-performance spinel ferrites for supercapacitors: Solvothermal synthesis and electrochemical evaluation 超级电容器用高性能尖晶石铁氧体：溶剂热合成和电化学评价

Next Energy

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2025.100506

Naeem Ullah, Tufail Ahmad, Asad Ullah, Sufaid Khan, Muhammad Nafees, Mehboob Ali, Yousra Noor, Fawad Ahmad Khan, Baseena Sardar, Majid Khan

Supercapacitors (SCs) are critical for sustainable energy storage due to their high power density and rapid charge-discharge capabilities, making them essential for renewable energy integration and electric vehicle applications. This study explores the solvothermal synthesis of spinel ferrites XFe₂O₄ (X = Mn, Co, Ni) as electrode materials for SCs. Structural characterization through X-ray diffraction confirmed phase-pure cubic structures with lattice parameters of 0.851 nm (MnFe₂O₄), 0.839 nm (CoFe₂O₄), and 0.834 nm (NiFe₂O₄), and crystallite sizes of 13.72 nm, 20.72 nm, and 11.86 nm, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy revealed agglomerated nanoparticles for MnFe₂O₄ and CoFe₂O₄, and densely packed aggregates for NiFe₂O₄. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy identified a conductive carbonaceous layer from residual ethylene glycol, while UV-Vis spectroscopy determined bandgaps of 2.7 eV (CoFe₂O₄), 3.12 eV (MnFe₂O₄), and 3.7 eV (NiFe₂O₄). Electrochemical assessments using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed CoFe₂O₄ achieving a specific capacitance of 1518 F/g at 0.5 A/g with 99.9% retention after 5000 cycles, outperforming MnFe₂O₄ and NiFe₂O₄. Symmetric devices based on CoFe₂O₄ delivered a specific capacitance of 668 F/g at 1 A/g, an energy density of 33.38 Wh/kg, and a power density of 150 W/kg. These results position CoFe₂O₄ as a promising material for next-generation SCs, advancing energy storage for sustainable systems.

超级电容器（SCs）由于其高功率密度和快速充放电能力，对可持续能源存储至关重要，使其成为可再生能源集成和电动汽车应用的必要条件。本研究探讨了溶剂热合成尖晶石铁氧体XFe2O4 （X = Mn, Co, Ni）作为SCs电极材料的方法。通过x射线衍射表征，确定了相纯立方结构，晶格参数分别为0.851 nm （MnFe2O4）、0.839 nm （CoFe2O4）和0.834 nm （NiFe2O₄），晶粒尺寸分别为13.72 nm、20.72 nm和11.86 nm。扫描电镜显示，MnFe2O4和CoFe2O4为球状纳米颗粒，而NiFe2O4为密集堆积的团聚体。傅里叶变换红外光谱在残余乙二醇中发现了导电碳质层，紫外可见光谱测定了2.7 eV （CoFe2O4）、3.12 eV （MnFe2O4）和3.7 eV （NiFe2O4）的带隙。利用循环伏安法、恒流充放电法和电化学阻抗谱进行的电化学评价表明，在0.5 a /g下，CoFe2O4的比电容达到1518 F/g，循环5000次后保持率达到99.9%，优于MnFe2O4和NiFe2O4。基于CoFe2O4的对称器件在1 a /g时的比电容为668 F/g，能量密度为33.38 Wh/kg，功率密度为150 W/kg。这些结果将CoFe2O4定位为下一代超导材料的有前途的材料，推进可持续系统的能量存储。

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Virtual inertia control for enhanced frequency stability in islanded microgrids: A multistage PID and modified golf optimization approach 提高孤岛微电网频率稳定性的虚拟惯性控制：多级PID和改进的高尔夫优化方法

Next Energy

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.nxener.2025.100503

Mihira Kumar Nath , N. Bhanu Prasad , Asini Kumar Baliarsingh

Renewable energy sources (RESs) hold a significant share in modern electrical networks, particularly in Microgrids (MGs). The inertia of the MG is significantly reduced due to the substitution of traditional synchronous generators with RESs. Frequency control of MG integrated with RESs is a challenging task. This research proposes a robust solution to enhance the frequency stability of an islanded MG by applying virtual inertia control (VIC) and damping strategies. A multistage proportional integral derivative (PID) ([PDF]-[1+PI]) controller optimized through a modified golf optimization algorithm (mGOA) in coordination with an energy storage system (ESS) is implemented as VIC. The mGOA algorithm performance is compared using various standard benchmark test functions with the original golf optimization algorithm (GOA) and with 10 other well-known optimization algorithms, particle swarm optimization, gravitational search algorithm, and genetic algorithm. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed mGOA algorithm, it is compared with the original GOA, grey wolf optimization (GWO), and whale optimization algorithm (WOA). It is demonstrated that the objective function value decreases by 53.07%, 56.01%, and 60.53% when compared with the original GOA, WOA, and GWO, respectively. The performance of the proportional derivative with filter (PDF)-(1+PI) controller was compared with that of conventional proportional integral (PI) controllers and PID controllers based on mGOA for random load fluctuation, parametric uncertainty, reduced capacity of ESS, and various renewable generation scenarios. The simulation result indicates that the mGOA-tuned multistage controller offers improved performance of 85.65% and 82.62% in terms of minimum objective function value in comparison to the mGOA-tuned PI and PID controllers, respectively. The performance of the proposed controller is evaluated under cyber attacks like false data injection attacks and denial of service attacks, as well as time latency. Performance of the proposed controller is tested by Hardware-In-The-Loop simulation, in OPAL-RT platform.

可再生能源（RESs）在现代电网，特别是微电网（MGs）中占有重要份额。由于用RESs代替了传统的同步发电机，MG的惯性大大降低。MG与RESs集成的频率控制是一项具有挑战性的任务。本研究提出了一种利用虚拟惯性控制和阻尼策略增强孤岛磁振器频率稳定性的鲁棒解决方案。采用改进的高尔夫优化算法（mGOA）优化了多级比例积分导数（PID）（[PDF]-[1+PI]）控制器，并与储能系统（ESS）协同实现多级比例积分导数（PID）控制器。利用各种标准基准测试函数，将mGOA算法的性能与原始高尔夫优化算法（GOA）以及粒子群优化算法、引力搜索算法、遗传算法等10种知名优化算法进行比较。为了验证所提出的mGOA算法的有效性，将其与原始的GOA算法、灰狼优化算法（GWO）和鲸鱼优化算法（WOA）进行了比较。结果表明，目标函数值与原始GOA、WOA和GWO相比分别下降了53.07%、56.01%和60.53%。在负荷随机波动、参数不确定性、ESS容量减小以及各种可再生能源发电场景下，将带滤波器的比例导数(PDF)-(1+PI)控制器与传统比例积分（PI）控制器和基于mGOA的PID控制器的性能进行了比较。仿真结果表明，与经mgoa调谐的PI控制器和PID控制器相比，经mgoa调谐的多级控制器的最小目标函数值分别提高了85.65%和82.62%。在虚假数据注入攻击和拒绝服务攻击以及时间延迟等网络攻击下，对所提出的控制器的性能进行了评估。在OPAL-RT平台上进行了硬件在环仿真，验证了所提控制器的性能。

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