Cancer continues to exert a profound impact on global health, with a steadily increasing number of cases and deaths reported each year. Despite notable progress in diagnosis and treatment, many patients still face significant challenges due to the toxicity, limited selectivity, and high cost of conventional cancer therapies. These limitations often compromise treatment outcomes and quality of life, particularly in vulnerable populations, emphasizing the need for safer and more effective therapeutic approaches. Medicinal plants have long served as a rich source of bioactive compounds with demonstrated anticancer potential. Phytochemicals such as polyphenols, alkaloids, and terpenoids exhibit diverse biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and apoptosis-inducing effects, making them attractive candidates for cancer management. However, their broader clinical application remains constrained by issues such as poor solubility, low stability, rapid metabolism, and inadequate bioavailability. Recent advances in nanotechnology offer promising solutions to these challenges by enabling improved protection, controlled release, and targeted delivery of plant-derived bioactives. In particular, green synthesis of nanoparticles integrates principles of sustainability with therapeutic innovation, enhancing both efficacy and biocompatibility. This review discusses current developments in plant-based anticancer nano formulations, highlights their therapeutic relevance against major cancer types, and outlines key scientific and regulatory challenges that must be addressed to facilitate successful clinical translation.
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