Pub Date : 2025-12-20DOI: 10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100473
Fahmida Tasnim Richi , Mohammad Abdullah Taher , Asaduzzaman , Sefat Hasan Sumaiya , Suriya Akter Shompa , Mahathir Mohammad , Hasin Hasnat , Mashiur Rahman , Safaet Alam
Ficus benjamina L., commonly known as the weeping fig, is a tropical Asian plant rich in bioactive compounds. This study focused on the identification and analytical characterization of phytoconstituents from its leaves using GC-MS/MS, identifying eighteen distinct compounds from a complex natural matrix. The methanolic extract also exhibited multifunctional biological activities through in vitro, in vivo and in silico evaluations relevant to functional food and phytotherapy applications. Total phenolic content was 39.15 mg GAE/g extract, and antioxidant capacity was demonstrated by a DPPH IC₅₀ of 66.89±0.41 μg/mL (compared to 22.14±0.001 μg/mL for BHT). Moderate cytotoxicity was observed in the brine shrimp lethality assay (LC₅₀ = 6.60±1.44 μg/mL). Antimicrobial activity showed inhibition zones of 9–14 mm against the tested microbes. Analgesic effects were confirmed by a 48.97±5.40 % reduction in acetic acid-induced writhing at 400 mg/kg, while the castor oil-induced diarrhea model revealed dose-dependent antidiarrheal activity, with 48.38 % inhibition at same dose. Molecular docking of the identified phytochemicals against kappa and mu-opioid receptors, epidermal growth factor receptor, dihydrofolate reductase, and urate oxidase receptor supported the observed bioactivities, and ADME/T analysis indicated favorable drug-likeness and safety profiles. These findings highlight Ficus benjamina as a promising natural source for developing phytotherapeutics, meriting further optimization and mechanistic studies.
{"title":"Chemico-pharmacological evaluation of Ficus benjamina L. (Weeping Fig) leaf extracts: GC–MS/MS profiling, pharmacological screening, and computer-aided approaches","authors":"Fahmida Tasnim Richi , Mohammad Abdullah Taher , Asaduzzaman , Sefat Hasan Sumaiya , Suriya Akter Shompa , Mahathir Mohammad , Hasin Hasnat , Mashiur Rahman , Safaet Alam","doi":"10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Ficus benjamina</em> L., commonly known as the weeping fig, is a tropical Asian plant rich in bioactive compounds. This study focused on the identification and analytical characterization of phytoconstituents from its leaves using GC-MS/MS, identifying eighteen distinct compounds from a complex natural matrix. The methanolic extract also exhibited multifunctional biological activities through <em>in vitro, in vivo</em> and <em>in silico</em> evaluations relevant to functional food and phytotherapy applications. Total phenolic content was 39.15 mg GAE/g extract, and antioxidant capacity was demonstrated by a DPPH IC₅₀ of 66.89±0.41 μg/mL (compared to 22.14±0.001 μg/mL for BHT). Moderate cytotoxicity was observed in the brine shrimp lethality assay (LC₅₀ = 6.60±1.44 μg/mL). Antimicrobial activity showed inhibition zones of 9–14 mm against the tested microbes. Analgesic effects were confirmed by a 48.97±5.40 % reduction in acetic acid-induced writhing at 400 mg/kg, while the castor oil-induced diarrhea model revealed dose-dependent antidiarrheal activity, with 48.38 % inhibition at same dose. Molecular docking of the identified phytochemicals against kappa and mu-opioid receptors, epidermal growth factor receptor, dihydrofolate reductase, and urate oxidase receptor supported the observed bioactivities, and ADME/T analysis indicated favorable drug-likeness and safety profiles. These findings highlight <em>Ficus benjamina</em> as a promising natural source for developing phytotherapeutics, meriting further optimization and mechanistic studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101014,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Research - Natural Products","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100473"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-20DOI: 10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100471
Vikash Sharma , Km. Deeksha , Krishna Kumar
The treatment of gastric ulcers is complicated for diabetic patients, as their high blood sugar levels hinder effective healing. As a result, the body experiences heightened stress and continuous inflammation, which can delay recovery and increase the risk of ulcers reappearing. This review examines the impact of diabetes on the mechanisms involved in the healing of the stomach lining. It indicates that diabetes diminishes the effectiveness of conventional ulcer treatments by altering the body's metabolism of these drugs and impairing its defense mechanisms. New studies emphasize the beneficial effects of natural substances like polyphenols and terpenoids, which possess characteristics that help reduce oxidation and inflammation. Studies emphasize innovative approaches like stem cell therapy, probiotics, and advanced drug delivery methods, including the use of nanotechnology and hydrogels, to tackle the difficulties associated with healing diabetic ulcers. Findings reveal that the use of antioxidant-packed herbs in novel delivery systems can lead to a 40 % improvement in ulcer healing during trials involving diabetic animals. These techniques have the capability to diminish inflammation levels, specifically TNF-α and IL-6, by 30–50 %, and they greatly facilitate the growth of new blood vessels. The results underscore the significance of developing treatment strategies that are tailored to the particular problem and individualized for each patient. This method has the potential to improve outcomes for treating gastric ulcers in diabetic patients and aligns with the journal's objective of disseminating the latest developments in disease management.
{"title":"Exploring nature’s pharmacy: Herbal interventions for gastric ulcers in diabetic conditions – A mechanistic review","authors":"Vikash Sharma , Km. Deeksha , Krishna Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100471","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100471","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The treatment of gastric ulcers is complicated for diabetic patients, as their high blood sugar levels hinder effective healing. As a result, the body experiences heightened stress and continuous inflammation, which can delay recovery and increase the risk of ulcers reappearing. This review examines the impact of diabetes on the mechanisms involved in the healing of the stomach lining. It indicates that diabetes diminishes the effectiveness of conventional ulcer treatments by altering the body's metabolism of these drugs and impairing its defense mechanisms. New studies emphasize the beneficial effects of natural substances like polyphenols and terpenoids, which possess characteristics that help reduce oxidation and inflammation. Studies emphasize innovative approaches like stem cell therapy, probiotics, and advanced drug delivery methods, including the use of nanotechnology and hydrogels, to tackle the difficulties associated with healing diabetic ulcers. Findings reveal that the use of antioxidant-packed herbs in novel delivery systems can lead to a 40 % improvement in ulcer healing during trials involving diabetic animals. These techniques have the capability to diminish inflammation levels, specifically TNF-α and IL-6, by 30–50 %, and they greatly facilitate the growth of new blood vessels. The results underscore the significance of developing treatment strategies that are tailored to the particular problem and individualized for each patient. This method has the potential to improve outcomes for treating gastric ulcers in diabetic patients and aligns with the journal's objective of disseminating the latest developments in disease management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101014,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Research - Natural Products","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100471"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-20DOI: 10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100472
Farhat Fathima , Zuha Umme Kulsum , Aarifa Sabreen , K. Kabiruddin Ahmed , Akhand Pratap Singh , N. Zaheer Ahmed , Farooqui Shazia Parveen
Background
Leucorrhoea is a common gynaecological condition characterized by excessive vaginal discharge, often accompanied by fatigue, pruritus, backache, and burning micturition. In Unani medicine, it is attributed to humoral imbalance and dysfunction of uterine faculties. Tiryāq-i-Raḥim, a polyherbal Unani formulation (PUF), is traditionally used for its tonic, astringent, analgesic, and phlegm-expelling properties.
Study objective
This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of PUF in women with leucorrhoea.
Methods
A prospective clinical study was conducted at Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Chennai. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee on 08 September 2022 and registered with CTRI on 09 March 2023. A total of 117 female patients aged 18–40 years with symptoms of leucorrhoea were enrolled. The formulation was standardized through macroscopic, microscopic, and organoleptic evaluation of ingredients authenticated at RRIUM, Chennai. The botanical nomenclature of all plant components was verified using The Plant List (www.theplantlist.org) and compared with pharmacopoeial standards to ensure taxonomic accuracy. Quantitative phytochemical profiling (HPLC–MS) is proposed for future validation to strengthen reproducibility and quality control. PUF was administered orally (2 g twice daily) for 14 days. Symptom severity was assessed using a 10-point Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and vaginal wet mount test. Safety was evaluated through laboratory tests. Statistical analysis was done using paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test, with p < 0.05 considered significant.
Results
After treatment, a significant reduction (p < 0.001) noted in VAS scores for all symptoms. Vaginal discharge reduced from 2.97 ± 0.15–0.52 ± 0.59, and general weakness from 5.81 ± 2.21–1.74 ± 1.28. No adverse events or laboratory abnormalities were noted. Complete relief was reported in 47.86 % of patients, with marked improvement in another 47.86 %.
Conclusion
This PUF is a safe and effective Unani formulation for managing leucorrhoea, warranting further trials for broader validation.
{"title":"Efficacy and safety of polyherbal Unani formulation in leucorrhoea – A prospective clinical trial","authors":"Farhat Fathima , Zuha Umme Kulsum , Aarifa Sabreen , K. Kabiruddin Ahmed , Akhand Pratap Singh , N. Zaheer Ahmed , Farooqui Shazia Parveen","doi":"10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100472","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100472","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Leucorrhoea is a common gynaecological condition characterized by excessive vaginal discharge, often accompanied by fatigue, pruritus, backache, and burning micturition. In Unani medicine, it is attributed to humoral imbalance and dysfunction of uterine faculties. <em>Tiryāq-i-Raḥim</em>, a polyherbal Unani formulation (PUF), is traditionally used for its tonic, astringent, analgesic, and phlegm-expelling properties.</div></div><div><h3>Study objective</h3><div>This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of PUF in women with leucorrhoea.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A prospective clinical study was conducted at Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Chennai. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee on 08 September 2022 and registered with CTRI on 09 March 2023. A total of 117 female patients aged 18–40 years with symptoms of leucorrhoea were enrolled. The formulation was standardized through macroscopic, microscopic, and organoleptic evaluation of ingredients authenticated at RRIUM, Chennai. The botanical nomenclature of all plant components was verified using <em>The Plant List</em> (<span><span>www.theplantlist.org</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>) and compared with pharmacopoeial standards to ensure taxonomic accuracy. Quantitative phytochemical profiling (HPLC–MS) is proposed for future validation to strengthen reproducibility and quality control. PUF was administered orally (2 g twice daily) for 14 days. Symptom severity was assessed using a 10-point Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and vaginal wet mount test. Safety was evaluated through laboratory tests. Statistical analysis was done using paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test, with p < 0.05 considered significant.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>After treatment, a significant reduction (p < 0.001) noted in VAS scores for all symptoms. Vaginal discharge reduced from 2.97 ± 0.15–0.52 ± 0.59, and general weakness from 5.81 ± 2.21–1.74 ± 1.28. No adverse events or laboratory abnormalities were noted. Complete relief was reported in 47.86 % of patients, with marked improvement in another 47.86 %.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This PUF is a safe and effective Unani formulation for managing leucorrhoea, warranting further trials for broader validation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101014,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Research - Natural Products","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100472"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145885060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examined the impact of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on sexual behavior and reproductive hormone profiles in Trihexyphenidyl (THP)-treated male Wistar rats. The male pre-copulatory and copulatory behaviors were recorded and analyzed following the administration of CoQ10 (10 mg/kg b.w. p.o.), THP (1.5 mg/kg b.w. p.o.), and their combination [CoQ10 (10 mg/kg) + THP (1.5 mg/kg)]. Hormonal profiles, including serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, estrogen, and prolactin, were also evaluated. Trihexyphenidyl treatment significantly increased mount latency (ML: 69.5 ± 6.36 s) and intromission latency (IL: 295 ± 14.8 s), while reducing ejaculation latency (EL: 167.3 ± 7.64 s), compared to the CoQ10 group (ML: 39.5 ± 2.12 s, p = 0.0033; IL: 157.7 ± 4.16 s, p < 0.0001; EL: 241.3 ± 9.45 s, p = 0.0008). CoQ10 administration to THP-treated rats significantly reduced ML (47.33 ± 4.04 s) and IL (195 ± 6 s), while increasing EL (305.3 ± 19.5 s), compared to THP alone (ML: 69.5 ± 6.36 s; IL: 295 ± 14.8 s; EL: 167.3 ± 7.64 s). In terms of frequency, THP significantly reduced mount frequency (MF: 3.67 ± 0.58) compared to the CoQ10 group (MF: 6.67 ± 0.58, p = 0.001) and the combination treatment of CoQ10 and THP (MF: 6.33 ± 0.58, p = 0.0021). However, no significant differences were observed in intromission and ejaculation frequencies across groups. The libido index was markedly reduced in THP-treated rats (60 %) but improved to 100 % with the addition of CoQ10. Similarly, the percentage of intromissions was higher in the THP + CoQ10 group (60 %) compared to THP alone (40 %). CoQ10 significantly increased copulatory efficiency (CE: 78 ± 3 %, p = 0.0006) and inter-copulatory efficiency (ICE: 12.84 ± 0.3) compared to THP-treated rats (CE: 38.1 ± 6.7 %; ICE: 11.08 ± 0.17). Hormonal analysis revealed that THP significantly decreased serum levels of LH (1.04 ± 0.7 mIU/mL, p = 0.0042), FSH (0.5 ± 0.05 mIU/mL, p < 0.0001), and testosterone (4.92 ± 0.6 ng/mL, p = 0.0001), while significantly increasing serum prolactin levels (3.6 ± 0.35 ng/dl, p < 0.0001). CoQ10 and the combination treatment were associated with normalization of these parameters, increasing LH, FSH, and testosterone levels while reducing prolactin in the THP + CoQ10 group. The findings suggest that CoQ10 enhances sexual behavior, particularly sexual drive and motivation, and is associated with improved reproductive hormonal profiles in male rats, potentially counteracting the inhibitory effects of THP. However, dose optimization studies are needed to establish optimal therapeutic regimens.
{"title":"Effects of coenzyme Q10 on sexual behavior and hormonal profiles in male rats treated with trihexyphenidyl","authors":"Lateef Olabisi Okeleji , Ayoola Isaac Jegede , Ayodeji Folorunsho Ajayi","doi":"10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100469","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100469","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examined the impact of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on sexual behavior and reproductive hormone profiles in Trihexyphenidyl (THP)-treated male Wistar rats. The male pre-copulatory and copulatory behaviors were recorded and analyzed following the administration of CoQ10 (10 mg/kg b.w. p.o.), THP (1.5 mg/kg b.w. p.o.), and their combination [CoQ10 (10 mg/kg) + THP (1.5 mg/kg)]. Hormonal profiles, including serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, estrogen, and prolactin, were also evaluated. Trihexyphenidyl treatment significantly increased mount latency (ML: 69.5 ± 6.36 s) and intromission latency (IL: 295 ± 14.8 s), while reducing ejaculation latency (EL: 167.3 ± 7.64 s), compared to the CoQ10 group (ML: 39.5 ± 2.12 s, p = 0.0033; IL: 157.7 ± 4.16 s, p < 0.0001; EL: 241.3 ± 9.45 s, p = 0.0008). CoQ10 administration to THP-treated rats significantly reduced ML (47.33 ± 4.04 s) and IL (195 ± 6 s), while increasing EL (305.3 ± 19.5 s), compared to THP alone (ML: 69.5 ± 6.36 s; IL: 295 ± 14.8 s; EL: 167.3 ± 7.64 s). In terms of frequency, THP significantly reduced mount frequency (MF: 3.67 ± 0.58) compared to the CoQ10 group (MF: 6.67 ± 0.58, p = 0.001) and the combination treatment of CoQ10 and THP (MF: 6.33 ± 0.58, p = 0.0021). However, no significant differences were observed in intromission and ejaculation frequencies across groups. The libido index was markedly reduced in THP-treated rats (60 %) but improved to 100 % with the addition of CoQ10. Similarly, the percentage of intromissions was higher in the THP + CoQ10 group (60 %) compared to THP alone (40 %). CoQ10 significantly increased copulatory efficiency (CE: 78 ± 3 %, p = 0.0006) and inter-copulatory efficiency (ICE: 12.84 ± 0.3) compared to THP-treated rats (CE: 38.1 ± 6.7 %; ICE: 11.08 ± 0.17). Hormonal analysis revealed that THP significantly decreased serum levels of LH (1.04 ± 0.7 mIU/mL, p = 0.0042), FSH (0.5 ± 0.05 mIU/mL, p < 0.0001), and testosterone (4.92 ± 0.6 ng/mL, p = 0.0001), while significantly increasing serum prolactin levels (3.6 ± 0.35 ng/dl, p < 0.0001). CoQ10 and the combination treatment were associated with normalization of these parameters, increasing LH, FSH, and testosterone levels while reducing prolactin in the THP + CoQ10 group. The findings suggest that CoQ10 enhances sexual behavior, particularly sexual drive and motivation, and is associated with improved reproductive hormonal profiles in male rats, potentially counteracting the inhibitory effects of THP. However, dose optimization studies are needed to establish optimal therapeutic regimens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101014,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Research - Natural Products","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100469"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Medicinal plants have been an essential part of human society for the purpose of treating ailments since the dawn of civilization. With an extensive scope of biological pursuits, for almost 2000 years, Ocimum spp. have been considered among nearly all adaptable curative flora. Far from earlier studies, the present analysis combines both in vitro assays as well as PASS-dependent in silico prediction to recognize specific phytoconstituents from North-West Himalayan strains of Ocimum spp. which are less explored with favorable therapeutic properties and bioactivity. Examining antioxidant and protein denaturation inhibitory properties of essential oils derived from North-West Himalayan Ocimum spp. is the aim of the current study. O. gratissimum showed higher protein denaturation inhibitory and antioxidant potential as compared to O. tenuiflorum. The IC50 of EO of O. tenuiflorum was observed to be 8.28 ± 0.070 μg/ml, 10.50 ± 0.77 μg/ml and 39.5 ± 1.3 μg ml−1 whereas, IC50 of EO of O. gratissimum was observed to be 5.9 ± 0.13 μg/ml, 6.26 ± 0.042 μg/ml and 32.86 ± 0.4 μg/ml with DPPH, ABTS and FRAP analysis, respectively. The IC50 of EO of O. tenuiflorum was observed to be 30.76 ± 0.021 μg/ml whereas O. gratissimum EO was observed to be 29.31 ± 0.72 μg/ml analyzed as determined by egg albumin denaturation assay. Both O. gratissimum and O. tenuiflorum also met the Lipinski requirement and displayed traits associated with pharmaceuticals. Alpha-thujene showed the best protein denaturation potential accompanied by a Pa value of 0,807 whereas allocimene exhibited the leading antioxidant potential with a Pa value of 0,821. The present investigation’s conclusion is that EOs of O. tenuiflorum and O. gratissimum, as well as their active phytocompounds, may serve as potential sources of antioxidants and non-toxic protein denaturation inhibitory drugs.
{"title":"Antioxidant and inhibition of protein denaturation potential of essential oils of Ocimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum: In vitro evaluation and In-silico PASS analysis","authors":"Shagun Sharma , Deeksha Salaria , Rajan Rolta , Ramesh Chandra Dubey","doi":"10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100474","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100474","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Medicinal plants have been an essential part of human society for the purpose of treating ailments since the dawn of civilization. With an extensive scope of biological pursuits, for almost 2000 years, <em>Ocimum</em> spp. have been considered among nearly all adaptable curative flora. Far from earlier studies, the present analysis combines both <em>in vitro</em> assays as well as PASS-dependent <em>in silico</em> prediction to recognize specific phytoconstituents from North-West Himalayan strains of <em>Ocimum</em> spp. which are less explored with favorable therapeutic properties and bioactivity. Examining antioxidant and protein denaturation inhibitory properties of essential oils derived from North-West Himalayan <em>Ocimum</em> spp. is the aim of the current study. <em>O. gratissimum</em> showed higher protein denaturation inhibitory and antioxidant potential as compared to <em>O. tenuiflorum.</em> The IC<sub>50</sub> of EO of <em>O. tenuiflorum</em> was observed to be 8.28 ± 0.070 μg/ml, 10.50 ± 0.77 μg/ml and 39.5 ± 1.3 μg ml<sup>−1</sup> whereas, IC<sub>50</sub> of EO of <em>O. gratissimum</em> was observed to be 5.9 ± 0.13 μg/ml, 6.26 ± 0.042 μg/ml and 32.86 ± 0.4 μg/ml with DPPH, ABTS and FRAP analysis, respectively. The IC<sub>50</sub> of EO of <em>O. tenuiflorum</em> was observed to be 30.76 ± 0.021 μg/ml whereas <em>O. gratissimum</em> EO was observed to be 29.31 ± 0.72 μg/ml analyzed as determined by egg albumin denaturation assay. Both <em>O. gratissimum</em> and <em>O. tenuiflorum</em> also met the Lipinski requirement and displayed traits associated with pharmaceuticals. Alpha-thujene showed the best protein denaturation potential accompanied by a P<sub>a</sub> value of 0,807 whereas allocimene exhibited the leading antioxidant potential with a P<sub>a</sub> value of 0,821. The present investigation’s conclusion is that EOs of <em>O. tenuiflorum</em> and <em>O. gratissimum</em>, as well as their active phytocompounds, may serve as potential sources of antioxidants and non-toxic protein denaturation inhibitory drugs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101014,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Research - Natural Products","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100474"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Through this study, the antidiabetic activities of Annona reticulata L. (Annonaceae) leaves, as claimed by certain tribal communities, were investigated. The anti-diabetic and liver-renal protective properties of aqueous leaf extract and its combination with the standard drug glibenclamide were tested in rats with alloxan-induced diabetes at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight; both dosages were found to possess significant dose-dependent antidiabetic activity. After 21 days of treatment, standard medication glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) exhibited fasting blood glucose level of 5.91 ± 0.09 mmol/L, while aqueous leaf fraction (400 mg/kg); combination of extract (200 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (2.5 mg/kg) demonstrated fasting blood glucose levels of 5.13 ± 0.12 mmol/L and 5.21 ± 0.07 mmol/L. Additionally, the diabetic rats in the extract treated group (400 mg/kg dosage) and the combination group demonstrated 8.67 % and 6.19 % of body weight loss, respectively, which were less than the value observed from the group of rats treated with glibenclamide alone (12.31 %). Furthermore, the extract and its combination with glibenclamide were found to have beneficial effects on the liver and kidney (p < 0.001) and aided in the maintenance of healthy lipid profile even when diabetes was present; these effects were comparable to those of standard drug. Moreover, GC-MS analytical data aided in identification of potential components present in the test fraction that may be crucial in the achievement of these bioactivities.
{"title":"Determination of antidiabetic property and liver-renal protective potential of aqueous extract of Annona reticulata Linn. leaves and its synergistic action with glibenclamide in alloxan-induced diabetes using animal model","authors":"Tasnia Binte Bari Kabbo , Md. Sohel Rana , Pritesh Ranjan Dash","doi":"10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100470","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100470","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Through this study, the antidiabetic activities of <em>Annona reticulata</em> L. (<em>Annonaceae</em>) leaves, as claimed by certain tribal communities, were investigated. The anti-diabetic and liver-renal protective properties of aqueous leaf extract and its combination with the standard drug glibenclamide were tested in rats with alloxan-induced diabetes at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight; both dosages were found to possess significant dose-dependent antidiabetic activity. After 21 days of treatment, standard medication glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) exhibited fasting blood glucose level of 5.91 ± 0.09 mmol/L, while aqueous leaf fraction (400 mg/kg); combination of extract (200 mg/kg) and glibenclamide (2.5 mg/kg) demonstrated fasting blood glucose levels of 5.13 ± 0.12 mmol/L and 5.21 ± 0.07 mmol/L. Additionally, the diabetic rats in the extract treated group (400 mg/kg dosage) and the combination group demonstrated 8.67 % and 6.19 % of body weight loss, respectively, which were less than the value observed from the group of rats treated with glibenclamide alone (12.31 %). Furthermore, the extract and its combination with glibenclamide were found to have beneficial effects on the liver and kidney (p < 0.001) and aided in the maintenance of healthy lipid profile even when diabetes was present; these effects were comparable to those of standard drug. Moreover, GC-MS analytical data aided in identification of potential components present in the test fraction that may be crucial in the achievement of these bioactivities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101014,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Research - Natural Products","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100470"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plants continue to provide humans with new remedies, as 50 % of all prescriptions from community pharmacies worldwide are derived from natural products, with higher plants contributing 25 % of the total. It is essential to globalize traditional medicine to establish evidence-based healthcare, considering its safety, efficacy, and therapeutic and clinical evidence.
Aim of the study
To document the medicinal plants used by traditional medicine practitioners in the treatment of malaria and HIV/AIDS in Meconta, Murrupula, and Ribaué districts.
Materials and methods
This was an observational descriptive study with a qualitative–quantitative approach, conducted in July 2022 in the Meconta district and in August 2023 in the districts of Murrupula and Ribaué, involving 45 traditional medicine practitioners. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Plant specimens were photographed, collected, and sent for scientific identification through the Herbarium of the Institute of Agricultural Research of Mozambique, in Maputo. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 and Excel 2007 software to characterize the number of plants mentioned and botanical families, frequency of citation (FC), relative frequency of citation (RFC), fidelity level (FL), use value (UV) and informant consensus factor (ICF), plants parts used in malaria and HIV/AIDS treatment and its mode of preparation and administration. A literature review was performed, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological action for antiplasmodial activity, anti-retroviral and phytochemical purposes were further assessed.
Results
Among 39 plants identified in this study, 23 species of plants were used in Meconta district (18 species to treat malaria, five species to treat HIV/AIDS, and two species were used for both diseases), 16 and six plant species were used to treat malaria in Murrupula and Ribaue districts, respectively. The most cited plant species were Eucalyptus resinifera J. White (FC=10, RFC=0.22), followed by Brackenridgea zanguebarica Oliv. (FC=6, RFC=0.13), Senna petersiana (Bolle) Lock, and Psidium guajava L. (FC=5 of each, RFC=0.11). Roots (26.5 %) and leaves (23.5 %) were the most used plant parts by traditional healers.The most frequent modes of administration for malaria remedies were oral (29.4 %), bathing (20.6 %), and inhalation (11.8 %), whereas for HIV/AIDS treatment, oral administration was most common (85.7 %).
In conclusion
According to the literature review, five species and one species warrant further investigation in antimalarial and antiretroviral assays, respectively.
{"title":"Ethnopharmacological investigation of medicinal plants used by traditional healers in the treatment of malaria and HIV/AIDS in Meconta, Murrupula, and Ribaue districts, northern Mozambique","authors":"Bondy Lourenço , Asimbawe Kiza , Rodrigues Machude , Ngulwe Saide , Rachide Assane , Abrão João , Rodolfo Chissico , Abelardo Banze , Lázaro Cuinica","doi":"10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Plants continue to provide humans with new remedies, as 50 % of all prescriptions from community pharmacies worldwide are derived from natural products, with higher plants contributing 25 % of the total. It is essential to globalize traditional medicine to establish evidence-based healthcare, considering its safety, efficacy, and therapeutic and clinical evidence.</div></div><div><h3>Aim of the study</h3><div>To document the medicinal plants used by traditional medicine practitioners in the treatment of malaria and HIV/AIDS in Meconta, Murrupula, and Ribaué districts.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>This was an observational descriptive study with a qualitative–quantitative approach, conducted in July 2022 in the Meconta district and in August 2023 in the districts of Murrupula and Ribaué, involving 45 traditional medicine practitioners. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Plant specimens were photographed, collected, and sent for scientific identification through the Herbarium of the Institute of Agricultural Research of Mozambique, in Maputo. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 and Excel 2007 software to characterize the number of plants mentioned and botanical families, frequency of citation (FC), relative frequency of citation (RFC), fidelity level (FL), use value (UV) and informant consensus factor (ICF), plants parts used in malaria and HIV/AIDS treatment and its mode of preparation and administration. A literature review was performed, <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> pharmacological action for antiplasmodial activity, anti-retroviral and phytochemical purposes were further assessed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 39 plants identified in this study, 23 species of plants were used in Meconta district (18 species to treat malaria, five species to treat HIV/AIDS, and two species were used for both diseases), 16 and six plant species were used to treat malaria in Murrupula and Ribaue districts, respectively. The most cited plant species were <em>Eucalyptus resinifera</em> J. White (FC=10, RFC=0.22), followed by <em>Brackenridgea zanguebarica</em> Oliv. (FC=6, RFC=0.13), <em>Senna petersiana</em> (Bolle) Lock<em>, and Psidium guajava</em> L. (FC=5 of each, RFC=0.11). Roots (26.5 %) and leaves (23.5 %) were the most used plant parts by traditional healers.The most frequent modes of administration for malaria remedies were oral (29.4 %), bathing (20.6 %), and inhalation (11.8 %), whereas for HIV/AIDS treatment, oral administration was most common (85.7 %).</div></div><div><h3>In conclusion</h3><div>According to the literature review, five species and one species warrant further investigation in antimalarial and antiretroviral assays, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101014,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Research - Natural Products","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100462"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145841069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100467
Anouar Hmamou , Abdelouahid Laftouhi , Hamza Bouakline , Oussama Khibech , Mostafa El Khomsi , Ahmed Bendaoud , Nabil El Brahmi , Amal Lahkimi
The roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of Papaver rhoeas L. (P. rhoeas) are well known for their medicinal properties, yet the seeds remain largely underexplored. This study provides the first detailed evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of seed extracts obtained by microwave-assisted extraction (SEMi) and maceration (SEMa). Total phenolic content (TPC) was measured using the Folin–Ciocalteu method, and total flavonoid content (TFC) by the aluminum chloride assay. HPLC-DAD analysis identified the main phenolic compounds in each extract. Antioxidant activity was assessed via total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and DPPH scavenging assays, while antimicrobial efficacy was tested against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus by agar diffusion and broth microdilution. Molecular docking supported these biological activities in silico. SEMi extraction was more efficient (7.08 %) than SEMa (3.95 %). Both extracts had similar TPC, but SEMi showed slightly higher TFC. TAC values were comparable, yet SEMi displayed superior DPPH scavenging. SEMi exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity, reflected by larger inhibition zones and lower MIC values. HPLC-DAD revealed SEMi contained a wider range of phenolics, including gallic acid, epicatechin, and p-coumaric acid, absent in SEMa, which was richer in quercetin and (+)-catechin. Docking analysis showed quercetin and (+)-catechin had the strongest affinities, particularly for Keap1 (–9.6 and –9.5 kcal/mol) and DNA-gyrase B (–8.7 and –8.4 kcal/mol), highlighting their pivotal contributions to antioxidant and antibacterial activities. In conclusion, microwave-assisted extraction enhances both the chemical diversity and bioactivity of P. rhoeas seed extracts, emphasizing their promise for pharmaceutical and cosmetic uses.
{"title":"Phytochemical profiling and In Vitro and In Silico evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Papaver rhoeas L. seed extracts obtained by microwave-assisted extraction and maceration","authors":"Anouar Hmamou , Abdelouahid Laftouhi , Hamza Bouakline , Oussama Khibech , Mostafa El Khomsi , Ahmed Bendaoud , Nabil El Brahmi , Amal Lahkimi","doi":"10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100467","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100467","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of <em>Papaver rhoeas</em> L. (<em>P. rhoeas</em>) are well known for their medicinal properties, yet the seeds remain largely underexplored. This study provides the first detailed evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of seed extracts obtained by microwave-assisted extraction (SEMi) and maceration (SEMa). Total phenolic content (TPC) was measured using the Folin–Ciocalteu method, and total flavonoid content (TFC) by the aluminum chloride assay. HPLC-DAD analysis identified the main phenolic compounds in each extract. Antioxidant activity was assessed via total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and DPPH scavenging assays, while antimicrobial efficacy was tested against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus by agar diffusion and broth microdilution. Molecular docking supported these biological activities <em>in silico</em>. SEMi extraction was more efficient (7.08 %) than SEMa (3.95 %). Both extracts had similar TPC, but SEMi showed slightly higher TFC. TAC values were comparable, yet SEMi displayed superior DPPH scavenging. SEMi exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity, reflected by larger inhibition zones and lower MIC values. HPLC-DAD revealed SEMi contained a wider range of phenolics, including gallic acid, epicatechin, and p-coumaric acid, absent in SEMa, which was richer in quercetin and (+)-catechin. Docking analysis showed quercetin and (+)-catechin had the strongest affinities, particularly for Keap1 (–9.6 and –9.5 kcal/mol) and DNA-gyrase B (–8.7 and –8.4 kcal/mol), highlighting their pivotal contributions to antioxidant and antibacterial activities. In conclusion, microwave-assisted extraction enhances both the chemical diversity and bioactivity of <em>P. rhoeas</em> seed extracts, emphasizing their promise for pharmaceutical and cosmetic uses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101014,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Research - Natural Products","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100467"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100466
Priyanka Khedekar , Shweta Rane , Kalpana Tirpude , Dhanashree Bawane , Alpana Asnani , Sapan Shah
Depression is a prevalent mental health disorder affecting over 300 million individuals worldwide, characterized by persistent sadness, loss of motivation, and dysphoria. In this in-silico study, the Leonurus cardiaca 34 phytoconstituents were screened for antidepressant potential through molecular docking against the serotonin transporter (SERT) using fluoxetine as a reference drug. Among these, twelve phytoconstituents, including ursolic acid, corosolic acid, euscaphic acid, and β-sitosterol, exhibited higher binding affinities (−9.4 to −12.4 kcal/mol) than fluoxetine (−8.9 kcal/mol). ADME analysis via SwissADME revealed high gastrointestinal absorption and favorable water solubility for several lead compounds. Toxicity prediction using pkCSM indicated no AMES toxicity or skin sensitivity, and none of the top compounds showed hERG inhibition, suggesting low cardiotoxic potential. Although these phytoconstituents exhibited limited BBB permeability compared to fluoxetine, their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles suggest potential for further optimization. Overall, L. cardiaca phytoconstituents may serve as promising lead scaffolds for the development of safer antidepressant agents, following experimental validation.
{"title":"Computational study of binding affinity and ADMET properties of Leonurus cardiaca phytoconstituent on the serotonin transporter (SERT) for antidepressant activity","authors":"Priyanka Khedekar , Shweta Rane , Kalpana Tirpude , Dhanashree Bawane , Alpana Asnani , Sapan Shah","doi":"10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100466","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100466","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Depression is a prevalent mental health disorder affecting over 300 million individuals worldwide, characterized by persistent sadness, loss of motivation, and dysphoria. In this <em>in-silico</em> study, the <em>Leonurus cardiaca</em> 34 phytoconstituents were screened for antidepressant potential through molecular docking against the serotonin transporter (SERT) using fluoxetine as a reference drug. Among these, twelve phytoconstituents, including ursolic acid, corosolic acid, euscaphic acid, and β-sitosterol, exhibited higher binding affinities (−9.4 to −12.4 kcal/mol) than fluoxetine (−8.9 kcal/mol). ADME analysis via SwissADME revealed high gastrointestinal absorption and favorable water solubility for several lead compounds. Toxicity prediction using pkCSM indicated no AMES toxicity or skin sensitivity, and none of the top compounds showed hERG inhibition, suggesting low cardiotoxic potential. Although these phytoconstituents exhibited limited BBB permeability compared to fluoxetine, their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles suggest potential for further optimization. Overall, L. cardiaca phytoconstituents may serve as promising lead scaffolds for the development of safer antidepressant agents, following experimental validation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101014,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Research - Natural Products","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100466"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-15DOI: 10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100461
Sri Rahavi Boovarahan , Priyanka N. Prem , Akshayakeerthi Arthanarisami , Saranyasri santhanam , Srijan Jayaraman , Gino A. Kurian
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) risk increases in postmenopausal women due to estrogen deficiency, highlighting the need for non-hormonal cardioprotective therapies. This study investigates the cardioprotective potential of Ganoderma lucidum ethanolic extract (GL) against ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in an estrogen-deficient rat model. Ovariectomized (Ovx) female Wistar rats were used to mimic postmenopausal conditions. After 12 weeks, isolated hearts were subjected to IR injury via the Langendorff system, with GL administered through the Krebs Henseleit buffer. Cardiac function (LVDP, RPP), infarct size, oxidative stress markers, and mitochondrial complex activities were assessed. GC-MS analysis identified key bioactives such as linoleic acid, ergosterol, and dehydroergosterol. In silico docking revealed moderate to strong binding affinities of these compounds to cardioprotective targets including estrogen receptor β (ERβ), sirtuin-3 (SIRT3), and Caspase-3. GL treatment significantly improved post-ischemic recovery (RPP = 17.10 ± 0.29 in OVX vs. 22.62 ± 0.36 mmHg*BPM × 10 ³ in SHAM), reduced cardiac enzyme leakage, attenuated oxidative stress, and restored mitochondrial function. Notably, linoleic acid and ergosterol derivatives showed promising interactions with ERβ and SIRT3, implicating estrogenic and mitochondrial pathways in the observed cardioprotection. These findings suggest that GL exerts a multifaceted protective effect in estrogen-deficient hearts through antioxidant, mitochondrial, and receptor-mediated mechanisms. The study gives preclinical support to the potential of GL as a safe, non-hormonal therapeutic strategy for mitigating IHD risk in postmenopausal women.
{"title":"Ganoderma lucidum protects estrogen-deficient hearts from ischemia-reperfusion injury via mitochondrial and estrogen receptor pathways","authors":"Sri Rahavi Boovarahan , Priyanka N. Prem , Akshayakeerthi Arthanarisami , Saranyasri santhanam , Srijan Jayaraman , Gino A. Kurian","doi":"10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.prenap.2025.100461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ischemic heart disease (IHD) risk increases in postmenopausal women due to estrogen deficiency, highlighting the need for non-hormonal cardioprotective therapies. This study investigates the cardioprotective potential of <em>Ganoderma lucidum</em> ethanolic extract (GL) against ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in an estrogen-deficient rat model. Ovariectomized (Ovx) female Wistar rats were used to mimic postmenopausal conditions. After 12 weeks, isolated hearts were subjected to IR injury via the Langendorff system, with GL administered through the Krebs Henseleit buffer. Cardiac function (LVDP, RPP), infarct size, oxidative stress markers, and mitochondrial complex activities were assessed. GC-MS analysis identified key bioactives such as linoleic acid, ergosterol, and dehydroergosterol. In silico docking revealed moderate to strong binding affinities of these compounds to cardioprotective targets including estrogen receptor β (ERβ), sirtuin-3 (SIRT3), and Caspase-3. GL treatment significantly improved post-ischemic recovery (RPP = 17.10 ± 0.29 in OVX vs. 22.62 ± 0.36 mmHg*BPM × 10 ³ in SHAM), reduced cardiac enzyme leakage, attenuated oxidative stress, and restored mitochondrial function. Notably, linoleic acid and ergosterol derivatives showed promising interactions with ERβ and SIRT3, implicating estrogenic and mitochondrial pathways in the observed cardioprotection. These findings suggest that GL exerts a multifaceted protective effect in estrogen-deficient hearts through antioxidant, mitochondrial, and receptor-mediated mechanisms. The study gives preclinical support to the potential of <em>GL</em> as a safe, non-hormonal therapeutic strategy for mitigating IHD risk in postmenopausal women.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101014,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Research - Natural Products","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100461"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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