Vacunas (English Edition)最新文献

Background

The association between worldwide COVID-19 vaccination and mental health has been largely unexplored by means of infodemiological studies.

Objective

To explore how global public interest in different mental health topics changed between the pre-vaccination pandemic stage and the different periods of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign.

Methods

In this study were examined the relative search volume (RSV) in Google Trends for ‘anxiety’, ‘depression’, ‘stress’, and ‘suicide’ between 1 March 2020 and 1 January 2023. The RSV for each term was compared with respect to 4 periods: the pre-vaccination pandemic stage; the period from initiation of vaccination until 50% of the population was fully vaccinated (FV); the period from 50% FV to 60% FV; and the period after 60% FV.

Results

A significant lower mean RSV on anxiety, depression, and suicide was found once 60% of the world population had been FV compared to different previous vaccination periods and with the pre-vaccination pandemic stage.

Conclusions

There seems to be less need for information worldwide on anxiety, depression, and suicide topics once 60% of the population is FV against COVID-19. Overcoming this vaccination milestone may have had a positive impact on public interest in specific mental health issues.

Lung cancer is among the leading causes of death related to cancer globally, with NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer) accounting for about 85% of all cases. NSCLC is characterized by a complex genetic landscape, with multiple driver mutations and epigenetic alterations that promote tumor progression and resistance to therapy. NSCLC is treated with immunotherapy, chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, or molecularly targeted therapy. However, a significant number of patients who had surgery are likely to experience local recurrence or distant metastases. Immunotherapy and targeted therapies have advanced rapidly in the last few years. Here, in this review, details related to NSCLC, its types, preventive measures, and risk factors, their symptoms, method of screening, diagnosis, and related treatment, and the latest updates related to NSCLC are discussed.

The Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly lethal disease, resulting in a mortality rate of 75%. Outbreaks have been observed in southeast Asian countries, including Singapore, Malaysia, Bangladesh, and India. As of September 24, 2023, 6 confirmed cases of the NiV had been reported, including 2 fatalities in the Kozhikode District in Northern Kerala, India. In January and February of 2023, this virus sparked an epidemic in Bangladesh. Bats are important hosts for zoonotic viruses such as the NiV, SARS-CoV-2, Ebola virus, and others; nevertheless, relatively little is known about the ecological determinants and dynamics of these viruses' propagation in their reservoir hosts. Therefore, this review assessed early detection, data integration, community awareness, and resource limitations. Moreover, it gives specific future directions, emphasizing the urgency of vaccine and antiviral development, genomic surveillance advancements, case studies, healthcare system reinforcement, and intensified global collaboration. By addressing these issues, the One Health approach emerges as a vital and proactive strategy for NiV prevention, ensuring comprehensive preparedness and response mechanisms against future outbreaks.

Background

Pertussis is a severe and prolonged coughing disease caused by Bordetella pertussis. In 2014, 24.1 million pertussis cases and 160 700 deaths were estimated worldwide in children less than 5 years old. Infection with B. pertussis is frequently characterized by a significant rise in the number of circulating lymphocytes. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess lymphocytosis among pertussis patients in Northwest Ethiopia.

Methods

An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among pertussis patients who met the clinical case definition for pertussis. The study was conducted from July 2018 through February 2019 and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 321 participants, and samples were analyzed using real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Blood specimens were collected from 321 study participants and total lymphocyte count was conducted using hematology analyzer.

Results

A total of 109 participants were positive for Bordetella species. Lymphocytosis was found in 15/109 (13.8%) of the PCR confirmed pertussis patients. Of those 15 PCR confirmed participants with lymphocytosis, 8/15 (53.3%) had lymphocytosis grading ‘high’ (≥ 2.81/μL) followed by 3/15 (20.0%) ‘moderately high’ (≥ 4.0/μL), and 4/15 (26.7%) had ‘very high’ (≥ 6.0/μL). Among PCR confirmed pertussis participants with lymphocytosis, 11/15 (73.3%) were less than 1 year old.

Conclusions

Despite other co-infections can cause lymphocytosis, this study showed that lymphocyte count could be used to rule out pertussis. Thus, in combination with other specific laboratory tests, lymphocyte count in pertussis suspected patients is recommended.

Background

Covaxin® is a COVID-19 vaccine created and produced by Bharat Biotech in India. The vaccine is based on the strain of SARS-CoV-2 that was first identified in India and has undergone Phase III clinical trials. Covaxin® has been authorized for emergency use in India and has been distributed as part of India's vaccination campaign. The vaccine has been shown to be effective in preventing COVID-19 infection and hospitalization, but additional studies are needed to determine its efficacy as well as safety in the long term.

Methods

The antibody titer against Covaxin® was detected through indirect ELISA immunoassay. Optimization was performed on 500 samples to get an idea and work further on a larger number of samples.

Results

The vaccine had the best immune response in individuals between the ages of 21 and 30 and the least response in those between 61 and 70. This was attributed to the phenomenon of immunosenescence, which explains the weakening of the immune system with age. Additionally, the study found that the equine anti-CoV-19 serum had a higher binding affinity with Covaxin®, highlighting the effectiveness of horse Ig against COVID-19 antigens.

Conclusions

The study concluded that Covaxin® was effective in generating an immune response in individuals after 2 doses of vaccination; however, the generated immune response decreased with the time of vaccine administration and the age of the vaccinated. The study also showed that the ELISA technique used in this research is an efficient and sensitive method to evaluate vaccine efficiency and can be applied to a larger number of samples for further comparative analysis.

The moment SARS-CoV-2 seemed to be receding; there was an uncertain emergence of Omicron variant which rapidly spread to all the 6 continents of the globe. The large number of genomic mutations has helped Omicron to evolve and become highly transmissible and escape the natural or vaccine-induced immune response. Until now, the Omicron has evolved into 5 unique lineages namely BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, BA.5, and over 1000 sub-lineages. Despite vigorous COVID-19 immunisation programmes, India has been constantly being affected with emergence of new Omicron variants. In contrast to recovered patients following vaccination and breakthrough cases following a second dose against the Omicron variety, our recent research of naive Covishield vaccines showed declining immune response. The finding of this study and other studies with Covaxin depicted less immune response against Omicron post second dose of vaccination. This necessitates the administration of a preventive dose to improve immunity. There was surge in the COVID-19 cases with BA.5, BA.4, BF.7, BQ.1, XBB, and JN.1 infection which has greater transmissibility and vaccine efficacy remarkably dropped. Hence along with administration of booster dose, there is need to tweak the currently available vaccines with these SARS-CoV-2 variants. These types of modified boosters could provide enhances protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Herpes zoster (HZ) is a relatively common disease whose incidence increases with age and in immunocompromised situations. Mortality caused by HZ is low, but its complications impact on physical, psychological, functional, and social aspects of patients, significantly reducing health-related quality of life. Post-herpetic neuralgia is the most common complication, and is characterised by symptoms of neuropathic pain including allodynia and hyperalgesia with electrical, burning, and/or stabbing sensations that persist more than 90 days. Its management is complex and has limitations, which increases the demand for health resources and also increases direct and indirect costs. This article reviews the epidemiological and clinical features of HZ, the available treatments and vaccines against HZ, as well as national and international vaccination recommendations. In addition, the role of primary care is emphasised as a catalyst for the implementation of adult vaccination.

Objectives

HPV infection is a widely acknowledged cause of infection-related cancers globally. However, HPV vaccine is a reliable and risk-free method to avert HPV infection and is advised for children aged from 9 to 14, irrespective of their gender. Therefore, when considering the vaccination for human papilloma virus (HPV), viewpoints held by parents hugely impact their decision to vaccinate their daughters. This study aims to evaluate Saudi parents' comprehension and perception of HPV (human papilloma virus) and the HPV vaccine and its acceptability.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate parents of adolescent daughters. An online questionnaire was conducted using Google form to gather information about socio-demographic data, awareness, and knowledge of HPV, and the willingness to accept the HPV vaccine.

Results

Out of 424 participants, three-quarters of the participants were mothers 319 (75.2%) and 105 (24.8%) were fathers. Over half of the respondents (53.8%) were acknowledged that HPV is a cause of cervical cancer where the relationship was found to be significant in relation to gender. Almost half of the participants (47.0%) were acknowledged that HPV vaccine is used to prevent cervical cancer which was statistically significant in relation to gender (P = .034) but (47.9%) did not know. Encouragingly, levels of vaccine acceptance were high (54.7%) although (41.0%) had a negative attitude towards the effectiveness of HPV vaccine with strong belief that the vaccine can cause serious side effects (67.0%). Parents with family history of cervical cancer and were aware that the vaccine can prevent cervical cancer were positively associated.

Type 1 diabetes is classified as an autoimmune disorder. Researchers observed the presence of viral Coxsackie virus B proteins within the β-cells in islets shortly after inoculating mice. This observation led them to establish a link between children who have T1D and an infection with the CVB. The objective of this research was to measure the degree of gene expression of highly expressed genes in individuals who were both infected with Coxsackie viruses B and previously had T1D. Additionally, levels of CVB IgG and HbA1c were assessed in the blood serum of patients with T1D.This correlation was assessed by analyzing the expression of genes with significantly extreme expression levels using logarithmic analysis with specialized mathematical software. This study revealed that there is an association between CVB IgG and HbA1c levels in T1D patients. Additionally, T1D patients with a family history of diabetes showed associations with genetic factors and gene expression. Interestingly, no significant differences in HbA1c levels were observed between patients based on their gender. Furthermore, the genes IGFBP5, GPNMB, and GJA1 exhibited a strong association with CVB. We propose a new strategy that may open up new therapy options for T1D caused by CVB through monitoring the physiological pathways of these genes.