Vacunas (English Edition)最新文献

{"title":"Impact of hepatitis B virus immunization","authors":"Jaime Jesús Pérez Martín ,&nbsp;Victoria Uroz Martínez","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500482","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500482","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a global public health issue due to its potential for chronicity and severe complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Since its introduction in the 1980s, vaccination against HBV has proven to be a highly effective tool in preventing acute infection, chronic disease, and vertical transmission. This article reviews the impact of hepatitis B vaccination globally and in Spain, based on data from epidemiological surveillance, seroprevalence studies, and cancer registries. Remarkable reductions in the incidence of chronic infection and hepatocellular carcinoma have been observed in countries that implemented the vaccine early, such as Taiwan, China, and Iran. In Spain, vaccination began in risk groups in 1982, was extended to adolescents in the 1990s, and to infants from 2002. Vaccination coverage has exceeded 93% in infants for over two decades. The incidence of acute hepatitis B has decreased significantly since 1997, and seroepidemiological studies show a marked decline in infection among individuals under 40 years old. A significant reduction in vertical transmission and hepatocellular carcinoma incidence has also been documented in Spanish men aged 35–39 years. Although systematic vaccination has had a substantial impact on the HBV disease burden, challenges remain regarding surveillance in unvaccinated or vulnerable populations, especially in the context of migration movements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"26 4","pages":"Article 500482"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145341046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatitis A: Impact of vaccination","authors":"Angela Domínguez ,&nbsp;Núria Soldevila ,&nbsp;Lluís Salleras","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hepatitis A has a worldwide distribution, with incidence varying according to the level of endemicity. High endemicity countries are those with a prevalence of infection in the general population greater than 50% and an annual incidence greater than 150 cases/100,000 inhabitants, while very low endemicity countries corresponds to a prevalence of infection at the age of 30 years less than 50% and an annual incidence of less than 5 cases/100,000.</div><div>Population impact of the universal vaccination strategy has been demonstrated in multiple contexts, with a decrease in the incidence of cases observed not only in those age groups that receive vaccination but also in unvaccinated population.</div><div>Although elimination targets for viral hepatitis are primarily quantified for hepatitis B and C, which cause the majority of deaths, WHO's global health strategy targets the five viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) that cause hepatitis. Interventions include ensuring high sanitation levels and water and food security, as well as vaccination against hepatitis A.</div><div>The single-dose vaccination strategy implemented in some countries has proven to be cost-effective. Currently, the biggest obstacle to universal vaccination in low-endemicity countries is its cost. It would be important to consider the indirect protective effect of vaccination to estimate the true impact of universal vaccination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"26 4","pages":"Article 500428"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145341047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meningococcus: Impact of meningococcal vaccination in Spain","authors":"Josep Marès Bermúdez","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500451","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500451","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Meningococcal disease is an extremely serious disease, responsible for most sepsis and meningitis, produced in our area by 4 serogroups: B, C, W, and Y. It is endemic, can present epidemic outbreaks unpredictably, and is preventable with effective and safe vaccines. In Spain, systematic childhood vaccination with conjugated meningococcal C vaccine began in 2000, with an extremely favorable impact, reducing over 95% of the disease burden caused by this serogroup during the 25 years of the program. In 2020, the conjugated ACWY vaccine was included at 12 years of age to address the observed increase in cases due to serogroup W, with a favorable impact currently leading to the absence of cases in vaccination cohorts. In 2023, systematic vaccination against serogroup B was instituted in children under 1 year, following a national study confirming a 71% vaccine effectiveness against serogroup B disease and a global effectiveness for meningococcal disease, regardless of serogroup, of 76%. The achievements underscore the importance of maintaining and strengthening meningococcal vaccination programs in the future to continue safeguarding public health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"26 4","pages":"Article 500451"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145341048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of conjugate vaccines on the evolution of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in Spain","authors":"Covadonga Pérez-García ,&nbsp;Mirella Llamosí ,&nbsp;Inés Pareja-Cerbán ,&nbsp;Aída Úbeda ,&nbsp;Erick Joan Vidal-Acántara ,&nbsp;Jose Yuste ,&nbsp;Mirian Domenech ,&nbsp;Julio Sempere","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500452","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500452","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is a public health problem with high morbidity and mortality, especially in children and older adults. Despite pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV), serotype replacement and antibiotic resistance are important challenges. This study analyses the evolution of IPD in Spain during the last 15 years, assessing the impact of vaccination in serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance to penicillin and erythromycin. Since the introduction of PCV13, IPD cases by vaccine serotypes have decline in pediatric population. However, an increase of non-vaccine serotypes such as 8 and 24F was observed. In adults, we also found a reduction on IPD cases by vaccine serotype due to herd immunity. The COVID-19 pandemic diminished pneumococcal transmission in 2020–2021, but in 2023 we recovered pre-pandemic levels. In the last years, we have observed an increase of cases by serotype 3 in children and adults which is worrisome. From the antibiotic resistance perspective, the use of PCVs have also decline the circulation of vaccine serotypes associated with antibiotic resistance, although an increase by serotypes 11A and 24F has been observed in the last years. The use of broader vaccines and epidemiological surveillance are essential aspects necessary to improve prevention strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"26 4","pages":"Article 500452"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145341049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of maternal pertussis vaccination, 2014–2023","authors":"Eva Borràs López","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500464","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500464","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Newborns and infants are at increased risk for whooping cough. Vaccination during pregnancy with the dTpa vaccine is a safe and effective strategy to protect newborns and infants against whooping cough through transfer of passive antibodies. Furthermore, this practice reduces the risk of infection and transmission by protecting pregnant mothers. The World Health Organization (WHO) endorses this strategy as the most cost-effective additional strategy, and it has been implemented in numerous countries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"26 4","pages":"Article 500464"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145340500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anniversary special edition: Introduction","authors":"Núria Torner Editora jefe,&nbsp;Angela Domínguez Directora científica,&nbsp;Lluís Salleras Director fundacional","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500491","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500491","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"26 4","pages":"Article 500491"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145341041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The value of vaccines","authors":"Magda Campins","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500462","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"26 4","pages":"Article 500462"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145341042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of a new multi-epitope subunit vaccine to combat the EIA virus, targeting Pol, Gag, and Env proteins: In silico technique","authors":"M. Rahiyab,&nbsp;I. Ul Haq,&nbsp;S.S. Ali,&nbsp;Z. Hussain,&nbsp;S. Ali,&nbsp;I. Khan,&nbsp;A. Iqbal","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500463","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500463","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV) is a lentivirus, a member of the Retroviridae, that affects horses and is distributed nearly everywhere in the world. It results in a chronic infection followed by recurrent fever episodes linked to viremia, thrombocytopenia, and symptoms of atrophy. An alternate way of preventing this disease is vaccination or immunization.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Numerous immunoinformatics algorithms were applied to determine potential epitopes (CTL, HTL, and B-cells) from the three structural proteins (polyprotein, gag, and envelope).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Based on the prior research, the 50S ribosomal subunit protein L7/L12 of <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> was added to the vaccine, including several linkers for connecting epitopes. After designing a multi-epitope subunit vaccine (MESV), the structure was validated by exploiting the ERRAT, Ramachandran plot, and the ProSa-web. The validated structure was docked with TLR3 and TLR8. The structure of the vaccine was submitted to GROMAX for the MD simulation. The results indicated stability and proper folding. Using a codon optimization technique, the vaccine's GC contents and CAI values were 50.84% and 0.99, respectively. The pET28a (+) vector demonstrated an appropriate expression of the vaccine. Finally, in immune simulation, TC and TH-cell populations, including high concentrations of IgG + IgM and IgG1 + IgG2 immunoglobulins, and different cytokines (e.g., IFN-g, IL-2, etc.) are consistent with natural immunity and also show quicker antigen elimination.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This new research will be helpful for upcoming experimental evaluations to validate the safety and antigenic potency of the constructed vaccine and, eventually, to treat diseases linked to the EIA virus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"26 3","pages":"Article 500463"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144749437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of diabetes on CD4 expression in T lymphocytes: A comparative analysis postCovishield vaccination","authors":"K. Dayana ,&nbsp;V. Jelin ,&nbsp;Y. Alex","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Diabetic individuals often exhibit altered immune responses, which may impact vaccine efficacy. This prospective observational cohort study aimed to assess and compare CD4 expression in T lymphocytes between diabetic individuals and healthy controls one month following the first (prime) dose of the Covishield vaccine.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Blood samples were collected from 5 diabetic individuals and 5 healthy controls. Flow cytometry was employed to measure CD3 and CD4 expression, with a gating strategy that identified lymphocytes, excluded doublets, and gated CD3<!--> <!-->+ and CD4<!--> <!-->+ cells.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study found that CD4 expression in T lymphocytes was significantly lower in diabetic individuals (Mean ± SD: 44.4 ± 6.4) compared to healthy controls (Mean ± SD: 66.092 ± 9.7), with a p-value of 0.009. This reduction in CD4 expression could potentially impair B cell activation and antibody production, consistent with prior reports of delayed seroconversion in diabetic patients.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings suggest that lower CD4 expression in diabetic individuals may impact their immune response to the Covishield vaccine. This aligns with previous studies indicating compromised T-cell responses and delayed antibody production in diabetic individuals post-vaccination. Further research with larger cohorts, additional immunological markers, and extended follow-up is necessary to validate these observations and provide a deeper understanding of vaccine responses in diabetic individuals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"26 3","pages":"Article 500431"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144749438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling the booster vaccine effect on new COVID-19 variant management employs the Atangana-Baleanu-Caputo fractional derivative operator together with the Laplace-Adomian decomposition method","authors":"M.O. Olayiwola ,&nbsp;K.R. Tijani ,&nbsp;M.O. Ogunniran ,&nbsp;A.O. Yunus ,&nbsp;E.A. Oluwafemi ,&nbsp;M.O. Abanikanda ,&nbsp;A.I. Alaje ,&nbsp;J.A. Adedeji","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2025.500458","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Introduction&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;New COVID-19 variants create worldwide health difficulties that call for effective control methods including booster vaccinations. The risk factors associated with new COVID-19 variants include enhanced transmission capabilities together with escape from immune responses and more severe disease manifestations which requires advanced vaccination measures. The developed mathematical model assesses how effectively booster vaccines help stop new COVID-19 variants from transmitting between people. Environmental variables that measure both public vaccine acceptance levels and widespread awareness levels integrated with the model to determine their roles in disease propagation rates. The research introduces fractional calculus to examine disease progress as well as booster vaccination effectiveness in stopping outbreaks.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;This research establishes a fractional mathematical model to evaluate how booster vaccinations affect the spread of new COVID-19 variants. The stability evaluations and determination of basic reproduction number (R0) through next-generation matrix method form the basis of operational analysis for the model. Sensitivity analysis evaluates the effects that variable modifications have on disease outbreak controls. Evaluating complex fractional differential equations requires the analytical solutions derived by employing the Laplace-Adomian Decomposition Method (LADM). The solution approach provides accurate insights into equilibrium points as well as stability patterns together with control measures of disease transmission through vaccination strategies.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Numerical data confirms the success of booster vaccination strategies because they lower transmission rates of infections and manage disease spread. Boosted vaccination rates lead to substantial decline in the basic reproduction number (R0) thus reducing disease transmission across the population. Sensitivity analysis shows how vaccine acceptance together with public awareness directly affects the maximum results achievable through booster doses. Success rates of vaccination programs heavily depend on behavioral elements which include vaccine hesitancy together with social perceptions about immunizations. The study demonstrates how vaccinating people alongside education programs leads to superior transmission control which supports long-lasting mitigation tactics.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;The research evidence shows that booster vaccinations play a critical role in containing new COVID-19 variant spread. The research enables a full disease dynamics understanding through its integrated fractional-order model with behavioral components so it delivers effective vaccination optimization recommendations. Public health measures together with transmission control improve when people become more aware of vaccines. This developed model provides both scientific fundamentals for beh","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"26 3","pages":"Article 500458"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144749444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}