Vacunas (English Edition)最新文献

Background

Chronic diseases and comorbidity are important predictors of depression and anxiety, the two most common disorders of poor mental health. Meanwhile, the pandemic increases anxiety and depression levels, alongside declined quality of life (QoL), the same way that comorbidities are associated with severity of COVID-19 progression. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression, as well as the QoL among patients with chronic medical conditions in Amman, Jordan, in the post-pandemic period.

Methods

A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with comorbidities using a validated questionnaire consisting of 3 parts. Anxiety and depression prevalence were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), while the QoL in terms of physical, psychological, social, emotional, and general mental health was evaluated using the SF-36 QoL questionnaire.

Results

A total of 150 participants (mean age = 55 ± 13 years) were enrolled in the study. Most participants reported a significantly elevated level of borderline abnormal or mild anxiety (44%, P < .0001). The QoL scores indicated relatively poor well-being, particularly in the physical role (29.2 ± 45.5) and emotional role (26.2 ± 4.0) domains (P < .05). Statistical significance was observed between HADS anxiety or depression scores and variables, such as age, education level, and comorbidities.

Conclusion

This study's findings provide insights into the adverse psychiatric consequences, high prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms, and reduced quality of life among patients with comorbid conditions post-COVID-19 pandemic.

The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the cause of acute respiratory pathologies (bronchiolitis and pneumonia), which occur preferably in the paediatric population in an epidemic manner. The only way to prevent these infections is through prior vaccination > 6 months. Of the different existing vaccines, attenuated vaccines, defined as those that contain an altered or modified virus to minimise its pathogenic capacity while maintaining its immunological response capacity, seem to represent an important advance. In recent years, 2 vaccine candidates based on the M2-2 gene deletion have been evaluated, those designated MEDI/ΔM2 and LID/ΔM2-2/1030s. In the study carried out in 21 seronegative children (6–24 months), they received an intranasal dose (105 PFU) of the new vaccine compared to a placebo group. 85% of those vaccinated developed a neutralising antibody titre > 4 times the previous one. The combination of the Δ1313 deletion with the NS2 deletion was shown to be better for the development of an attenuated RSV recombinant vaccine candidate (ΔNS2/Δ1313), with good protective results. A new vaccine candidate designated RSV/6120/ΔNS2/1030s was developed that is identical to the previous virus RSV/ΔNS2/Δ1313/I1314L but with additional mutations. Finally, a VRS with a single replicative cycle has been developed by eliminating the gene encoding the matrix (M) protein (VRS-M-null). Most of these vaccines are still in phase 2/3 and very good results are expected.

Introduction

This study aimed to determine the attitudes and concerns of nursing students toward the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccine, their willingness to be vaccinated, and the factors affecting their willingness in the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Method

This cross-sectional study was conducted using an online questionnaire in 498 nursing students in Izmir. Chi-square test, Student’s t-test and binary logistic regression were used in data analysis.

Results

Despite the fact that 64.5% of nursing students intended to be vaccinated against COVID-19, they expressed their attitudes and concerns about the lack of COVID-19 vaccination information (65.7%), its effectiveness (41.6%), and safety (45.8%). Students did not intend to be vaccinated due to insufficient trust in the vaccine effectiveness (84%), the continuous COVID-19 mutation. Strong predictors of nursing students' intention to be vaccinated in the logistic regression analysis; education level, family income perception, history of vaccination rejection in the past, confidence in the vaccine, the effectiveness of the vaccine, the side effects of the vaccine, seeing oneself as a guinea pig, and thinking that the vaccine will change the genetic structure were determined (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Nursing students are known to be future healthcare professionals and play a decisive role in counseling individuals in the community on the risks of COVID-19 and the benefits of the vaccine. Therefore, focusing on training that is aimed at increasing vaccine knowledge, eliminating their negative attitudes and concerns, and building confidence in vaccines is necessary.

This review comprehensively analyses human monkeypox caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), including its origins, transmission, pathogenesis, immune responses, genetic variations, evolutionary changes, and potential therapeutic strategies. The MPXV belongs to the Poxviridae family and is responsible for the zoonotic viral disease known as human monkeypox (MPX). A multi-nation monkeypox epidemic was declared by the WHO in May 2022, with over 64 290 laboratory-confirmed cases recorded worldwide in several non-endemic countries. Symptoms of MPX include fever, headache, muscular aches, lymphadenopathy, and a recognizable rash that progresses into papules, vesicles, and pustules before finally scabbing over and healing. MPXV is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa, affecting wild animals and resulting in zoonotic epidemics. Delayed vaccination, commerce in exotic animals, international travel, and increased human sensitivity have contributed to the spread of MPXV to new locations. The smallpox vaccination may provide cross-protection against MPXV due to antigenic similarities. Basic health precautions should be followed, including frequent handwashing, nose and mouth covering when coughing, and avoiding ill individuals and overcrowded areas. Safe sexual practices are also recommended in countries reporting monkeypox transmission. Although vaccines are available, but they are limited. The review highlights the need for effective preventive and therapeutic strategies to manage human monkeypox.

Introduction

Vaccine safety is a major barrier to the uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine by pregnant women. To bring confidence among pregnant women towards vaccine intake, there is a need to synthesize evidence on safety profile of vaccination.

Objective

To assess adverse events (AEs) following COVID-19 vaccination among pregnant women.

Materials and methods

A vaccine safety surveillance was conducted at 2 rural primary health centers (PHC) located in Anantapur District, India. A total of 420 pregnant women were monitored for AEs following COVID-19 vaccination for a period of 30 min and followed for 1 month for late reactions through telephonic interviews. All AEs were subjected to causality and severity assessment. Descriptive statistics were used to represent adverse events.

Results

The COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate among pregnant women was 64.4%. A total of 420 pregnant women received 670 vaccine doses (Covishield = 372, Covaxin = 298) against COVID-19. Majority of vaccine intake was observed during the second trimester. The incidence rate of AEs following the COVID-19 vaccine among pregnant women was 93.8%, and the majority include injection site pain (28.4%, 29.6%), fever (25.5%, 19.0%), myalgia (8.21%, 12.3%), and malaise (13.6%, 8.4%). Most AEs notified are probable and mild in nature.

Conclusion

The COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate among pregnant women was 64.4%. A 30 days incidence rate of AEs following COVID-19 vaccination among pregnant women was 93.8%, with the most common mild events like injection site pain, and fever. A further follow-up cohort study by taking an adequate sample size was recommended to capture fetal–maternal outcomes.

Despite advances in modern treatment, many cancers have evolved to bypass the immune system. The immune system either cannot perceive the tumor as foreign or the immune response is hindered. Oncolytic viruses are designed to infect and kill cancer cells. A huge variety of oncolytic viruses have been produced and tested over the last 30 years. The presence of 9 different virus strains in the cells (mouse) at the same time allowed the genes from the different strains to be rearranged via homologous recombination to generate unique chimeric daughter viruses. CHECKvacc is a genetically engineered oncolytic virus (CF33) that is equipped with the human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS) and an anti-PD-L1 antibody. The novel modified viruses will be examined as a monotherapy or in combination with pembrolizumab to determine the safety and efficacy of the treatment regimens. The first patient was dosed in a phase 1 clinical trial to assess the treatment's safety in people with advanced solid tumors. The medicine will be administered either directly into the tumors or intravenously.

Background

Despite the fact that the WHO recommends that adults over the age of 18 have to receive a booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. The willingness and intention to accept a booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine remain major issues among the general population, particularly patients with comorbid disease conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the patterns regarding COVID-19 infection and vaccination, along with the intention and hesitancy to receive a booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine among patients with comorbid disease conditions in Istanbul, Türkiye.

Methods

This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted among patients with comorbid disease conditions using a three-part, structured, validated questionnaire. Vaccine hesitancy from a booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine was assessed using the Health Belief Model (HBM), based on a 5-point Likert-type scale.

Results

The study enrolled 162 participants with a mean age of 57.2 ± 13.3 years. 97% of the respondents received the COVID-19 vaccine. Almost half of respondents (51.2%) reported receiving information about a booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. HBM among the participants with comorbidities showed a significant agreement regarding the perceived susceptibility (P < 0.0001), perceived severity (P < 0.0001) and perceived benefits (P < 0.0001) to receive a booster vaccine dose. There was a statistically significant correlation between the intention to receive a booster vaccine dose and education level (university education; P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

A vast and significant majority of patients with chronic comorbid disease conditions who received the COVID-19 vaccine reported an intention to receive a booster dose.

Objective

Bacteria can react to stress conditions using the Toxin-Antitoxin (TA) system. This study investigated the expression of TA system genes under heat and antibiotic stresses in Brucella spp.

Methods

To determine the effects of sub-inhibitory concentration (sub-MIC) of rifampin on bacterial survival and growth, a colony-forming unit was quantitated, and turbidity was assessed following the treatment of Brucella isolates, with ½ minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotic at different time intervals. Also, Brucella isolates were exposed to heat stress (42 °C) compared to the control (37 °C). Finally, the expression of TA system genes in Brucella isolates was evaluated one hour after treatment using the quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) method.

Results

Our results showed that the growth of the Brucella isolates reduced in the presence of the sub-MIC of antibiotics compared to the control. The results of the qPCR assay showed that, in the presence of rifampicin the expression of the TA system genes increased and, under the heat stress conditions, the expression of the TA system genes increased compared to controls expect brnT / brnA system.

Conclusion

Although the exact role of the TA system in response to various stresses is not yet fully understood, our study provided information on the effectiveness of the type II TA system under heat and antibiotic stress conditions by examining the gene expression of type II systems in Brucella isolates.