Vacunas (English Edition)最新文献

英文中文

Pertussis as a re-emerging disease. Epidemiological situation in the province of Salamanca 百日咳是一种再次出现的疾病。萨拉曼卡省的流行病学情况

Vacunas (English Edition)

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacune.2025.100379

Ana María Haro Pérez , Mar Jiménez Rodríguez , Saray Martín Monteagudo , Nieves Gutiérrez Zufiaurre

Objetives

Describe the evolution and characteristics of confirmed pertussis cases during the last 5 years, detect possible underreporting, study the burden of the pertussis on healthcare system at the current time and assess the effect of vaccination.

Material and methods

Retrospective observational study of pertussis cases reported in the province of Salamanca and patients diagnosed with pertussis by PCR by the Microbiology of the reference hospital, from January 2018 to March 2024.

Results

A total of 58 cases of pertussis were detected, 42 correspond to the period November 2023 – March 2024. Thirty-five (60.3%) were reported as EDO. A total of 48% were not vaccinated, and the average time from the last dose of the vaccine to diagnóstico in vaccinated people was 136.3 days (SD 40) in children under 1 year of age and 605.3 days (SD 407) in the 1–4 year-old group. Twelve cases (20.7%) required hospitalization (3 under 1 year old, 1 under 2 years old, 1 under 7 years old, 2 between 34 and 64 years old and 5 over 65 years old), of which 7 (58.3%) were not vaccinated.

Conclusions

The epidemiological evolution of pertussis shows a significant increase in 2023–2024, both in childhood and in adulthood, despite detecting underreporting. Vaccination is one of the fundamental strategies for the prevention of pertussis, the risk of which increases with the time elapsed since the last dose of vaccine, so vaccination coverage should be promoted in all age groups and in specific groups of risk, with the introduction of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis in booster doses.

目的描述最近5 年百日咳确诊病例的演变和特点，发现可能的漏报，研究当前百日咳对卫生系统的负担，并评估疫苗接种的效果。材料与方法对2018年1月至2024年3月萨拉曼卡省报告的百日咳病例和参考医院微生物学PCR诊断的百日咳患者进行回顾性观察研究。结果共检出百日咳58例，其中2023年11月~ 2024年3月42例。35例（60.3%）报告为EDO。总共有48%的人没有接种疫苗，1 岁以下儿童从最后一剂疫苗到diagnóstico接种疫苗的平均时间为136.3 天（SD 40）， 1 - 4 岁组为605.3 天（SD 407）。12例（20.7%）需要住院治疗（1岁以下 3例，2岁以下 1例，7岁以下 1例，34 - 64岁 2例，65岁以上 5例），其中7例（58.3%）未接种疫苗。结论2023-2024年，儿童和成人百日咳的流行病学演变显示出明显的增加，尽管发现了漏报。疫苗接种是预防百日咳的基本战略之一，自最后一剂疫苗接种以来，百日咳的风险随着时间的推移而增加，因此应通过引入白喉-破伤风-百日咳加强剂，在所有年龄组和特定风险群体中促进疫苗接种覆盖率。

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引用次数: 0

COVID-19 story: Entry and immune response COVID-19故事：进入和免疫反应

Vacunas (English Edition)

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacune.2025.100380

Ali Mohammed Ashraf , Marwan Y. Al-Maqtoofi , Ahmed A. Burghal

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan city, China. Understanding the SARS-CoV-2 entry, invasion and infection mechanism is crucial for vaccine development. The immune system is divided into 2 parts: the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system, and they work in essential and powerful ways for SARS-CoV-2 managing and reducing COVID-19 infections. Spike proteins (S) of SARS-CoV-2 are a pivotal key during the viral invasion of the host cells. Cell surface receptors facilitate binding and then membrane fusion for virus endocytosis and causing infection. Host cells are covered with receptors for viral S proteins binding, such as the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor. The innate immune responses initiate after viral antigen detection via a set of pathogen recognition receptors, including the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) family. TLRs are largely inducible in most body cell types. After SARS-CoV-2 antigen recognition, cellular sensors stimulate the production of interferons and inflammatory cytokines, which are crucial for controlling viral replication and dissemination. The cellular and humoral responses of the adaptive immune system antibody-producing B-cells, CD4 + T-cells to evoke the immune response, and CD8 + T-cells to kill infected cells. This review outlines the process of virus entry and detection by pattern recognition receptors and antiviral defence by both innate immunity and adaptive immunity for developing immunological memory that can help in vaccines and understanding the immune response to SARS-CoV-2.

严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2型（SARS-CoV-2）是2019年12月在中国武汉市出现的2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行的罪魁祸首。了解SARS-CoV-2的进入、侵袭和感染机制对疫苗开发至关重要。免疫系统分为两部分：先天免疫系统和适应性免疫系统，它们在SARS-CoV-2管理和减少COVID-19感染方面发挥着重要而有力的作用。SARS-CoV-2的刺突蛋白（Spike protein， S）是病毒入侵宿主细胞的关键。细胞表面受体促进结合，然后膜融合病毒内吞和引起感染。宿主细胞覆盖着与病毒S蛋白结合的受体，如人血管紧张素转换酶2受体。先天免疫反应通过一系列病原体识别受体，包括toll样受体（TLRs）家族，在病毒抗原检测后启动。tlr在大多数体细胞类型中都是可诱导的。在SARS-CoV-2抗原识别后，细胞传感器刺激干扰素和炎症细胞因子的产生，这对控制病毒复制和传播至关重要。适应性免疫系统的细胞和体液反应——产生抗体的b细胞、引起免疫反应的CD4 + t细胞和杀死感染细胞的CD8 + t细胞。本文概述了模式识别受体进入和检测病毒以及先天免疫和适应性免疫的抗病毒防御过程，以形成免疫记忆，有助于疫苗和理解对SARS-CoV-2的免疫反应。

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引用次数: 0

Measles eradication: Still a long and winding road 根除麻疹：道路依然漫长而曲折

Vacunas (English Edition)

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacune.2024.10.002

Fernando Moraga-Llop , Magda Campins-Martí

引用次数: 0

Next-generation oral polio vaccine: The solution to reach eradication? 下一代口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗：根除脊髓灰质炎的解决方案？

Vacunas (English Edition)

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacune.2024.10.004

Nuria Torner

引用次数: 0

Plant system as a versatile and robust platform for the development of vaccines against arboviral infections 将植物系统作为开发预防虫媒病毒感染疫苗的多功能稳健平台

Vacunas (English Edition)

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacune.2024.10.010

Balamurugan Shanmugaraj , Nivetha Loganathan , Harish Mani Chandra

Arboviral infections are predominantly transmitted by arthropods causing significant mortality, morbidity, and represent a major global health concern. These infections pose significant economic burdens especially in endemic regions. Dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and zika are the most common arboviral diseases spread by Aedes mosquitoes. Extensive research has been conducted on vector surveillance and vector control strategies to limit the arboviral transmission. However, vaccines remain the most powerful tool in the fight against infectious diseases. Over the years, significant progress has been made in developing vaccines against several infectious diseases. The global disease burden has been drastically reduced due to effective vaccination. The continual threat of arboviral outbreaks necessitates the need for effective vaccine and therapeutic development. For most arboviral diseases, vaccines are not available. Recently, plant-based vaccine development represents a promising platform for the rapid supply of antigens and antibodies for developing diagnostic kits or vaccines against pathogens. The concept of producing pharmaceutically significant and commercially viable therapeutic proteins in plants is defined as molecular farming. Substantial efforts have been made in this field, with improved expression strategies, refinement of downstream processing, and sufficient evidence showing the immunogenicity and efficacy of plant-produced recombinant proteins. Currently, few plant-produced vaccine antigens have reached the clinical trials. Notably, the plant-produced COVID-19 vaccine, Covifenz has been approved by Canada, and plant-produced influenza candidates showed safety and efficacy in clinical trials. In this review, we briefly summarize the potential of plant-derived vaccines in the fight against arboviral infections.

节肢动物病毒感染主要通过节肢动物传播，造成大量死亡和发病，是全球关注的主要健康问题。这些感染造成了巨大的经济负担，尤其是在流行地区。登革热、基孔肯雅热、黄热病和寨卡病是伊蚊传播的最常见的虫媒病毒疾病。为了限制虫媒病毒的传播，人们对病媒监测和病媒控制策略进行了广泛的研究。然而，疫苗仍然是抗击传染病最有力的工具。多年来，针对几种传染病的疫苗研发取得了重大进展。有效的疫苗接种大大减轻了全球疾病负担。由于虫媒病毒爆发的威胁持续存在，因此有必要开发有效的疫苗和疗法。对于大多数虫媒病毒疾病，目前还没有疫苗。最近，以植物为基础的疫苗开发为快速提供抗原和抗体以开发病原体诊断试剂盒或疫苗提供了一个前景广阔的平台。在植物中生产具有药用价值和商业价值的治疗蛋白的概念被定义为分子农业。人们在这一领域做出了巨大努力，改进了表达策略，完善了下游处理过程，并有充分证据表明植物生产的重组蛋白具有免疫原性和有效性。目前，很少有植物生产的疫苗抗原进入临床试验阶段。值得注意的是，植物生产的 COVID-19 疫苗 Covifenz 已获得加拿大批准，植物生产的流感候选疫苗在临床试验中显示出安全性和有效性。在这篇综述中，我们简要总结了植物源疫苗在抗击虫媒病毒感染方面的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Designing an immuno-epitope candidate vaccine from (Opa, ProA, ProB, RmpM and BamD) proteins against Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitides 利用（Opa、ProA、ProB、RmpM 和 BamD）蛋白设计针对淋病奈瑟菌和脑膜炎奈瑟菌的免疫表位候选疫苗

Vacunas (English Edition)

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacune.2024.10.009

Ali Adel Dawood

The development of a conventional vaccine against gonococci has been difficult since there are no precise correlates of immune protection and the mechanisms of protective immunity are not yet understood. However, the drop in gonorrhea infections might be attributed to the development of vaccines based on Neisseria meningitidis' outer membrane. The goal of this research was to develop a multi-epitope vaccination utilizing proteins from N. meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A Neisseria Multi-Epitope Vaccine (NMEV), containing Opa, ProA, ProB, RmpM, and BamD, was developed using immunophysicochemical informatics techniques. The vaccine consists of 297 amino acids. Antigenicity and sensitivity to NMEV were evaluated. NMEV generates a substantial amount of immune cells and cytokines. The total quality factor of the NMEV 2D structure is around 91%. The vaccine's safety, effectiveness, and other properties make it an attractive option for in vitro and in vivo testing. The suggested NMEV subunit vaccine has the potential to elicit a strong immune response, necessitating additional in vitro and in vivo studies to eliminate Neisseria infections.

由于没有精确的免疫保护相关因素，保护性免疫的机制也尚未被了解，因此很难开发出针对淋球菌的常规疫苗。不过，淋病感染率的下降可能要归功于基于奈瑟氏脑膜炎球菌外膜的疫苗的开发。这项研究的目标是利用脑膜炎奈瑟菌和淋病奈瑟菌的蛋白质开发一种多表位疫苗。利用免疫物理化学信息学技术开发了一种奈瑟菌多表位疫苗（NMEV），其中包含 Opa、ProA、ProB、RmpM 和 BamD。该疫苗由 297 个氨基酸组成。对 NMEV 的抗原性和敏感性进行了评估。NMEV 产生了大量的免疫细胞和细胞因子。NMEV 二维结构的总质量因子约为 91%。该疫苗的安全性、有效性和其他特性使其成为体外和体内测试的一个有吸引力的选择。建议的 NMEV 亚单位疫苗有可能引起强烈的免疫反应，因此有必要进行更多的体外和体内研究，以消除奈瑟氏菌感染。

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引用次数: 0

Ecological distribution and phylogenetic diversity of measles virus genotypes in West Africa, 2001 to 2020 2001 至 2020 年西非麻疹病毒基因型的生态分布和系统发育多样性

Vacunas (English Edition)

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacune.2024.10.008

Muhammad Bashir Bello , Anas Haruna Ruggah

Introduction

Measles remains a significant threat to public health in developing countries, particularly among children under the age of 5. A pivotal aspect of the measles eradication initiative involves the genetic characterization of wild-type viruses to better understand transmission patterns and inform vaccination strategies.

Objective

This study aims to investigate the ecology and genotype diversity of the measles virus in West Africa from 2001 to 2020, utilizing available sequence data from the GenBank.

Methodology

We conducted a comprehensive analysis using maximum-likelihood phylogenetics, focusing on the N450 fragment from measles virus isolates found in West Africa between 2001 and 2020. Additionally, pairwise sequence comparison analysis was carried out to determine the evolutionary divergence of various genotypes in West Africa and their genetic distance from vaccine strains.

Results

Our findings indicate that over the past 2 decades, B3, D3, and D8 isolates have been circulating in various West African countries. Notably, B3 isolates have been identified as the primary contributors to endemic transmission, as evidenced by the concurrent presence of the same isolate in different countries within the subregion. Furthermore, our analysis reveals a significant shift in the circulation of D3 and D8 isolates, which were originally reported exclusively in New Guinea over 15 years ago but are now dominated by the B3 genotype.

Conclusion

Over the past 2 decades, B3, D3, and D8 measles virus genotypes have circulated in 10 West African countries. Particularly, B3.1 isolates currently dominate, especially in Nigeria, indicating endemic transmission. However, despite the informative value of N450, complete genome sequencing data is highly needed to accurately understand the evolutionary dynamics of the measles virus in West Africa.

导言麻疹仍然是发展中国家公共卫生的重大威胁，尤其是在 5 岁以下儿童中。根除麻疹计划的一个重要方面是对野生型病毒进行基因鉴定，以便更好地了解传播模式，为疫苗接种策略提供依据。本研究旨在利用 GenBank 现有的序列数据，调查 2001 年至 2020 年期间西非麻疹病毒的生态学和基因型多样性。此外，我们还进行了成对序列比较分析，以确定西非各种基因型的进化分化及其与疫苗株的遗传距离。结果我们的研究结果表明，在过去 20 年中，B3、D3 和 D8 分离株一直在西非各国流行。值得注意的是，B3分离株已被确定为造成地方性传播的主要因素，这一点从同一分离株同时出现在该次区域内不同国家就可见一斑。此外，我们的分析表明，D3 和 D8 分离物的循环发生了重大变化，15 年前，这些分离物最初仅在新几内亚有报道，但现在则以 B3 基因型为主。尤其是在尼日利亚，B3.1 型分离株目前占主导地位，这表明麻疹在当地流行。然而，尽管 N450 具有信息价值，但要准确了解麻疹病毒在西非的进化动态，仍亟需完整的基因组测序数据。

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引用次数: 0

Review of vaccine packaging formats and their key features 回顾疫苗包装格式及其主要特点

Vacunas (English Edition)

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacune.2024.10.001

Silvia Domínguez-Fernández , Jose Antonio Forcada-Segarra , Inmaculada Cuesta-Esteve , Silvia Fernández-Fernández , Rosario Cáceres Fernández-Bolaños , Guadalupe Fontán-Vinagre , Roberto Guerrero-Menéndez

Aims

To explore the implications for use of the different vaccine packaging options, in terms of sustainability, safety, and nurses' preferences; as well as to elaborate a proposal for main concepts of vaccine packaging that could serve as a user guide for nurses.

Methods

A literature review has been carried out about logistic, ergonomic, and practical aspects of the different vaccine packaging options. The search was performed in PubMed, CINAHL, and MEDLINE databases. Initially, 99 sources were identified, of which 19 articles were included for review.

Review/Results

The findings have been grouped in 4 categories: description of vaccine packaging options, and implications in sustainability, safety, and nurses' preferences in clinical practice.

Conclusions and implications for practice

Nationwide, there are just a few studies addressing logistic, ergonomic, and practical aspects of the different vaccine packaging options. Regarding the review process of packaging formats, a descriptive section within the document has been developed by experts, including a summary chart. There exists knowledge about liquid formulations, in particular, the prefilled-syringe and multi-dose formats. In relation to sustainability, in terms of packaging, cold storage, and transport, among others; we consider that these are main aspects that should be addressed by its contribution to the reduction of environmental impact; given its scarce presence in the current literature.

目的从可持续性、安全性和护士偏好等方面探讨不同疫苗包装方案对使用的影响，并就疫苗包装的主要概念提出建议，作为护士的使用指南。方法对不同疫苗包装方案的物流、人体工程学和实用性方面进行了文献综述。在 PubMed、CINAHL 和 MEDLINE 数据库中进行了搜索。初步确定了 99 个资料来源，其中 19 篇文章被纳入审查范围。审查/结果研究结果分为 4 个类别：疫苗包装选项的描述，以及对可持续性、安全性和护士在临床实践中的偏好的影响。结论和对实践的影响在全国范围内，只有少数研究涉及不同疫苗包装选项的物流、人体工程学和实用性方面。关于包装形式的审查过程，专家们在文件中编写了一个描述性部分，包括一张汇总表。目前已有关于液体制剂的知识，尤其是预充式注射器和多剂量形式。关于包装、冷藏和运输等方面的可持续性，我们认为，鉴于其在当前文献中的稀缺性，这些都是应通过其对减少环境影响的贡献来解决的主要方面。

{"title":"Review of vaccine packaging formats and their key features","authors":"Silvia Domínguez-Fernández , Jose Antonio Forcada-Segarra , Inmaculada Cuesta-Esteve , Silvia Fernández-Fernández , Rosario Cáceres Fernández-Bolaños , Guadalupe Fontán-Vinagre , Roberto Guerrero-Menéndez","doi":"10.1016/j.vacune.2024.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vacune.2024.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aims</h3><div>To explore the implications for use of the different vaccine packaging options, in terms of sustainability, safety, and nurses' preferences; as well as to elaborate a proposal for main concepts of vaccine packaging that could serve as a user guide for nurses.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A literature review has been carried out about logistic, ergonomic, and practical aspects of the different vaccine packaging options. The search was performed in PubMed, CINAHL, and MEDLINE databases. Initially, 99 sources were identified, of which 19 articles were included for review.</div></div><div><h3>Review/Results</h3><div>The findings have been grouped in 4 categories: description of vaccine packaging options, and implications in sustainability, safety, and nurses' preferences in clinical practice.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and implications for practice</h3><div>Nationwide, there are just a few studies addressing logistic, ergonomic, and practical aspects of the different vaccine packaging options. Regarding the review process of packaging formats, a descriptive section within the document has been developed by experts, including a summary chart. There exists knowledge about liquid formulations, in particular, the prefilled-syringe and multi-dose formats. In relation to sustainability, in terms of packaging, cold storage, and transport, among others; we consider that these are main aspects that should be addressed by its contribution to the reduction of environmental impact; given its scarce presence in the current literature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":101272,"journal":{"name":"Vacunas (English Edition)","volume":"25 4","pages":"Pages 502-509"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142664138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Psychological characteristics and their impact on the efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines 心理特征及其对 COVID-19 疫苗有效性和安全性的影响

Vacunas (English Edition)

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacune.2024.10.012

Mohsen Karbalaei , Vahideh Poyesh , Masoud Keikha

引用次数: 0

Comments on “Prevalence of HCV among patients with HIV in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis” 关于 "伊朗艾滋病毒感染者中的丙型肝炎病毒流行率：系统回顾和荟萃分析"

Vacunas (English Edition)

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.vacune.2024.10.013

Ghazaleh Laliani , Masoud Keikha

引用次数: 0

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