Vacunas (English Edition)最新文献

Objective

Material and methods

Results

Conclusion

Introduction

Materials and method

Results

Conclusion

Objective

Material and methods

Results

Conclusions

Background

Rumours and misinformation about the COVID-19 vaccine have been massively circulated on social media platforms, ranging from misleading information, hoaxes, and conspiracy theories to exaggerating stories mixed with the circulation of cultural myths regarding the vaccine.

Methods

This study examines the contents of social media platforms such as Twitter, YouTube, TikTok, and WhatsApp posts, also sourced from other Indonesian online portal news and mainstream media websites.

Results

This research identifies quantitatively several rumours, misleading information, conspiracy theories, and other misinformation, resistance, and rejection toward issues related to the COVID-19 vaccine from March to April 2021. We then combine it with an analysis of the narratives of vaccine resistance and cultural myths that have made people hesitate or apathetic in participating in national vaccine programs by the Indonesian government.

Conclusion

Sourced from the content analysis of this study, we categorised some themes such as vaccine development, availability, access, morbidity, mortality, harmful excesses, safety, and efficacy, both contained and presented in short narratives, visual graphics, memes, and cartoons. This study suggests that these rumours, misleading stories, and myths, may result in the Indonesian public's vaccine resistance and hesitancy, especially since May the Indonesian government stopped distributing the Astra Zeneca vaccines and the controversial issue regarding the availability of ‘Vaccine Nusantara’ (term as ‘Archipelago Vaccine’). This situation may influence the public's attitude to distrust the government and be distracted by misinformation about the vaccination program. Moreover, we see that cultural beliefs and religious stances have made complicated the hesitancy and resistance of the public against the COVID-19 vaccine.

Background

COVID-19 pandemic has posed mental health challenges for people from all walks of life, including the elders in Indonesia. Due to the wide-ranging effects of this pandemic due to various phases of smart, partial, or full lockdown, people worldwide have faced serious problems particularly with their mental health.

Methods

This quantitative study analyses the experiences of the general public particularly focused on elders, those who are in isolation due to the COVID-19 protocols and limited social or physical interaction within the society. For investigating the social support mechanism among respondents, we have gathered a sample of respondents who are elders and using social media. The data reflect the opinion of respondents on elders during this pandemic. A survey was designed to gather data from elders facing mental health issues and using social media platforms to seek information in Indonesia. An online social support scale, self-awareness and insight scale were deployed to measure responses to the issue at hand.

Results

The data show that the elders had varied conceptualisations about COVID-19 relating to the pandemic, i.e., eating habits, fear of death, strengthening religiosity in eating practices, fear of interacting with people, and interaction patterns. Elders were restricted to their places and had limited physical social interactions, thus social media platforms have played a significant role in developing online interaction among elders, to speak and discuss their matters for coping with the issues of isolation and mental health.

Conclusion

The online media platform is considered a great support for elders to stay connected with families, friends, as well as with other communities. The study concludes that despite declaring the non-emergency status of COVID-19, elders have still suffered with long-term repercussions of this pandemic affecting their mental health.

Pneumococcus is a common coloniser of the human nasopharynx. However, it can also cause human diseases such as otitis or pneumonia, which may progress into invasive forms such as bacteremic pneumonia, meningitis, or sepsis. This bacterium reaches and establishes itself in the nasopharynx through different mechanisms, which include evasion of the host immune system. Moreover, certain factors such as the coinfection with viruses favour colonisation, as well as the ability of pneumococcus to cause diseases. Our immune system responds to pneumococcal colonisation and infection through the innate and adaptive responses, which can be stimulated by pneumococcal vaccines. In the following article, we will briefly review the mechanisms of pneumococcal infection and how our immune system responds to it; as well as the immune response generated after vaccination and its impact on the prevention of pneumococcal disease.

Background

Vaccination is a pivotal tool in public health. In LMICs like Pakistan, challenges hinder high immunization rates. This study addresses gaps in vaccination knowledge among school children through innovative educational interventions. The study aims to enhance vaccination awareness and contribute to health education discourse.

Methodology

This quasi-experimental study was conducted in 4 private schools in Karachi, Pakistan, from February to May 2021. Children aged 8–12 years in grades 2–5 were enrolled. An interactive discussion on vaccine safety and immunization was conducted using a bilingual pictorial storybook. Group-I experienced traditional Urdu book reading, while Group-II engaged with a digital animated video in English. A pre-test was conducted to assess baseline knowledge about immunization followed by an interactive discussion and immediately a post-test. Test scores were analyzed using paired sample t-test using Stata 17.0 version.

Results

The study enrolled 400 students in Karachi, Pakistan. Both groups exhibited significant knowledge shifts regarding vaccine-related topics. Group-I (Analog Urdu) showed changes in understanding sickness reasons, vaccine timing, newborn protection, sports injury response, and memory impact. Group-II (Digital English) displayed shifts in illness understanding, recommended actions, injection and vaccine knowledge, safety perceptions, measles prevention, and management during sports injury. A statistically significant improvement in mean scores was observed.

Conclusion

As a proactive and early strategy to alleviate the societal burden of under-immunization, cost-effective educational interventions can be integrated into school curricula. Our approach through bilingual pictorial storybooks and animated videos has been proven effective and helps one grasp immunization's importance.

Introduction

Influenza infection is a significant public health issue that causes substantial morbidity and mortality in the population every year. Vaccination is the most effective measure for its prevention. The aim of this study is to analyse the influence of automated letters as a patient recruitment method after their discontinuation in a population where they were previously used, comparing it with the population of another healthcare centre with similar characteristics that has never employed this method.

Materials and methods

An observational and retrospective study was conducted, analysing the influenza vaccination coverage among the at-risk population in 2 healthcare centres with very similar population characteristics during 3 vaccination campaigns (2019, 2020, and 2021). Both descriptive and analytical studies were carried out.

Results

Vaccination rates in the centre that actively recruited patients while the letter sending was still in effect were 46.4% in 2019 and 61% in 2020, decreasing to 25.8% in 2021 after its withdrawal (p < .001). Influenza vaccination was significantly higher during the 3 campaigns at the health centre that used the letter. The groups in which vaccination rates decreased most significantly were those aged 65 and older and those with heart disease.

Conclusions

The implementation of automated letters has proven to be particularly effective among patients considered at risk.

Introduction

The increasing prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae has become a significant global concern. Consequently, it is of utmost importance to explore prophylactic approaches to combat the anti-microbial resistance in N. gonorrhoeae.

Objective

The present study aims to design a multi-epitopic vaccine construct using immunoinformatics and pan-genomic methodology.

Methods

The initial phase involves retrieving and re-annotating the 133 complete genome sets of N. gonorrhoeae. Subsequently, a pan-genome analysis was conducted to identify the core genes, followed by gene mapping. Non-homologous outer-membrane proteins were filtered out and analyzed using various epitope prediction algorithms targeting major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I, MHC-II), and B cells. The optimal epitopes were selected based on immunogenicity, antigenicity, toxicity, and solubility. Then, the vaccine constructs were designed using different combinations of linkers, Histidine (His) tags, adjuvants, and the finalized epitopes.

Results

The vaccine construct, V13 was screened as the most suitable candidate based on its physiochemical and antigenicity properties. Computational techniques assessed the efficacy of V13 against different immune receptors supported by immune simulation, indicating its safety for inducing immune responses against N. gonorrhoeae.

Conclusion

The chimeric multi-epitopic vaccine V13 construct can potentially trigger a diverse array of protective immune responses and serve as a promising starting point for future experimental investigations.

The world has successfully overcome the menace of Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic waves, nature has unleashed a new curveball in the years 2022 and 2023 with other highly infectious viral diseases. Understanding the origin and different transmission routes, evolution, the mechanism of their emergence, immune evasion, and vaccine research while dealing with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has advanced our scientific knowledge and public health infrastructure to address unknown future viral pathogens already underway. The current review briefly discussed the worldwide pandemics of Monkeypox (Mpox) and polio viral infection along with the origin theories of other global viral outbreaks post-COVID-19 era in 2022 and 2023 like Ebola, unexplained hepatitis in pediatric children, avian influenza, and Langya virus. The role of climate, biodiversity, zoonotic transmission, and trajectory of these viral infections. It also highlights the containment, preventive, and treatment strategies that are being developed.