Vacunas (English Edition)最新文献

The moment SARS-CoV-2 seemed to be receding; there was an uncertain emergence of Omicron variant which rapidly spread to all the 6 continents of the globe. The large number of genomic mutations has helped Omicron to evolve and become highly transmissible and escape the natural or vaccine-induced immune response. Until now, the Omicron has evolved into 5 unique lineages namely BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, BA.5, and over 1000 sub-lineages. Despite vigorous COVID-19 immunisation programmes, India has been constantly being affected with emergence of new Omicron variants. In contrast to recovered patients following vaccination and breakthrough cases following a second dose against the Omicron variety, our recent research of naive Covishield vaccines showed declining immune response. The finding of this study and other studies with Covaxin depicted less immune response against Omicron post second dose of vaccination. This necessitates the administration of a preventive dose to improve immunity. There was surge in the COVID-19 cases with BA.5, BA.4, BF.7, BQ.1, XBB, and JN.1 infection which has greater transmissibility and vaccine efficacy remarkably dropped. Hence along with administration of booster dose, there is need to tweak the currently available vaccines with these SARS-CoV-2 variants. These types of modified boosters could provide enhances protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Background

Pertussis is a severe and prolonged coughing disease caused by Bordetella pertussis. In 2014, 24.1 million pertussis cases and 160 700 deaths were estimated worldwide in children less than 5 years old. Infection with B. pertussis is frequently characterized by a significant rise in the number of circulating lymphocytes. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess lymphocytosis among pertussis patients in Northwest Ethiopia.

Methods

An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among pertussis patients who met the clinical case definition for pertussis. The study was conducted from July 2018 through February 2019 and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 321 participants, and samples were analyzed using real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Blood specimens were collected from 321 study participants and total lymphocyte count was conducted using hematology analyzer.

Results

A total of 109 participants were positive for Bordetella species. Lymphocytosis was found in 15/109 (13.8%) of the PCR confirmed pertussis patients. Of those 15 PCR confirmed participants with lymphocytosis, 8/15 (53.3%) had lymphocytosis grading ‘high’ (≥ 2.81/μL) followed by 3/15 (20.0%) ‘moderately high’ (≥ 4.0/μL), and 4/15 (26.7%) had ‘very high’ (≥ 6.0/μL). Among PCR confirmed pertussis participants with lymphocytosis, 11/15 (73.3%) were less than 1 year old.

Conclusions

Despite other co-infections can cause lymphocytosis, this study showed that lymphocyte count could be used to rule out pertussis. Thus, in combination with other specific laboratory tests, lymphocyte count in pertussis suspected patients is recommended.

Background

Covaxin® is a COVID-19 vaccine created and produced by Bharat Biotech in India. The vaccine is based on the strain of SARS-CoV-2 that was first identified in India and has undergone Phase III clinical trials. Covaxin® has been authorized for emergency use in India and has been distributed as part of India's vaccination campaign. The vaccine has been shown to be effective in preventing COVID-19 infection and hospitalization, but additional studies are needed to determine its efficacy as well as safety in the long term.

Methods

The antibody titer against Covaxin® was detected through indirect ELISA immunoassay. Optimization was performed on 500 samples to get an idea and work further on a larger number of samples.

Results

The vaccine had the best immune response in individuals between the ages of 21 and 30 and the least response in those between 61 and 70. This was attributed to the phenomenon of immunosenescence, which explains the weakening of the immune system with age. Additionally, the study found that the equine anti-CoV-19 serum had a higher binding affinity with Covaxin®, highlighting the effectiveness of horse Ig against COVID-19 antigens.

Conclusions

The study concluded that Covaxin® was effective in generating an immune response in individuals after 2 doses of vaccination; however, the generated immune response decreased with the time of vaccine administration and the age of the vaccinated. The study also showed that the ELISA technique used in this research is an efficient and sensitive method to evaluate vaccine efficiency and can be applied to a larger number of samples for further comparative analysis.

Herpes zoster (HZ) is a relatively common disease whose incidence increases with age and in immunocompromised situations. Mortality caused by HZ is low, but its complications impact on physical, psychological, functional, and social aspects of patients, significantly reducing health-related quality of life. Post-herpetic neuralgia is the most common complication, and is characterised by symptoms of neuropathic pain including allodynia and hyperalgesia with electrical, burning, and/or stabbing sensations that persist more than 90 days. Its management is complex and has limitations, which increases the demand for health resources and also increases direct and indirect costs. This article reviews the epidemiological and clinical features of HZ, the available treatments and vaccines against HZ, as well as national and international vaccination recommendations. In addition, the role of primary care is emphasised as a catalyst for the implementation of adult vaccination.

Objectives

HPV infection is a widely acknowledged cause of infection-related cancers globally. However, HPV vaccine is a reliable and risk-free method to avert HPV infection and is advised for children aged from 9 to 14, irrespective of their gender. Therefore, when considering the vaccination for human papilloma virus (HPV), viewpoints held by parents hugely impact their decision to vaccinate their daughters. This study aims to evaluate Saudi parents' comprehension and perception of HPV (human papilloma virus) and the HPV vaccine and its acceptability.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate parents of adolescent daughters. An online questionnaire was conducted using Google form to gather information about socio-demographic data, awareness, and knowledge of HPV, and the willingness to accept the HPV vaccine.

Results

Out of 424 participants, three-quarters of the participants were mothers 319 (75.2%) and 105 (24.8%) were fathers. Over half of the respondents (53.8%) were acknowledged that HPV is a cause of cervical cancer where the relationship was found to be significant in relation to gender. Almost half of the participants (47.0%) were acknowledged that HPV vaccine is used to prevent cervical cancer which was statistically significant in relation to gender (P = .034) but (47.9%) did not know. Encouragingly, levels of vaccine acceptance were high (54.7%) although (41.0%) had a negative attitude towards the effectiveness of HPV vaccine with strong belief that the vaccine can cause serious side effects (67.0%). Parents with family history of cervical cancer and were aware that the vaccine can prevent cervical cancer were positively associated.

Type 1 diabetes is classified as an autoimmune disorder. Researchers observed the presence of viral Coxsackie virus B proteins within the β-cells in islets shortly after inoculating mice. This observation led them to establish a link between children who have T1D and an infection with the CVB. The objective of this research was to measure the degree of gene expression of highly expressed genes in individuals who were both infected with Coxsackie viruses B and previously had T1D. Additionally, levels of CVB IgG and HbA1c were assessed in the blood serum of patients with T1D.This correlation was assessed by analyzing the expression of genes with significantly extreme expression levels using logarithmic analysis with specialized mathematical software. This study revealed that there is an association between CVB IgG and HbA1c levels in T1D patients. Additionally, T1D patients with a family history of diabetes showed associations with genetic factors and gene expression. Interestingly, no significant differences in HbA1c levels were observed between patients based on their gender. Furthermore, the genes IGFBP5, GPNMB, and GJA1 exhibited a strong association with CVB. We propose a new strategy that may open up new therapy options for T1D caused by CVB through monitoring the physiological pathways of these genes.

Purpose

Brucellosis infection could be eradicated by using an effective vaccine. Inf C gene expression generates one of the main Brucella pathogenesis proteins. The purpose of this study was to design a new vaccine against Brucella disease by in silico determination of epitopes of inf C protein.

Methods

In the first, Inf C amino acid sequences were extracted from the UniProt database and subjected to in silico analysis, including multiple sequence alignment, conserved region determination, allergenicity, antigenicity, and toxicity of the selected epitopes for TCL, HTL, and BCl. Vaccine-target (MHC alleles and TLRs) interactions, binding affinities, and dynamical stabilities were inspected through molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation (MD) using Cluspro 2 server and GROMACS packages respectively. Further, the codon adaptation of the designed vaccine was determined by the JCat server and the obtained sequence was cloned in pET19b(+)vector by pDRAW32 software. Finally, the ability of the newer vaccine to stimulate the immune response was assessed using a computational immune simulation.

Results

Results allowed us to select a peptide vaccine on basis of its good binding affinities with TLR-8 allele. The multi-peptide vaccine showed also to be highly antigenic, non-allergenic, non-toxic, and potential expression in E coli. Results showed also good stability of the vaccine–TLR8 complex and strong cellular and humoral immune response after three in silico injections of the vaccine construct.

Conclusion

All these theoretical results reveal that the conserved region of inf C protein could be used for designing of a new potent vaccine against Brucella.

A new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), causing COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), is a member of the Coronaviridae family. The benefits of the primary COVID-19 vaccination far outweigh the risks. Nevertheless, the risks associated with too early and too frequent boosters should be considered, especially when vaccines have immune-mediated effects like myocarditis, which is more commonly associated with the second dose of some mRNA vaccines. Booster vaccinations against SARS-CoV-2 are needed because of either reduced immunity to the original vaccine or evolved viruses producing immunity to the initial vaccine antigens. So, the aim of this study was to detect the difference in neutralizing anti-RBD antibodies between the third and second doses of COVID-19 vaccines. A study was performed among 29 eligible participants in Birjand (Iran). Blood samples were taken from all participants 2–4 weeks after the third dose. In the next step, humoral responses were assessed with a kit detecting neutralization of SARS-CoV-2. SPSS software version 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) was used to analyze the data. The mean age of cases was 35.62 ± 8.72 years, with a range of 21–53 years. The obtained results showed that all vaccines significantly had a higher efficacy in the third dose than the second. Participants who received Vaxzevria in the second dose and PastoCovac Plus in the third dose had more immunogenicity. According to the results of this study, a third dose of the vaccine should be given to persons aged ≥ 20 years to provide an increased level of protection against COVID-19. Especially, participants who received Sputnik-V and Vaxzevria in the second dose and PastoCovac Plus in the third dose showed a more effective immune response against the virus.

In 2019, the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) rapidly spread worldwide and posed a global threat. The co-infection among COVID-19 patients was reported variable in different studies. However, it could reach 50% of non-survivor patients. Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila are responsible for respiratory infections and also can act as co-pathogens with COVID-19, making their detection challenging. These bacteria exhibit similar clinical signs to COVID-19, leading to potential oversight. Furthermore, treating these bacteria requires a different antibiotic regimen compared to typical respiratory bacterial agents. Thus, recognizing the clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, and outcomes of co-infections is crucial for improving understanding and treatment strategies.

Introduction

The present review focuses on innate–adaptative immune stimulation by COVID-19 vaccines, especially by mRNA-iLNP vaccines. It describes iLNP and nucleoside-modified mRNA technologies, reverse transcription, inflammatory signals linked to reactogenicity, including vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated vascular cross-talk, induced by systemic and spike protein, which mimic COVID-persistent. Finally, the connection between the manifestation of severe forms of adverse reactions to vaccination and molecular mimicry, the production of particular autoantibodies and the role of certain vaccine adjuvants are discussed in detail.

Objectives

To identify articles that publish information on the adverse effects produced after the administration of COVID-19 vaccines in order to demonstrate their therapeutic potential in the treatment–prevention of disease; as well as to demonstrate the association of causality and temporal ocurrence.

Methodology

Systematic review of the scientific literature published between July 2021 and July 2023, which analyses all reports of inflammatory signatures of serious adverse effects caused by COVID-19 vaccines.

Results

The systematic review identified 2033 records which, after a screening process according to the inclusion criteria and the elimination of duplicated papers, work with methodological problems and work without open access, were reduced to 58 articles, of which 50 articles are human models and 2 are cellular models.

Conclusion

The results of this systematic review reveal the causal and temporal association of the various serious adverse events following administration of COVID-19 vaccines and the “peak effect” of COVID-19 vaccines is recognised.