Vacunas (English Edition)最新文献

The equitable distribution of vaccines for infectious diseases in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) has become a hotly debated topic among public professionals and Government The decisions made in this regard can have far-reaching consequences for the health and well-being of millions of people including general population and healthcare professionals. There is need toconsider a fair and just distribution system to ensure that vaccines are provided to those who need them the most. For instance, Hepatitis B virus (HBV), influenza, and COVID-19 are crucial for healthcare professionals as they play in the fight against infectious disease outbreaks. However, in LMICs, poor vaccine confidence and uptake rates represent substantial hurdles for healthcare practitioners in obtaining and administering vaccines. Further, equitable vaccine uptake is a debatable policy matter in LMICs. These challenges stem from doubts regarding vaccine efficacy and safety, inaccurate information, and a lack of trust in government and medical institutions. Addressing misconceptions and building confidence, robust monitoring and evaluation mechanisms requires to ensure the safety of vaccines. . This review highlighted the importance of enhancing vaccine uptake motivation among health workers. Moreover, enhance the the need to respect individual choice when refuse. Ultimately, building confidence in the healthcare system is critical for addressing healthcare providers' reluctance about vaccines. The transtheoretical model is extremely useful for for understanding the behaviours and factors increasing vaccine uptake notably for infection prevention against hepatitis B, COVID-19, and influenza. The immplication of framework provided a holistic approach by customizing solutions to each stage of behavior change, from awareness to continuing support. Emphasizing education, incentives, and a supportive environment promotes a resilient healthcare system, allowing health workers community to actively contribute to public health through effective infection control.

The emergence of the novel coronavirus-based illness, COVID-19, in late 2019 marked a watershed moment in modern history. Initially identified in Wuhan, China, this viral epidemic swiftly transformed into a global pandemic, affecting worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) officially labeled the virus as “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2” (SARS-CoV-2) and the ensuing disease as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on February 11, 2020. The spectrum of effects induced by COVID-19 encompasses a diverse array of conditions, ranging from sensory disturbances like anosmia and ageusia to more intricate manifestations, including headaches and, alarmingly, multiorgan failure and neuromuscular dysfunction, and even deaths were reported. COVID-19 triggers a vigorous inflammatory response characterized by the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. “Cytokine storm” significantly underwrites the worsening of the condition of patients, resulting in abnormalities such as ARDS. The major reason behind mortality from COVID-19 is respiratory failure instigated by ARDS. Throughout the early respiratory contamination, SARS-CoV-2 was hypothesized to target type-II pneumocytes lining the respiratory passage that specifically expressed TMPRSS2 and ACE2 receptors. The extra-pulmonary consequences of COVID-19 have been linked to the occurrence of these receptors in the skeletomuscular and brain tissues. As a result, it is condemning to comprehend the unique pathophysiological mechanisms behind the virus's manner of invasion in the tissues and also the disease's consequences. In this article, we focus on the complications caused by COVID-19 on musculoskeletal and neural tissues, the route of invasion, and the future perspective of dealing with the receptors whose expression leads to COVID-19 infection.

Objective

This research aimed to assess the incidence of neurological complication symptoms among residents of the Makkah province in Saudi Arabia following the rapid approval and administration of mRNA vaccines. Given the differences in demographic factors such as age, race, medical history, and lifestyle among individuals, close monitoring of vaccine-related side effects becomes crucial, especially in mass vaccination campaigns.

Method

A cross-sectional online survey study was conducted in both English and Arabic languages, with a sample size determined using the Raosoft sample size calculator statistical analyzer. The study aimed for a 95% confidence level, a 5% margin of error, and a response distribution of 50%. Descriptive statistics were employed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22.0. The Shapiro–Wilk test was utilized to assess data normality, and the statistical significance of the data was determined using Pearson's Chi-Squared test and the Kruskal–Wallis test.

Result

The study included 846 volunteers aged 18 and above, all of whom had received mRNA vaccine in the Makkah region. Data were systematically tabulated and categorized for descriptive analysis. The study found P-values less than .05, and the summarized P-values were presented. The majority of participants (73%) were from the Taif area (32%) within the Makkah region.

Conclusion

This study sheds light on the challenges faced by the population of the Makkah region in Saudi Arabia following mRNA vaccinations. Although some complications were reported post-vaccination, it is noteworthy that these challenges were effectively managed by the medical authorities.

Background and objective

After the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaign, we observed alterations in post-vaccination international normalised ratio (INR) in patients treated with acenocoumarol. The aim of the study was to investigate whether there is an association between the observed blood coagulation alterations and SARS-CoV2 vaccination.

Materials and methods

A retrospective, longitudinal, observational study of patients over 60 years of age vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 and treated with acenocoumarol was conducted. The main variable measured was the INR before and after vaccination, and secondary variables were date of vaccination, age, sex, type of vaccine, and dose of acenocoumarol. Paired means were compared using non-parametric Friedman and Wilcoxon tests with Benjamini–Hochberg correction, and a linear regression analysis between age and differences between pre- and post-vaccination INR measurements. The analysis was performed on the total sample and by subgroups. Statistical significance was set at p-value < .05.

Results

Overall, statistically significant differences (Friedman, p-value < .05) were found between INR measurements in the total sample, women, Comirnaty® vaccine, and Sintrom® 1 g dose, although the differences found are weak (W-Kendall < 0.01). No statistically significant differences were found between specific pairs in INR measurements (Wilcoxon, p-value > .05). The goodness-of-fit of all linear regressions was R2 < 0.1.

Conclusions

The alteration of coagulation due to vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is not a population or generalised effect, but a possible side effect, and reinforces the safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in this type of patients.

Objective

In this work, we investigate the presence of antibodies against OmicronBA.5 RBD in breast milk from puerperal women, vaccinated during pregnancy with the protein subunit vaccine Abdala, based on the Wuhan-Hu-1 RBD.

Materials and methods

Breast milk samples were collected between September 30 and November 25, 2021, from 2 groups of participants: 5- and 9-weeks after the third dose of the vaccine. Antibody titers against OmicronBA.5 RBD and Wuhan-Hu-1 RBD were evaluated simultaneously by a homemade ELISA. The relationship of antibody titers with the parity at the beginning of vaccination and with the participants health status was assessed.

Results

Binding of OmicronBA.5 RBD, such as Wuhan-Hu-1, to IgA and IgG antibodies was detected in all breast milk samples, although the anti-RBD-Wuhan-Hu-1 titers were higher. The immune response to OmicronBA.5 could be related to the glycosylation of the Abdala RBD, expressed in Pichia pastoris, which contributes to the immunogenicity and to the exposure of epitopes that are conserved in pandemic variants, such as Omicron. Antibody titers against both RBDs were lower in participants with chronic diseases and in multiparous.

Conclusions

This is the first report of simultaneous detection of antibody titers, against the Wuhan-Hu-1 RBD and OmicronBA.5 RBD, in breast milk from puerperal women vaccinated with 3 doses a COVID-19 protein subunit vaccine. There is a tendency to decrease the antibody response after vaccination, due to chronic diseases and multiparity.

Background

The association between worldwide COVID-19 vaccination and mental health has been largely unexplored by means of infodemiological studies.

Objective

To explore how global public interest in different mental health topics changed between the pre-vaccination pandemic stage and the different periods of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign.

Methods

In this study were examined the relative search volume (RSV) in Google Trends for ‘anxiety’, ‘depression’, ‘stress’, and ‘suicide’ between 1 March 2020 and 1 January 2023. The RSV for each term was compared with respect to 4 periods: the pre-vaccination pandemic stage; the period from initiation of vaccination until 50% of the population was fully vaccinated (FV); the period from 50% FV to 60% FV; and the period after 60% FV.

Results

A significant lower mean RSV on anxiety, depression, and suicide was found once 60% of the world population had been FV compared to different previous vaccination periods and with the pre-vaccination pandemic stage.

Conclusions

There seems to be less need for information worldwide on anxiety, depression, and suicide topics once 60% of the population is FV against COVID-19. Overcoming this vaccination milestone may have had a positive impact on public interest in specific mental health issues.

Lung cancer is among the leading causes of death related to cancer globally, with NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer) accounting for about 85% of all cases. NSCLC is characterized by a complex genetic landscape, with multiple driver mutations and epigenetic alterations that promote tumor progression and resistance to therapy. NSCLC is treated with immunotherapy, chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, or molecularly targeted therapy. However, a significant number of patients who had surgery are likely to experience local recurrence or distant metastases. Immunotherapy and targeted therapies have advanced rapidly in the last few years. Here, in this review, details related to NSCLC, its types, preventive measures, and risk factors, their symptoms, method of screening, diagnosis, and related treatment, and the latest updates related to NSCLC are discussed.

The Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly lethal disease, resulting in a mortality rate of 75%. Outbreaks have been observed in southeast Asian countries, including Singapore, Malaysia, Bangladesh, and India. As of September 24, 2023, 6 confirmed cases of the NiV had been reported, including 2 fatalities in the Kozhikode District in Northern Kerala, India. In January and February of 2023, this virus sparked an epidemic in Bangladesh. Bats are important hosts for zoonotic viruses such as the NiV, SARS-CoV-2, Ebola virus, and others; nevertheless, relatively little is known about the ecological determinants and dynamics of these viruses' propagation in their reservoir hosts. Therefore, this review assessed early detection, data integration, community awareness, and resource limitations. Moreover, it gives specific future directions, emphasizing the urgency of vaccine and antiviral development, genomic surveillance advancements, case studies, healthcare system reinforcement, and intensified global collaboration. By addressing these issues, the One Health approach emerges as a vital and proactive strategy for NiV prevention, ensuring comprehensive preparedness and response mechanisms against future outbreaks.