Vacunas (English Edition)最新文献

Objective

Beginning from the end of year 2019 till end of year 2021 the whole world has witnessed a calamity that shook every aspect of human life. Globally, countries were engrossed in developing the vaccine at the earliest. Several vaccines having Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) were distributed and administered, after assuring no severe adverse impact. However, certain side effects persist. These unforeseen outcomes led to vaccine hesitant behavior and even refusal to take a jab. In this context, the present study attempts to investigate the social, psychological and menstrual changes perceived after inoculation.

Material and methods

Cross-sectional observational study following the CHERRIES publication guidelines for the description of research results from web based surveys and questionnaires.

Results

The study reveals that almost 40 % of the respondents have received some information relating to the impact that vaccine has on menstrual health and out of which almost 65% have received negative information. Moreover, 32% of the respondents were not very sure about the side effects or after effects of the vaccine. The inferential findings of this study suggest that COVID vaccine has affected the menstrual cycle, particularly cycle length and volume. Majorly, the impact of vaccine was reported by those who have already suffered from past menstrual illnesses. However, age, geographical demography and the type of vaccine injected does not significantly impact the menstrual homeostasis.

Conclusion

Geographical demography of respondents have significant impact on their perceived psychological stress after the vaccination. This study shows the significance of gender-based trials of vaccines in the coming future so that these unforeseen physiological and psychological ailments can be evaded.

Prophylactic vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) is the cornerstone of the World Health Organisation global strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem. At the end of 2007, the first two HPV vaccines were marketed in Spain. Therefore, 15 years have passed since the start of vaccination, included in the schedule of systematic immunizations for girls. Coinciding with this anniversary, this recommendation has been extended to boys. A vaccination that therefore achieves immunisation equity, regardless of sex. The purpose of this work is to offer an update on vaccination against HPV in Spain after 5 years of the initial work previously published on the historical origins of the virus and the beginnings of this immunisation, the second (after hepatitis B) for the prevention of cancer, and of the achievements and advances obtained.

Introduction

Dengue viral infection affects approximately 130 countries worldwide. According to WHO reports, 40% of the global population lives in rural areas with a high risk of contracting dengue. Researchers have identified four distant strains of the dengue virus, and a single vaccine has not permanently controlled the emergence of all four distant strains. Therefore, a vaccine is required for each of the four strains to address the current situation.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to design a multi-epitope-based vaccine for the dengue virus-2 strain that elicits a robust immune response while being safe and non-allergenic.

Results

Firstly, we analyzed the envelope protein for its physicochemical and antigenic properties. Next, we predicted MHC I, MHC II, and B-cell epitopes with high accuracy and evaluated their properties. Then, we constructed a vaccine using a suitable adjuvant and linkers, and predicted the secondary and tertiary structure of the vaccine, and the tertiary structure was validated. After conducting molecular docking with toll-like receptors, we utilized the best-docked result for molecular stimulation. Finally, we analyzed the immune stimulation against the vaccine, and the results showed positive immune responses from macrophages, DC cells, T-cells, and B-cells. Additionally, we found that the vaccine was excreted from the human body.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates the potential of using immunoinformatic tools and immunological knowledge to design a multi-epitope-based vaccine for the dengue virus-2 strain. This approach could be applied to designing vaccines for other diseases, and further studies are required to validate its effectiveness in vivo.

Objective

The objective of this study is to develop a mathematical model for the COVID-19 pandemic including vaccination, the transmissibility of the virus-pathogen dose-response relationship, vaccine efficiency, and vaccination rate.

Methods

The Runge-Kutta (RK-45) method was applied to solve the proposed model with MATLAB code and the calculated results show the dynamics of the individuals in each compartment. The data of total death due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the case of the USA were collected from GitHub and the re-use of this data needs no ethical clearance. The control reproduction number was used to assess the dose-response relationship and critical vaccination coverage.

Results

We have calculated the probability of infection and the infection risk against the different exposure doses and the virus copies, respectively. The results show that the probability of infection increases with the increasing exposure dose for certain virus copies and the risk of infection decreases with the increasing of virus copies for a certain exposure dose. The results also show that the critical vaccination coverage demands increase with an increase in transmission rate and decrease with increasing vaccine efficacy.

Conclusions

It was seen that the critical vaccination coverage corresponding to an increased transmission rate rise sharply in the beginning and then reached a threshold. Moreover, the real data of the total death cases in the USA were compared with the fitted curved of the model which validated the proposed model. Vaccination against COVID-19 is essential to control the pandemic, and achieving high vaccine uptake in the population can reduce the pandemic as fast as possible.

Introduction and objective

Vaccines are administered worldwide to control on-going coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. Vaccine efficacy is largely contributed by the epitopes present on the viral proteins and their alteration might help emerging variants to escape host immune surveillance. Therefore, this study was designed to study SARS-CoV-2 Nsp13 protein, its epitopes and evolution.

Methods

Clustal Omega was used to identify mutations in Nsp13 protein. Secondary structure and disorder score was predicted by CFSSP and PONDR-VSL2 webservers. Protein stability was predicted by DynaMut webserver. B cell epitopes were predicted by IEDB DiscoTope 2.0 tools and their 3D structures were represented by discovery studio. Antigenicity and allergenicity of epitopes were predicted by Vaxijen2.0 and AllergenFPv.1.0. Physiochemical properties of epitopes were predicted by Toxinpred, HLP webserver tool.

Results

Our data revealed 182 mutations in Nsp13 among Indian SARS-CoV-2 isolates, which were characterised by secondary structure and per-residue disorderness, stability and dynamicity predictions. To correlate the functional impact of these mutations, we characterised the most prominent B cell and T cell epitopes contributed by Nsp13. Our data revealed twenty-one epitopes, which exhibited antigenicity, stability and interactions with MHC class-I and class-II molecules. Subsequently, the physiochemical properties of these epitopes were analysed. Furthermore, eighteen mutations reside in these Nsp13 epitopes.

Conclusions

We report appearance of eighteen mutations in the predicted twenty-one epitopes of Nsp13. Among these, at least seven epitopes closely matches with the functionally validated epitopes. Altogether, our study shows the pattern of evolution of Nsp13 epitopes and their probable implications.

Aim

The objective of the study was to evaluate disparities in vaccination coverage among laboratory personnel in health care facilities and to identify risk factors for nonvaccination.

Materials and methods

A multicenter, quantitative, cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2020 and February 2021. The validated bilingual questionnaire was distributed online through professional association networks. Descriptive and inferential statistics were included in the analysis.

Results

Of the 640 respondents, approximately one-third (30.9%) had received an annual influenza vaccination. Significantly higher vaccination coverage rates were reported for measles, tuberculosis, and hepatitis B (82.8%, 78.3%, and 72.5%, respectively). Influenza vaccination coverage was higher among LPs with higher education (p < 0.001), in microbiology laboratories (p = 0.009), in the private sector (p = 0.012), and twice as high in EU countries (p < 0.001). Measles vaccination coverage was lower among LPs older than 45 years (p < 0.001), had a college degree (p = 0.015), and were EU citizens (p = 0.002). Better tuberculosis vaccination coverage was found among LPs older than 45 years (p < 0.001), with higher educational degrees (p = 0.003), employed in microbiology laboratories (p = 0.004), and working in the private sector (p = 0.025). Hepatitis B vaccination coverage was higher among LPs under 45 years (p = 0.020), with higher levels of education (p = 0.003), and with respect to territorial affiliation (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The present study showed that the vaccination coverage rate was satisfactory for most LPs against hepatitis B, tuberculosis, and measles, while the coverage rate against influenza was low.

Background

In general, COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective, but minor adverse effects are common. However, adverse effects have not been measured in several countries including Greece.

Objective

To estimate the prevalence of adverse effects after the first COVID-19 booster dose, and to identify possible risk factors.

Material and methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study with a convenience sample in Greece during November 2022. We measured several adverse effects after the booster dose, such as fatigue, headaches, fever, chills, nausea, etc. We considered gender, age, chronic disease, self-assessment of health status, COVID-19 diagnóstico, and self-assessment of COVID-19 course as possible predictors of adverse effects.

Results

In our sample, 96% developed at least one adverse effect. Half of the participants (50.2%) developed one to five adverse effects, 35.9% developed six to ten adverse effects, and 9.5% developed 11 to 16 adverse effects. Mean number of adverse effects was 5.5. The most frequent adverse effects were pain at the injection site (84.3%), fatigue (70.8%), muscle pain (61%), swelling at the injection site (55.2%), headache (49.8%), fever (42.9%), and chills (41%). Females developed more adverse effects than males (p < 0.001). The prevalence of adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines was statistically significant and positively associated with the severity of COVID-19 among COVID-recovered individuals (p < 0.05). Moreover, younger age was associated with increased adverse effects (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Almost all participants in our study developed minor adverse effects after the booster dose. Female gender, COVID-19 patients with worse clinical course, and younger individuals experienced more often adverse effects.