Vacunas (English Edition)最新文献

Background and objective

After the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaign, we observed alterations in post-vaccination international normalised ratio (INR) in patients treated with acenocoumarol. The aim of the study was to investigate whether there is an association between the observed blood coagulation alterations and SARS-CoV2 vaccination.

Materials and methods

A retrospective, longitudinal, observational study of patients over 60 years of age vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 and treated with acenocoumarol was conducted. The main variable measured was the INR before and after vaccination, and secondary variables were date of vaccination, age, sex, type of vaccine, and dose of acenocoumarol. Paired means were compared using non-parametric Friedman and Wilcoxon tests with Benjamini–Hochberg correction, and a linear regression analysis between age and differences between pre- and post-vaccination INR measurements. The analysis was performed on the total sample and by subgroups. Statistical significance was set at p-value < .05.

Results

Overall, statistically significant differences (Friedman, p-value < .05) were found between INR measurements in the total sample, women, Comirnaty® vaccine, and Sintrom® 1 g dose, although the differences found are weak (W-Kendall < 0.01). No statistically significant differences were found between specific pairs in INR measurements (Wilcoxon, p-value > .05). The goodness-of-fit of all linear regressions was R2 < 0.1.

Conclusions

The alteration of coagulation due to vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is not a population or generalised effect, but a possible side effect, and reinforces the safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in this type of patients.

Objective

In this work, we investigate the presence of antibodies against OmicronBA.5 RBD in breast milk from puerperal women, vaccinated during pregnancy with the protein subunit vaccine Abdala, based on the Wuhan-Hu-1 RBD.

Materials and methods

Breast milk samples were collected between September 30 and November 25, 2021, from 2 groups of participants: 5- and 9-weeks after the third dose of the vaccine. Antibody titers against OmicronBA.5 RBD and Wuhan-Hu-1 RBD were evaluated simultaneously by a homemade ELISA. The relationship of antibody titers with the parity at the beginning of vaccination and with the participants health status was assessed.

Results

Binding of OmicronBA.5 RBD, such as Wuhan-Hu-1, to IgA and IgG antibodies was detected in all breast milk samples, although the anti-RBD-Wuhan-Hu-1 titers were higher. The immune response to OmicronBA.5 could be related to the glycosylation of the Abdala RBD, expressed in Pichia pastoris, which contributes to the immunogenicity and to the exposure of epitopes that are conserved in pandemic variants, such as Omicron. Antibody titers against both RBDs were lower in participants with chronic diseases and in multiparous.

Conclusions

This is the first report of simultaneous detection of antibody titers, against the Wuhan-Hu-1 RBD and OmicronBA.5 RBD, in breast milk from puerperal women vaccinated with 3 doses a COVID-19 protein subunit vaccine. There is a tendency to decrease the antibody response after vaccination, due to chronic diseases and multiparity.

Background

The association between worldwide COVID-19 vaccination and mental health has been largely unexplored by means of infodemiological studies.

Objective

To explore how global public interest in different mental health topics changed between the pre-vaccination pandemic stage and the different periods of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign.

Methods

In this study were examined the relative search volume (RSV) in Google Trends for ‘anxiety’, ‘depression’, ‘stress’, and ‘suicide’ between 1 March 2020 and 1 January 2023. The RSV for each term was compared with respect to 4 periods: the pre-vaccination pandemic stage; the period from initiation of vaccination until 50% of the population was fully vaccinated (FV); the period from 50% FV to 60% FV; and the period after 60% FV.

Results

A significant lower mean RSV on anxiety, depression, and suicide was found once 60% of the world population had been FV compared to different previous vaccination periods and with the pre-vaccination pandemic stage.

Conclusions

There seems to be less need for information worldwide on anxiety, depression, and suicide topics once 60% of the population is FV against COVID-19. Overcoming this vaccination milestone may have had a positive impact on public interest in specific mental health issues.

Lung cancer is among the leading causes of death related to cancer globally, with NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer) accounting for about 85% of all cases. NSCLC is characterized by a complex genetic landscape, with multiple driver mutations and epigenetic alterations that promote tumor progression and resistance to therapy. NSCLC is treated with immunotherapy, chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, or molecularly targeted therapy. However, a significant number of patients who had surgery are likely to experience local recurrence or distant metastases. Immunotherapy and targeted therapies have advanced rapidly in the last few years. Here, in this review, details related to NSCLC, its types, preventive measures, and risk factors, their symptoms, method of screening, diagnosis, and related treatment, and the latest updates related to NSCLC are discussed.

The Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly lethal disease, resulting in a mortality rate of 75%. Outbreaks have been observed in southeast Asian countries, including Singapore, Malaysia, Bangladesh, and India. As of September 24, 2023, 6 confirmed cases of the NiV had been reported, including 2 fatalities in the Kozhikode District in Northern Kerala, India. In January and February of 2023, this virus sparked an epidemic in Bangladesh. Bats are important hosts for zoonotic viruses such as the NiV, SARS-CoV-2, Ebola virus, and others; nevertheless, relatively little is known about the ecological determinants and dynamics of these viruses' propagation in their reservoir hosts. Therefore, this review assessed early detection, data integration, community awareness, and resource limitations. Moreover, it gives specific future directions, emphasizing the urgency of vaccine and antiviral development, genomic surveillance advancements, case studies, healthcare system reinforcement, and intensified global collaboration. By addressing these issues, the One Health approach emerges as a vital and proactive strategy for NiV prevention, ensuring comprehensive preparedness and response mechanisms against future outbreaks.

Background

Pertussis is a severe and prolonged coughing disease caused by Bordetella pertussis. In 2014, 24.1 million pertussis cases and 160 700 deaths were estimated worldwide in children less than 5 years old. Infection with B. pertussis is frequently characterized by a significant rise in the number of circulating lymphocytes. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess lymphocytosis among pertussis patients in Northwest Ethiopia.

Methods

An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among pertussis patients who met the clinical case definition for pertussis. The study was conducted from July 2018 through February 2019 and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 321 participants, and samples were analyzed using real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Blood specimens were collected from 321 study participants and total lymphocyte count was conducted using hematology analyzer.

Results

A total of 109 participants were positive for Bordetella species. Lymphocytosis was found in 15/109 (13.8%) of the PCR confirmed pertussis patients. Of those 15 PCR confirmed participants with lymphocytosis, 8/15 (53.3%) had lymphocytosis grading ‘high’ (≥ 2.81/μL) followed by 3/15 (20.0%) ‘moderately high’ (≥ 4.0/μL), and 4/15 (26.7%) had ‘very high’ (≥ 6.0/μL). Among PCR confirmed pertussis participants with lymphocytosis, 11/15 (73.3%) were less than 1 year old.

Conclusions

Despite other co-infections can cause lymphocytosis, this study showed that lymphocyte count could be used to rule out pertussis. Thus, in combination with other specific laboratory tests, lymphocyte count in pertussis suspected patients is recommended.

Background

Covaxin® is a COVID-19 vaccine created and produced by Bharat Biotech in India. The vaccine is based on the strain of SARS-CoV-2 that was first identified in India and has undergone Phase III clinical trials. Covaxin® has been authorized for emergency use in India and has been distributed as part of India's vaccination campaign. The vaccine has been shown to be effective in preventing COVID-19 infection and hospitalization, but additional studies are needed to determine its efficacy as well as safety in the long term.

Methods

The antibody titer against Covaxin® was detected through indirect ELISA immunoassay. Optimization was performed on 500 samples to get an idea and work further on a larger number of samples.

Results

The vaccine had the best immune response in individuals between the ages of 21 and 30 and the least response in those between 61 and 70. This was attributed to the phenomenon of immunosenescence, which explains the weakening of the immune system with age. Additionally, the study found that the equine anti-CoV-19 serum had a higher binding affinity with Covaxin®, highlighting the effectiveness of horse Ig against COVID-19 antigens.

Conclusions

The study concluded that Covaxin® was effective in generating an immune response in individuals after 2 doses of vaccination; however, the generated immune response decreased with the time of vaccine administration and the age of the vaccinated. The study also showed that the ELISA technique used in this research is an efficient and sensitive method to evaluate vaccine efficiency and can be applied to a larger number of samples for further comparative analysis.

The moment SARS-CoV-2 seemed to be receding; there was an uncertain emergence of Omicron variant which rapidly spread to all the 6 continents of the globe. The large number of genomic mutations has helped Omicron to evolve and become highly transmissible and escape the natural or vaccine-induced immune response. Until now, the Omicron has evolved into 5 unique lineages namely BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, BA.5, and over 1000 sub-lineages. Despite vigorous COVID-19 immunisation programmes, India has been constantly being affected with emergence of new Omicron variants. In contrast to recovered patients following vaccination and breakthrough cases following a second dose against the Omicron variety, our recent research of naive Covishield vaccines showed declining immune response. The finding of this study and other studies with Covaxin depicted less immune response against Omicron post second dose of vaccination. This necessitates the administration of a preventive dose to improve immunity. There was surge in the COVID-19 cases with BA.5, BA.4, BF.7, BQ.1, XBB, and JN.1 infection which has greater transmissibility and vaccine efficacy remarkably dropped. Hence along with administration of booster dose, there is need to tweak the currently available vaccines with these SARS-CoV-2 variants. These types of modified boosters could provide enhances protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Herpes zoster (HZ) is a relatively common disease whose incidence increases with age and in immunocompromised situations. Mortality caused by HZ is low, but its complications impact on physical, psychological, functional, and social aspects of patients, significantly reducing health-related quality of life. Post-herpetic neuralgia is the most common complication, and is characterised by symptoms of neuropathic pain including allodynia and hyperalgesia with electrical, burning, and/or stabbing sensations that persist more than 90 days. Its management is complex and has limitations, which increases the demand for health resources and also increases direct and indirect costs. This article reviews the epidemiological and clinical features of HZ, the available treatments and vaccines against HZ, as well as national and international vaccination recommendations. In addition, the role of primary care is emphasised as a catalyst for the implementation of adult vaccination.