Vacunas (English Edition)最新文献

Aim

Cervical cancer is the second most common form of cancer in women. In order to prevent this disease, several vaccines like Cervarix [2vHPV], Cecolin, Cervarix quadrivalent and Gardasil [9vHPV]), have been included in the vaccination program of some countries. This study as a part of Health Technology Assessment (HTA), aimed to assess the feasibility of inclusion of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccine in the national vaccination program of Iran.

Subject and methods

This is a qualitative case study composed of semi structured interviews with a purposive sample of experts working extensively in the field of women's health. Data saturation reached at the 12th interview. The data was analyzed using the framework method.

Results

A total of 14 subthemes under 6 themes of the need for vaccines, lack of knowledge, cost factors, administration at early ages, creating a negative mindset, and empowering the society were identified.

Conclusion

Including HPV vaccine in the national vaccination program not only seems justifiable, but also its absence in the vaccination program violates some aspects of medical ethics principles. Therefore, the government must take steps to increase public awareness about human papillomavirus and include the aforementioned vaccine in the national vaccination program.

Introduction

Vaccination for SARS-CoV-2 made it possible to reduce severe cases that require invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and care in the ICU. However, its impact on severe disease is not clear. The objective was to assess whether adults with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia who required mechanical ventilation had a different clinical behaviour in terms of mortality, depending on their vaccination status.

Methodology

Retrospective cohort study, in adults with severe pneumonia due to SARS-CoV-2 requiring IMV and ICU. Clinical outcomes were evaluated according to vaccination status, controlling for comorbidities.

Results

Two hundred patients (24% vaccinated, age 61 ± 13 years, men 68%) were analysed. The vaccinated had lower CRP at admission, distension pressure and PEEP requirement for IMV. Mortality (43.8 vs 36.8%, P: .335), hospital stay, ICU stay, and time on IMV were similar between groups. Acute kidney injury and haemodialysis requirement (0 vs 9.2%, P: .03) were more frequent in the unvaccinated. There was no association between mortality and receiving at least one dose of vaccination (RR 1.21; CI 95% 0.829–1.774, P: .335).

Conclusions

Vaccination did not impact mortality. However, our data suggest that it may reduce the inflammatory state produced by the disease and the occurrence of acute kidney injury and the requirement for haemodialysis. Future studies will be required to assess the impact of the type of vaccine and/or the number of doses received.

Introduction

Vaccination is one of the most pertinent prevention strategies for the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Several factors, both intrinsic (particularly genetic) and extrinsic, can influence vaccine efficacy. However, very little research has been conducted into the genetic component's impact on immunogenicity following COVID-19 vaccination. Therefore, we present the antibody formation in thirteen people who received a third vaccination (booster) dose of the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine and the differences in the polymorphism Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) related genes in this population.

Methods

Our study included 13 participants with no comorbidities or a history of COVID-19 infection. The Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay (CMIA) was used to measure antibody production in serum. Polymorphism was recognized using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification technique.

Results

In this study, TNF-α related gene (GG) significantly influenced the formation of the antiSARS-CoV-2 spike protein IgG antibody level (p = 0.005) in our sample.

Conclusion

Although the polymorphism of the cytokine gene, particularly TNF-α, seems to influence antibody levels in our study population, a more comprehensive analysis is required for better generalization due to the nature of our pilot study.

Objectives

We analyzed the impact of age, sex, vaccination against COVID-19, immunosuppressive treatment, and comorbidities on patients' risk of requiring hospital admission or of death.

Methods

Population-based observational retrospective study conducted on a cohort of 19,850 patients aged 12 years or more, who were diagnosed with COVID-19 between June 1st and December 31st, 2021, in the island of Gran Canaria.

Results

Hypertension (18.5%), asthma (12.8%) and diabetes (7.2%) were the most frequent comorbidities; 147 patients died (0.7%). The combination of advanced age, male sex, cancer, coronary heart disease, immunosuppressive treatment, hospital admission, admission to the intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation and lack of complete COVID-19 vaccination or booster dose was strongly predictive of mortality (p < 0.05); 831 patients required hospital admission and it was more frequent in men, older age groups, and patients with cancer, diabetes, arterial hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure or immunosuppressive treatment. The COVID-19 vaccine booster dose was associated with a lower risk of death ([OR] 0.11, 95% CI 0.06–0.21, p < 0.05) or hospital admission ([OR] 0.36, 95% CI 0.29–0.46, p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Cancer, coronary heart disease, and immunosuppressive treatment were associated with increased COVID-19 mortality. More complete vaccination was associated with lower risk of hospital admission or death. Three doses of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine were highly associated with the prevention of death and hospital admission in all age groups. These findings suggest that COVID-19 vaccination can help bring the pandemic under control.

Objective

This study aimed to see how measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination affected the increase in SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin levels in individuals who had received the second dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.

Material and method

This research is a quasi-experimental type with a pre-post test design. The population studied were adults who had received the second dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, consisting of 30 people.

Results

The results of this study were that most (60%) research subjects experienced an increase in IgM and some subjects (46.6%) experienced an increase in anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels. The administration of the MR vaccination had no effect on increasing anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM levels. This happened because the increase in IgM and IgG levels in the pre and post-tests in most research subjects was relatively low.

Conclusion

The administration of the MR vaccine to adults who had received a second dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine elicited a response with low levels of IgG and IgM SARS-CoV-2.

Recently there has been an incredible shift in cancer treatment, from broad-spectrum cytotoxic drugs to targeted drugs known as small molecules and macromolecules. Although traditional therapies have been effective in cancer treatment, they often have adverse side effects due to their nonspecific action on both normal and tumor cells. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is known to control a variety of vital cellular processes, including protein production, folding/misfolding, and unfolding. The ER affects cell survival and death by activating the unfolded protein response (UPR) if the balance is not preserved. Dysregulation of these pathways' homeostasis in the ER is consequently linked to the emergence and development of cancer's pathological states. Therefore, targeting ER stress and ER stress-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells by small-molecule emerged as an intriguing unconventional approach that may be an effective strategy for treating cancers. This review attempts to introduce one of the newest small molecules known as ERX-41 for cancer has a poor clinical outcome strategy for solid tumors, including breast, brain, pancreatic and ovarian cancer. ERX-41 induces ER stress resulting in cell death through specific LIPA targeting. Importantly, demonstrated that ERX-41 activity is independent of LIPA lipase function but dependent on its ER localization. Mechanistically, ERX-41 binding of LIPA decreases expression of multiple ER-resident proteins involved in protein folding and induce ER stress. This molecules targeted approach has a large therapeutic window, with no adverse effects either on normal cells and leading of new Achilles heel discovery in the therapeutics development for multiple hard-to-treat solid tumors.